taguchi method calculation & analysis

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“Parametric Optimization of Gravity Die Casting

Process Using

FEA – DOE Hybrid Modeling”

Prepared By: Guided By:Mr. Ankit D. Oza Prof. Tushar M. PatelM. E. Production Engineering Associate Professor (En. No. 110300728014) Mechanical Engineering Depart. L. D. R. P. – I.T.R. L. D. R. P. – I.T.R Gandhinagar - 382015 Gandhinagar - 382015 Gujarat, INDIA Gujarat, INDIA

Contents• Problem Definition• Objectives• Introduction of Gravity Die Casting• Literature Review• Concluding Remarks• Scope of Work• Methodology• Parameters and Levels• Technical Specification• Chemical Composition• Modeling of Shell Core Drum• Comparison of FE analysis and Experimental result (Validation)• FE analysis using ProCAST• DOE Method (Taguchi Method)• Conformal Analysis• Conclusion• Scope of Future Work• Work Plan• Company Profile• References• Publications18/04/2023 2

Problem Definition

• Case of Gravity die casting of shell core drum:

• To resolve casting defects after solidification is quite difficult.

• Large number of defects such as porosity, blowholes.

• Higher rate of rejection of cast component.

• Poor productivity.

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Objectives

• To minimize the defect like porosity, blowholes etc.

• To generate optimum design for gating, runner, riser systems.

• To improve the dimensional stability and overall quality of casting.

• To minimize the rejection rate.

• To improve the productivity.

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Introduction of Gravity Die - Casting

• Gravity die casting is a manufacturing process for producing accurately dimensioned, sharply defined, smooth or textured-surface metal parts. Gravity die casting is a simple casting process which utilizes reusable metallic mould. It is mostly suited to casting light alloys but can also be used for steel and cast irons.

schematic diagram of gravity die casting

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Introduction of Gravity Die Casting

Advantages:– Good surface texture. – Equipment costs are relatively low. – No need for applied pressure, so mould designs tend to be quite

simple. – Scrap metal can be recycled.– Quick set up times.– To achieve a mass production with better reproduction.– Castings ranging from few grams to 100 Kg of Aluminium alloy can

be cast.– The GDC process is capable of achieving 20% higher mechanical

properties than that of a sand casting because of faster rate of solidification imparting better grain size.

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Introduction of Gravity Die Casting

Disadvantages:– High percentage of scrap metal. – High cost and time consuming for machining operation.– High occurrence of porosity, but this can be minimized by slower

pouring. – Only good for simple 3D shapes.

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Literature ReviewTitle

“Optimized Design of Gating/Riser System in Casting Based on CAD and Simulation Technology”

Author (Paper 01)

Feng Liu

Observation

A foundry can produce the best quality molds, cores and molten aluminum and still end up with a poor quality casting by using poorly designed gating and riser systems.

By using parametric modeling technology by varying each parameter, it is easy to get different casting CAD models.

Based on the predefined optimization objectives of runner and riser, the range analysis method is also used to analyze the simulation result and obtain the optimized runner and risers’ parameters.

Title“Mold Filling Simulation for Predicting Gas Porosity”

Author (Paper 02)Kimatsuka Akihiko, Kuroki Yasunori

Observation

This paper presents a method to simulate mould filling while considering the backpressure and gas escape.

The governing discrete equations for the momentum and mass conservation laws were derived by the DFDM (Direct-Finite-Difference-Method). Simulated mould filling patterns agreed rather well with the

results directly observed by X-ray apparatus.

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Title“Stress and Fatigue Analysis in Die casting”

Author (Paper 03)Marco Aloe, Calcom ESI, Switzerland Mark Samonds

Observation In casting Process Gating systems, overflows, venting channels can be optimized

using CAD software. ProCAST readily addresses all these issues but also includes advanced features to better assess the

casting quality.

The generalization of CAD modelling and the increase in performance of computers now allows for these technologies to be applied by the casting industry to full industrial applications.

Title“Modeling of Laser Contour welding process using FEA and DOE”

Author (Paper 04)Bappa acheree, dipen misra, souren mitra

Observationlaser transmission contour-welding process is carried out using finite element analysis (FEA) and design

of experiments (DoE) techniques.

Central composite design of experiments is employed to plan the experimental matrix.

The results of analysis provided the information about the critical parameters, which should be controlled most precisely.

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Title“Novel methodology for casting process optimization using Gaussian process

regression and genetic algorithm”Author(Paper 05)

Yao Weixiong, Yang Yi and Zeng BinObservation

The design of experiment (doe) for simulation is employed to select the most characteristic process conditions to enrich the information for the model, while to

minimize the time for sample.

Title“Optimization of squeeze casting process parameters using Taguchi analysis”

Author (Paper 06)P. Vijian. V. P. Arunachalam

ObservationTaguchi’s off-line quality control method was applied to determine the

optimal process parameters which maximize the mechanical properties of squeeze cast LM24 aluminum alloy.

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Title“Design OF Experiments For The Pressure Die Casting Process”

Author (Paper 07)Vaclav štrobach

ObservationBy using Design of experiment method for the preparation of the experiment, a saving time in the production and a reduction of the direct costs spent on an accidental search

of the optimal parameters.

Title“Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Die Temperature on the Quality

of the Products in High-Pressure Die-Casting Process.”Author (Paper 08)

Mohammad Sadeghi and Jafar MahmoudiObservation

ProCAST software was used to simulate the fluid flow and solidification step of the part, and the results were verified by experimental measurements.

By using ProCAST software the Determination of optimized places of overflows by simulation led to decrease of some casting defects such as cold shots and air

porosities..

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Title“Gravity Die Casting Process Die Design and Process Optimization”

Author (Paper 09)Dr.S.Shamasundar, V.Gopalakrishna, Manjunatha, Badrinath

Observation In gravity die casting of Aluminium parts, computer simulation can be a useful tool for rapid process development. Limitation of the conventional

die design and gating design has been elaborated.

Title“Flow modeling in casting processes”

Author (Paper 10)Paul Cleary, Joseph Ha, Vladimir Alguine, Thang Nguyen

Observation

Methodology for three-dimensional industrial SPH modeling involves the CAD specification of die geometry, the construction of FEM meshes using commercial mesh generators and the conversion of this to SPH input data.

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Title“Design Element Concept of Squeeze casting Process”

Author (Paper 11)R.ahmad, D.T. Gethin, R.W. Lewis

Observation A finite element model was built and experimentally validated. The models developed

using finite element analysis (FEA) and RSM was found to be educated. The factors effect and their interactions on the three responses were determined and discussed.

Title“Optimal riser design in sand casting process with evolutionary topology optimization”

Author (Paper 12)R. Tavakoli, P. Davami

Observation The riser topology is systematically modified to minimize the riser volume, while simultaneously ensuring that no defect appears in the product. In this approach, we

combine finite-difference analysis of the solidification process with evolutionary topology optimization to systematically improve the feeding system design.

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Concluding Remarks

• From critical literature review it is concluded that there is wide applicability of finite element analysis and design of experiment method in the field of gravity die casting which solves the difficulty of defected cast component and improves the quality of final solidified cast component.

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Scope of Work

• To Remove the Blow holes by Changing runner & Riser Location & Size

• To Modifying Die Design• To Modifying Core Design

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Methodology

• Data collection by conventional experiment.• Modeling of the object (With runner and riser).• FE analysis using Pro-CAST.• Comparison of FE analysis with experimental result

(validation).• Optimize of parameter with DOE – FEA hybrid

modeling.• Modeling using optimum parameter.• FE analysis of optimum model.• Validation of optimum model.18/04/2023 16

Parameters & Levels

Riser Height(mm)

Runner Height(mm)

Runner Width(mm)

70 111 43

75 113 45

80 115 47

Major there are three parameters we are taking.1) Riser Height2) Runner Height3) Runner Width

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Technical SpecificationSr. No Parameter Specification

1 Weight 6.9 Kg

2 Material Aluminium LM 6

3 Material Composition Copper, Magnesium ,Silicon, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Zinc, Lead, Tin, Titanium,Aluminium Remainder

4 Pouring Time 10 Sec

5 Density (g/cm3) 2.65

6 Co-efficient of Thermal Expansion (Per ˚C at 20-100˚ C) 0.000020

7 Thermal Conductivity (Cal/cm2/cm/˚C/ at 25˚C) 0.34

8 Solidification Shrinkage (approx. %) 3.7

9 Freezing Range (˚C approx.) 575 - 565

10 Runner -Riser total weight 3.2 Kg

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Chemical CompositionSr. No Alloying Element % By Weight

1 Copper 0.1

2 Magnesium 0.10

3 Silicon 10.0 - 13.0

4 Iron 0.6

5 Manganese 0.5

6 Nickel 0.1

7 Zinc 0.1

8 Lead 0.1

9 Tin 0.05

10 Titanium 0.2

11 Aluminium remainder

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Solid Modeling of Shell Core Drum

• The modeling has been performed on the Solid works 2009 version and then after the analysis work has been performed on the ProCAST.

• Solid works is a computer graphics system for modeling various mechanical designs for performing related design and manufacturing operations. The system uses a 3D solid modeling system as the core, and applies the feature base parametric modeling method. In short solid works is a feature based parametric solid modeling system with many extended design and manufacturing applications.

• Features of Solid Works

1) Ease of use

2) Change management

3) Full associatively

4) Hardware independence

5) Parametric & feature based modeling

6) Part design

7) Assembly design

8) Powerful assembly capabilities

9) Design documentation (drawings)

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Conti…• Modelling of Aluminium Die Cast Component is performed using Solid works

2009

Fig. 3 D Models of Shell Core Drum

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Conti…

Fig. Core Fig. Core & Drum

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Conti…

Fig. Cross Section of Drum Fig. Die

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Conti…

Fig. Die & Casting

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Drum With Riser and Riser

Fig. Drum with riser and runner

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Wire Boundary

Fig. Wire Boundary

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Riser Design

Fig. Riser Design

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Die Design

Fig. Die Design

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Part Drawing

Fig. Part Drawing

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Meshing of Shell Core Drum• Introduction of MeshCAST

MeshCAST generates a 3-D tetrahedral mesh using the Finite Element Method (FEM). A triangular surface mesh of the object is the prerequisite for MeshCAST's "tet mesh" generation. Based upon your IGES, PARASOLIDS, STEP, or STL model, MeshCAST can generate the triangular surface mesh. Alternatively, MeshCAST can use the surface mesh from your CAD or CAE package as input for tet mesh generation.

MeshCAST is a powerful engineering, design and analytical tool. Some of the features which contribute to the strength of MeshCAST include:

1) Flexibility

2) Rapid mesh generation

3) Robust repair and manipulation tools

4) Extensive model checking

5) The ability to process and produce a variety of input and output file formats

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Conti…• based upon the type of input file which was loaded, you perform only the steps

required to continue the development process.

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Conti…

Fig. Meshing In MESHCAST

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Conti…• PRE Processing in PRE-CAST

1) Import meshing file in PRE CAST

Fig. Import Meshing File in PRE-CAST

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Conti…2) Apply cast material as Aluminium Alloy

.

Fig. Aluminium Die Cast Component

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Conti…3) Apply interface between mould and Casting

Fig. Interface between Mould and Casting

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Conti…4) Apply Air cooling to all mould surfaces

Fig. Apply Air Cooling

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Conti…5) Apply inlet velocity to pouring cup.

Fig. Apply Inlet Velocity

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Conti…6) Apply inlet temperature to Pouring Cup.

Fig. Apply inlet temperature

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Conti…7) Apply Initial Condition for Mould

Fig. Apply Mould Initial Temperature

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Conti…8) Apply Initial Condition for Casting

Fig. Apply Aluminium Casting Initial Temperatures

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Conti…9) Define Run Parameter for Aluminium Die Casting Simulation.

Fig. Apply Solver Parameters

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Comparison of FE analysis and experimental result (validation)

1) Temperature Contours

Fig. Temperature Contours

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Conti…2) Initial When Fluid is poured in Mould

Fig. Initial Pouring

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Conti…3) Solidification After 2.0152 Sec

Fig. Solidification after 2.0152 Sec

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Conti…5) Cross Section View After 3.1327 Sec

Fig. C/s of part after 3.1327 sec

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Conti..6) Solidification After 4.973 Sec


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Fig. C/s of Part after 4.973 Sec

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Fig. Solidification After 7.473 Sec

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Fig. C/s of Part after 7.473Sec

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Fig. Solidification After 8.977 Sec

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Conti…11) Solidification Time Contour After 9.973 Sec

Fig. Solidification Time Contour

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Conti…12) Fraction Solid Contours After 9.973 Sec

Fig. Fraction Solid Contours

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Conti…13) Shrinkage Porosity Contour

Fig. shrinkage Porosity Contour

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Conti…14) Temperature V/s Time Plot at different nodal Points

Fig. Temperature V/s Time Plot

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Conti…• Experimental Procedure:

Tool Maker Microscope used to measure the location as well as size of porosity

Fig. Tool Maker Microscope

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Conti…• Put the work piece on the table of microscope.• set the lens of microscope at starting of defect.• start the light and rotate the table as per the defect geometry. • Rotate the screw of table as per defect.• Get the result.

Tool Maker Microscope automatically generates the graph of defect as well as the perfect location of defect with respect to X-Y-Z axis.

By Measuring Porosity Location and size in Microscope we get the nearer result as in ProCAST.

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Conti…

Fig. Comparison Between Experimental Result and ProCAST Result

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Conti…• Experimental results are taken by using Tool Maker Microscope we get the

% of porosity is 12.30% and in FE Analysis by using ProCAST we get the % of Porosity is 13.86% as shown in table.

ParameterExperimental

ResultProCast Result

Percentage variation

Porosity % 12.30% 13.86% 0.126%

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Design of Experiment• By applying DOE method in our result we get the

Riser Height Runner Height Runner Width Porosity %

70 111 43 11.2

70 113 45 12.3

70 115 47 13.2

75 111 45 10.4

75 113 47 8.1

75 115 43 12.4

80 111 47 9.8

80 113 43 12.14

80 115 45 12.74

Sr. No. Riser Height

(mm)Runner Height

(mm)Runner Width

(mm) % of Porosity

1 70 111 43 11.2

2 70 113 45 12.3

3 70 115 47 13.2

4 75 111 45 10.4

5 75 113 47 8.1

6 75 115 43 12.4

7 80 111 47 9.8

8 80 113 43 12.14

9 80 115 45 12.74

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FE Analysis of Drum Using ProCASTModification 1

• Riser Height : 70 mm Runner Height : 111 Runner Width : 43

Fig. % of Porosity is 11.2

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Conti…Modification 2



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Steps in Taguchi Method • Formulation of the problem – the success of any experiment is dependent on a full

understanding of the nature of the problem.• Identification of the output performance characteristics most relevant to the

problem.• Identification of control factors, noise factors and signal factors (if any). Control

factors are those which can be controlled under normal production conditions. Noise factors are those which are either too difficult or too expensive to control under normal production conditions. Signal factors are those which affect the mean performance of the process.

• Selection of factor levels, possible interactions and the degrees of freedom associated with each factor and the interaction effects.

• Design of an appropriate Orthogonal Array (OA).• Preparation of the experiment.• Running of the experiment with appropriate data collection.• Statistical analysis and interpretation of experimental results.

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Signal To Noise Ratio (S/N ratio)

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Conti…• This technique helps in data analysis and prediction of optimum results. In

order to evaluate optimal parameter settings, Taguchi method uses a statistical measure of performance called signal-to-noise ratio. The S/N ratio takes both the mean and the variability into account. The S/N ratio is the ratio of the mean (Signal) to the standard deviation (Noise). The ratio depends on the quality characteristics of the product/process to be optimized. The standard S/N ratios generally used are as follows:

o Nominal-is-Best (NB)o Lower-the-better (LB)o Higher- the- Better (HB).

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Orthogonal ArraySr. No. Riser Height

(mm)Runner Height

(mm)Runner Width

(mm)1 70 111 43

2 70 113 45

3 70 115 47

4 75 111 45

5 75 113 47

6 75 115 43

7 80 111 47

8 80 113 43

9 80 115 45

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Experimental Result table

Sr. No Riser Height(mm)

Runner Height(mm)

Runner Width(mm)

% of Porosity

1 70 111 43 11.2

2 70 113 45 12.3

3 70 115 47 13.2

4 75 111 45 10.4

5 75 113 47 8.1

6 75 115 43 12.4

7 80 111 47 9.8

8 80 113 43 12.14

9 80 115 45 12.74

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Experimental Result Analysis For % of Porosity

• By using Mini Tab 16 we analyze the result

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Mean Effect Plot for S/N Ratio

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Main Effects Plot For Mean

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Response Table For Mean

Level Riser Height Runner Height Runner Width

1 12.23 10.47 11.91

2 10.30 10.85 11.81

3 11.56 12.78 10.37

Delta 1.93 2.31 1.55

Rank 2 1 3

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Response Table For Signal To Noise Ratio

Level Riser Height Runner Height Runner Width

1 -21.73 -20.38 -21.51

2 -20.13 -20.55 -21.41

3 -21.20 -22.13 -20.14

Delta 1.61 1.74 1.38

Rank 2 1 3

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Optimum Set of Parameter For % Of Porosity

• Factors levels for Prediction are

Sr. No Riser Height Runner Height Runner Width

1 75 111 47

• From level of prediction S/N ratio and Mean value are -18.6036, 8.40444 respectively

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Conformal Analysis• The optimum set of porosity is riser height 75 mm, runner

height 111 mm and runner width 47 mm is obtained by taguchi method. So now for validation of optimum set we applied these values into ProCAST and obtain the result of set as shown in table

Sr. NoRiser Height

(mm)

Runner Height

(mm)

Runner Width

(mm)% of Porosity

1 75 111 47 8.4902

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• By using ProCAST software we get a value of % Porosity is 8.4902. This result is quite nearer to our mean value. Figure shows the % of porosity of optimum set.

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Conclusion• The Taguchi’s approach has been carried out for optimizing the

parameters of shell core drum. Three input parameters have been optimized using SNR. The smaller-the-better quality characteristic has been used for minimizing the porosity of the drum. An L9 orthogonal array with three parameters and three levels has been used for predict set of parameter which gives value of predicated porosity. 9 numbers of experiments were done for those sets of parameters. Experimental values of performance were put in the Minitab software16 and software predicated porosity is 8.4044 % for set of runner height 111 mm, riser height 75 mm and runner width 47 mm. This suggested set of parameter which gives optimum performance of porosity. Validation experiment was done for that set of parameter and compared with predicated value. This experimental value of % of porosity is very closer to the predicated values.

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• Result obtained from validation experiments using optimum parameter combination gives excellent agreement with predicated results.

• The performance of the optimized model is better than the original model and also prove that taguchi parameter design concept is more powerful and efficient tool for minimize the porosity.

• The FEA based taguchi methods have effectively decrease the time and efforts required for evaluating the design variables.

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Scope of Future Work• In our thesis work, we optimized parameters for porosity by

applying FEA-DOE method.

By this method, we will optimize other parameters which were not used in this experiment for porosity.– This method will be also used for other cast product.– This method will be also used for any casting process.– This experiment will be done for same porosity by other DOE

method or other optimization techniques.– Gating/riser Optimization used orthogonal matrix and range to

optimize the gating and riser design. Other optimization methods may be explored; one runner and riser shape currently used was analyzed. Other shapes should be explored.

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Work Plan

• Work Plan for Various Stages Including Dissertation Phase I and Phase II

Monthly activityJuly

2012Aug 2012

Sept 2012

Oct 2012

Nov 2012

Dec 2012

Jan 2013

Feb 2013

Mar 2013

Apr 2013

May 2013

June 2013

Work Done

Problem Definition

Literature survey

Remaining work

Result and Discussion

Thesis Writing

Submission & Defense

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Company Profile• Company Profile:

Company Name : Mehtex Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Company Details: Mehtex Eng. Pvt. Ltd. for last 24 years is serving many industries with its quality Die Castings. Among the long list of Die Castings a company has its own Products used in Textiles Processing Machinery, and Automobile parts.

Mehtex Eng. Pvt. Ltd. Has Annual capacity of manufacturing nearly 40,000 end rings and thus claims to be the only manufacturers to have 17 types of Endrings in India for export market. To name some of the few we have stork, laxmi, Harish, Zimmer, Brusher, Reggiani and many more in repeat sizes of 640 to 914 repeat.

• The company has also developed lot of Non-Standard Auto- Parts as per clients Requirements in Domestic as well as International Market.

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Conti…

• Address of Company: Plot no- 79/3, Phase –II, G.I.D.C. Estate, Naroda , Ahmadabad – 382330, India

Email: [email protected],

Ph. no: +91-79-22823554,

Fax: +91-79-228023924

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References[1] Feng Liu “Optimized Design of Gating/Riser System in Casting Based on CAD and Simulation Technology”, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, December 2008 approved by Prof. Yiming (Kevin) Rong, Advisor, Associate Director of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering,

[2] KIMATSUKA Akihiko, KUROKI Yasunori, “Mold Filling Simulation for Predicting Gas Porosity”, Manager, Production Technology Development Department, Production Engineering Center, Corporate Research & Development Vol.-40, No.-2, 2007

[3] Marco Aloe, Calcom ESI, Switzerland Mark Samonds, ESI Software, France Lorenzo Valente, ECOTRE sas, “Stress and Fatigue Analysis in Die casting” Italy

[4] Bappa acheree, dipen misra, souren mitra, “Modeling of Laser Contour welding process using FEA and DOE”, Optics & Laser Technology 44 (2012) 1281–1289. Article history: Received 16August2011 Received in revised form 21December2011 Accepted 29December2011 Available online14January2012 April 201. www.elsevier.com/locate/optlastec.

[5] Yao Weixiong, Yang Yi and Zeng Bin, “Novel methodology for casting process optimization using Gaussian process regression and genetic algorithm”, (School of Manufacturing Sci. and Eng., Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China) volume 6, no-3.

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[6] P. Vijian. V. P. Arunachalam, “Optimization of squeeze casting process parameters using Taguchi analysis”. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. DOI 10.1007/s00170-006-0550-2. Received: 7 March 2005 / Accepted: 10 January 2006 / Published online: 19 April 2006. Springer-Verlag London Limited 2006

[7] V Aclav Strobach, “Design OF Experiments For The Pressure Die Casting Process”. ACTA Technical Corviniensis, bulletin of engineering. Annals of Faculty Engineering Hunedoara International Journal Of Engineering ISSN: 1584-2665 [print] ISSN: 1584-2673 [CD - Rom] University Polytechnic Timisoara Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara 5, R EVOLUTIEI 331128 – Hunedoara Romania

[8] Mohammad Sadeghi and Jafar Mahmoudi, “Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Effect of Die Temperature on the Quality of the Products in High-Pressure Die-Casting Process.”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2012, Article ID 434605, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2012/434605. Accepted 20 June 2012

[9] Dr.S.Shamasundar, V.Gopalakrishna, Manjunatha, Badrinath “Gravity Die Casting Process Die Design and Process Optimization”, Dr. Janagan, Ennore Foundries Limited, Chennai, ProSIM- AFTC, 326, III Stage IV Block, Basaveshwara Nagar, Bangalore 560079.

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[10] Paul Cleary , Joseph Ha , Vladimir Alguine , Thang Nguyen, “Flow modeling in casting processes”, Applied Mathematical Modeling 26 (2002) 171–190 Received 1 December 1999; received in revised form 1 November 2000; accepted 24 April 2001. www.elsevier.com/locate/apm, 24 April 2001

[11] R.ahmad, D.T. Gethin, R.W. Lewis, “Design Element Concept of Squeeze casting Process”, journal homepage: Applied Mathematical Modeling 36 (2012) 4760–4788.www.elsevier.com/locate/apm

[12] R. Tavakoli, P. Davami, “Optimal riser design in sand casting process with evolutionary topology optimization” Struct Multidisc Optim (2009) 38:205–214 DOI 10.1007/s00158-008-0282-z. Received: 23 April 2007 / Revised: 6 May 2008 / Accepted: 8 June 2008 / Published online: 17 July 2008 © Springer-Verlag 2008

Publications1) I have Publish a Review paper in “International Journal of Emerging Technology And Advanced Engineering”. In December 2012.• (ISSN 2250–2459(Online), An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal).• www.ijetae.com • My paper title is “A Review of FEA-DOE Hybrid Modeling of Gravity Die Casting

Process”.

• My paper link is http://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume2Issue12/IJETAE_1212_122.pdf 2) I have Publish a validation paper in “ International journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management”. In May 2013. • (ISSN 2319-4847) • www.ijaiem.org• My paper title is “Analysis and Validation of Gravity Die Casting Process using

ProCAST”• My paper link is http://www.ijaiem.org/Volume2Issue4/IJAIEM-2013-04-05-013.pdf

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http://www.ijaiem.org/

3) My Research paper is Selected in “Indian Journal of Applied Research”. And Publish in July 2013. • (ISSN 2249-555) • www.ijar.in• My paper title is “Parametric Optimization of Gravity Die Casting Using FEA-

DOE Hybrid Modeling”

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Publications

18/04/2023 94Fig. Certificate of IJETAE

Publications

18/04/2023 95Fig. Certificate of IJAIEM

Thank You

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taguchi method calculation & analysis

Documents

casting defects

sand casting

simple casting process

poor quality casting

overall quality of casting

casting light alloys

casting of shell core

different casting cad