sustaining terrestrial biodiversity: the ecosystem approach brian kaestner saint mary’s hall brian...
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Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem ApproachSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach
Brian Kaestner
Saint Mary’s Hall
Brian Kaestner
Saint Mary’s Hall
Thanks to Miller and ClementsThanks to Miller and Clements
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Land Use in the WorldLand Use in the World
Tundra and Tundra and wetlands 9%wetlands 9%
Desert 20%Desert 20%
Cropland 11%Cropland 11%
RangelandRangelandand pastureand pasture26%26%
ForestForest32%32%
Urban 2%Urban 2%
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Land Use in the United StatesLand Use in the United States
RangelandRangelandand pastureand pasture29%29%
U.S. Land UseU.S. Land Use
ForestForest30%30%
Parks,Parks,wildlife refuge,wildlife refuge,wilderness 9%wilderness 9%
Desert, tundra,Desert, tundra,wetlands 13%wetlands 13%
Urban 2%Urban 2%
Cropland 17%Cropland 17%
ForestForest30%30%
U.S. Land OwnershipU.S. Land Ownership
FederalFederal35%35%
Native American 3%Native American 3%
State and local 7%State and local 7%
PrivatePrivate55%55%
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Types of US Public LandsTypes of US Public Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System
Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System
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US Public LandsUS Public Lands
National parks and preserves National forests National wildlife refuges
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Moderate mineral deposits
Rich mineral deposits
Federal land
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National ForestsNational Forests
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Moderate mineral deposits
Rich mineral deposits
Federal land
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NPS in TexasNPS in Texas
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Managing and Sustaining ForestsManaging and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of ForestsEcological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flowFood webs and energy flow
Water regulationWater regulation
Local and regional climateLocal and regional climate
Numerous habitats and nichesNumerous habitats and niches
Air purificationAir purification
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Managing and Sustaining ForestsManaging and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of ForestsEconomic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumberIndustrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paperPulp and paper
MedicinesMedicines
Mineral extraction and recreationMineral extraction and recreation
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Types of ForestsTypes of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forestsOld-growth (frontier) forestsSecond-growth forestsSecond-growth forestsTree farms/plantationTree farms/plantation
Virgin forests, 1620Virgin forests, 1620 Virgin forests, 1998Virgin forests, 1998Fig. 23.13b, p. 600
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Logging RoadsLogging Roads
Increased erosion and runoffIncreased erosion and runoffHabitat fragmentationHabitat fragmentationPathways for exotic speciesPathways for exotic speciesAccessibility to humansAccessibility to humans
HighwayCleared plotsfor grazing
Cleared plotsfor agriculture
Highway
Virgin forest
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Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees
Selective cutting Selective cutting
High-grading High-grading
Shelterwood cutting Shelterwood cutting
Seed-tree cutting Seed-tree cutting
Clearcutting Clearcutting
Strip cutting Strip cutting
Selective CuttingShelterwood Cutting
Cut 1Cut 2
Seed-Tee Cutting Clear-Cutting
Strip Cutting
Uncut Cut Cut Cut Uncut
6–10 years ago 3–5 years ago1 year ago
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ClearcuttingClearcutting
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Clear CutsClear Cuts
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Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
Years of growthYears of growth3030
25251515
101055
Clear Clear cutcut
Weak treesWeak treesremovedremoved
SeedlingsSeedlingsplantedplanted
TimeTime
Short rotation
Wo
od
vo
lum
e o
r w
oo
d b
iom
ass
Wo
od
vo
lum
e o
r w
oo
d b
iom
ass
B
C
A
Long rotations
Old-growth harvest(such as hardwoodsfor furniture)
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Clear cuts over timeClear cuts over time
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Selection CuttingSelection Cutting
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Shelterwood ClearingShelterwood Clearing
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Drought MapDrought Map
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FireFire
Surface firesSurface fires Crown firesCrown fires
Surface fireSurface fire Crown fireCrown fire
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Tree FireTree Fire
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Forest FireForest Fire
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Forest Resources and Management in the United StatesForest Resources and Management in the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Habitat for threatened and endangered species
Water purification servicesWater purification servicesRecreation Recreation 3% of timber harvest3% of timber harvestSustainable yield and multiple useSustainable yield and multiple useSubstitues for tree productsSubstitues for tree products
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Degradation of Tropical Forests
BromeliadBromeliad
OrchidOrchid
RoadsRoads
LoggingLogging
Cash cropsCash crops
Cattle ranchingCattle ranchingTree plantationsTree plantationsFlooding from damsFlooding from damsMiningMining
Oil drillingOil drilling
Unsustainable peasant Unsustainable peasant farmingfarming
Primary Primary Causes:Causes:
Rapid population growthRapid population growth
Exploitive government policiesExploitive government policiesPovertyPoverty
Exports to developed countiesExports to developed countiesFailure to include ecological servicesFailure to include ecological servicesin evaluating forest resourcesin evaluating forest resources
ToucanToucan ScarletScarletmacawmacaw
Golden lionGolden lionmarmosetmarmoset
Blue morpho Blue morpho butterflybutterfly
Secondary Causes:Secondary Causes:
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Tropical DeforestationTropical Deforestation
Rapid and increasing Rapid and increasing
Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity
Cultural extinction Cultural extinction
Unsustainable agriculture and ranching Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
Clearing for cash crop plantations Clearing for cash crop plantations
Commercial logging Commercial logging
Fuelwood Fuelwood
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Annual Deforestation Rates
More than 1% loss
0.5–1% loss
0–0.5 loss
Stable or increased forest
No data
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Reducing Tropical DeforestationReducing Tropical Deforestation
Identification of critical ecosystems Identification of critical ecosystems
Reducing poverty and population growth Reducing poverty and population growth
Sustainable tropical agriculture Sustainable tropical agriculture
Encourage protection of large tracts Encourage protection of large tracts
Debt-for-nature swaps Debt-for-nature swaps
Less destructive harvesting methods Less destructive harvesting methods
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MADAGASCAR
INDIANOCEAN
Existing rain forest
Former rain forest
Southern spiny desert
Western tropical deciduous forest
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Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves
Include some moderate disturbance Include some moderate disturbance
Sustain natural ecological processes Sustain natural ecological processes
Protect most important areas Protect most important areas
Buffer zones Buffer zones
Wilderness areas Wilderness areas
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Biosphere Reserve
Core area
Buffer zone 1
Buffer zone 2
Fig. 23.27, p. 620
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Production forest1.6 million acres
Watershed protection area 540,000 acres
Savanna buffer zone 312,000 acres
Biological reserve 330,000 acres
Bolivia