Team Tiger!!Rawrrr!!

Tiffany GreiderJeff Woods

Alaina Pomeroy

Shannon PaytonRobert Jones

Katherine Costello

Transportation History in 1800s: 1829: Omnibus service starts in New York. 1832: Horsecar developed in New York. 1855: Horsecar becomes more popular than Omnibus in

New York because of recent technology advances. 1872: Horse influenza kills thousands of horses. 1873: First successful cablecar in San Francisco. 1880s: Horsecar carries 188 million passengers per year. 1895: First elevated rail line (El-train) opens in Chicago. 1897: First American subway opens in Boston.

Transportation History 1900-1950:

1904: New York opens subway. 1905: First Bus line opens in New York. 1917: Last horsecar line closed in New York. 1921: First successful trolleybus line in New York. 1927: First Park and ride 1939: Chicago builds first street with designated bus lane. 1940: Bus ridership exceeds street railway ridership. 1940: San Francisco is last surviving cable car line. 1946: Highest ever public transit ridership at 23.4 billion.

Transportation History 1950-2000: 1964: First major U.S. Government transportation program. 1971: AMTRAK becomes first government subsidized intercity

passenger railroad. 1972: Public transit hits an all-time low ridership of 6.6 billion. 1973: Rehabilitation Act causes some public transit to be accessible

to disabled. 1983: Public transit “trust fund” created through dedication of one

cent of federal gas tax. 1990: Public transit required to be accessible to disabled. 1990: Buses subject to strict pollution controls under clean air act. 1992: Limitation of tax-free employer-paid car parking benefits and

tripling of tax-free benefit for public transit use. 1995: Portion of federal gas tax devoted to transit increased to 2

cents.

History of Mass Transit in the United

States1829-2006

Since 1995, transit use has increased by 23 percent -- faster than highway travel.

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SubwaysFirst Subway 3 Stations:Boston - 1897New York - 1904Philadelphia - 1907

468 Subway Stops in NYC503 Subway Stops everywhere else

Cities East of the Mississippi with Subways - 16

Cities West of the Mississippi with Subways - 5

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Buses: 1829-2006

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First Public Bus:New York - 1829Philadelphia - 1831Boston - 1835Buses were started by private companies given full funding by local and state governments

Buses now receive 33% of funding from fares, but 2/3 is still supported by the government

In 2003, 5,692,118,000 trips were taken via buses in the United States.

A Comparison of Mass Transit Systems Found in the United States

and the European Union

• System Infrastructure

• Cost Structure

• Citizen Participation

(Sorry about the dullness of this slide )

System Infrastructure• U.S. Intercity transportation: Consumers in the U.S. have two options with respect to

intercity mass transit: the bus and the airplane. • The bus system is underdeveloped and too slow for much of the general population.

A Greyhound one-way trip from Los Angeles to New York costs $194.00 and takes 3 days.

• The air system is extremely inflexible and costs too much for much of the public. A one-way flight from Los Angeles to New York costs over $350.00 and takes 6 hours.

System Infrastructure cont.

• European Intercity Transportation: The European system can accommodate large volumes because it relies principally upon railways to connect the continent.

• Eurail trains travel up to 186 mph and can stop at train stations in towns of all sizes. They also connect to major European airports to allow international travel. For $30/day, one can travel throughout 18 European countries at very fast speeds.

System Infrastructure cont.

• U.S. Intracity Mass Transit:

• Most cities have defunct bus systems of limited scale.

• Rail systems are used sparingly and security is a concern.

• Urban sprawl prevents the design of any efficient subway system

• Urban sprawl and the lack of any competent mass transit system forces the consumer to embrace the abomination shown at right

Because everyone needs a gas-guzzling urban assault vehicle!

System Infrastructure cont.

• U.S. Intracity Mass Transit

• In some cities, specifically those found in the Northeastern U.S., viable mass transit systems do exist and are widely used.

• New York City features the only effective subway in the U.S., and mass transit moves 5.7 million passengers per day.

• random fact: Although the subways run 24/7, NYC Transit saves 240 million kilowatt-hours of electricity each year by modulating the acceleration rate of the 5,800-car fleet.

System Infrastructure cont.• London: the typical European

city

• They have cool busses

• So like, when you’re riding the bus, you can, like, you can listen to your Apple iPod!

• Everyday, 30 million journeys are taken in Greater London:

– 6.3 million by bus– 3 million by the Tube– 1.4 million by rail– Total: 10.7 million passengers

per day in the Greater London area. This number is almost equal to the number of Londoners who use cars or motorcycles for transit.

Cost Structure

• In the United States, the cost structure of mass transit is determined by a combination of public and private interests.

• Because the U.S. has no functional public intercity mass transit, private bus companies and airlines determine these costs.

• A private company has no incentive to lower prices below the maximum that they believe they can extract from the consumer.

• This is bad when balanced with the fact that mass transit should functionally work for the people.

Cost Structure• The New York MTA is the model for a cost-effective mass transit system

with minimal government subsidization.

• The public can purchase an unlimited pass for the New York mass transit system for $72/mo.

• It is important to make mass transit systems financially independent because they provide a valuable service because they can drain heavily on government resources

Cost Structure cont.

• European Cost Structure

• A one way trip in London costs less than 2 pounds ($3.50 USD) and can take you anywhere in the huge city

• To the best of our knowledge, the London Mass Transit system operates as a private corporation and is entirely financially independent, unlike the New York system, which has about a 25% subsidization.

This young man likes the Tube!

Citizen Participation

• Older cities, such as those found in Western Europe, tend to rely more heavily upon public transportation. In this graph, mass transit accommodates roughly 20% of the Western European population.

• Newer cities, such as those found in the U.S. and Australia, rely mostly upon private motor vehicles for transportation. Only about 5% use mass transit.

• Lesser developed cities tend to rely on walking/cycling.

Citizen Participation cont.

• New York City: With a population of around 8 million people, roughly 5.7 million rely upon mass transit per day.

• Around 72% of New York City’s population uses mass transit.

• Portland, OR: The population of Portland is around 500,000; roughly 260,000 people make use of public transportation every day.

• This is just over 50% of Portland’s population. 70% of the population that uses mass transit do so by choice.

Citizen Participation cont.• Not only does mass transit provide

the population with alternative modes of transportation, it provides jobs as well.

• The Portland TriMet system employs over 2600 people.

• However, because many of the U.S. transit systems tend to be governmentally operated, wages are fixed with little room for growth.

• In London, TfL provides its employees (both current and past) with free transit passes to promote the use of mass transit. Around 27,000 of these passes have been provided.

A nice little employee of the Portland TriMet! He’s having fun driving.

A Visionary but Technically Realistic Transportation

FUTURE…

Some issues to think about:

• Transportation Finance

• Land Use - Planning and Policy

• Types of public transportation

• Energy Independence

Transportation Finance

• American Association of State Highway and Transportation Official (AASHTO) estimate that “$5.3 trillion will be needed during the first quarter of the 21st century to provide the nation with the kind of highway and public transit systems it needs to support a growing economy.” Projected to meet less than 2/3’s of these needs. *

• How do we meet these needs… *2010 and Beyond: A Vision of America’s Transportation Future. The Hudson Institute July 1, 2005

https://blackboard.uoregon.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab=courses&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_203859_1

Finance Continued

• Getting commuters to pay for what they are using. Increase the costs of driving alone and a lot.

• Highway tolls that will pay for road upkeep and will help fund public transportation

• Factors such as the type of car they drive, when they drive and the amt of pollution they generate

• Congestion tolls• Tax increases…fuel tax?

Land Use- Planning and Policy

• Future trends: a growing population and increased urbanization

• Urban growth boundaries• Promoting downtown spaces instead of suburbs• In cities with horrible sprawl already you create

satellite infrastructure• Congestion taxes• FREIGHT.

Types of Transportation

• Bikes• Flex or Zip Cars…collectivos?• Bus rapid transit, hybrids?• High speed Rail – CA proposal• Freight• Trolleys, subways, metros• Personal Rapid Transit

THERE ARE OH SO MANY OPTIONS!!!

Energy

• Using public transportation would dramatically decrease our fossil fuel use.

• Hybrids• Hydrogen Fueled Economy

– What we have talked about in class

– Good method to store hydrogen needed

– Large infrastructure change

– This would be great as far as green house gas emissions but wouldn’t solve congestion problems