toxicology, solid and hazardous waste treatment brian kaestner saint mary’s hall brian kaestner...
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Toxicology, Solid and Hazardous Waste TreatmentToxicology, Solid and Hazardous Waste Treatment
Brian KaestnerSaint Mary’s HallBrian Kaestner
Saint Mary’s Hall
Thanks to Miller and ClementsThanks to Miller and Clements
ToxicologyToxicology
Toxicity Toxicity Dosage Dosage Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Biomagnification Synergism Synergism
Acute effect Acute effect Chronic effect Chronic effect
DDT in water0.000003 ppm,Or 3 ppm
DDT in fish-eatingbirds (ospreys)
25 ppm
DDT in largeDDT in largefish (needle fish)fish (needle fish)2 ppm2 ppm
DDT in smallDDT in smallfish (minnows)fish (minnows)0.5 ppm0.5 ppm
DDT inDDT inzooplanktonzooplankton0.04 ppm0.04 ppm
VerySensitive
Majorityof population
VerySensitive
00 2020 4040 6060 8080
Dose (hypothetical units)Dose (hypothetical units)
Nu
mb
er o
f in
div
idu
als
aff
ecte
dN
um
ber
of
ind
ivid
ual
s a
ffec
ted
PoisonsPoisons
Poison Poison
LD50 LD50
25
100100
7575
5050
00 22 44 66 88 1010 1212 1414 1616
Per
cen
tag
e o
f p
op
ula
tio
n k
ille
d b
y a
giv
en d
ose
Per
cen
tag
e o
f p
op
ula
tio
n k
ille
d b
y a
giv
en d
ose
Dose (hypothetical units)Dose (hypothetical units)
LD50
Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards
Hazardous chemicals Hazardous chemicals
Mutagens Mutagens
Teratogens Teratogens
Carcinogens Carcinogens
Neurotoxins Neurotoxins
Precautionary principle Precautionary principle
Wasting ResourcesWasting Resources
Industrial and agricultural wasteIndustrial and agricultural waste
Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste
US: 1,600 lb/personUS: 1,600 lb/person
MunicipalMunicipal1.5%1.5%
Sewage sludgeSewage sludge1%1%
Mining and oiland gas
production75%
Industry9.5%
Agriculture13%
Burned in incinerators
(16%)
Dumped inlandfills
(54%)
Recycled orcomposted
(30%)
Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes
Contains one or more of 39 identified compounds
Contains one or more of 39 identified compounds
Catches fire easilyCatches fire easily
Reactive or explosiveReactive or explosive
Corrodes metal containersCorrodes metal containers
Producing Less Waste and PollutionProducing Less Waste and Pollution
Waste management (high waste approach) Waste management (high waste approach)
Burying, burning, shipping Burying, burning, shipping
Waste prevention (low waste approach) Waste prevention (low waste approach)
Reduce, reuse, recycle Reduce, reuse, recycle
Chemical or biological treatment Chemical or biological treatment
Burial Burial
Dealing with Materials Use and WastesDealing with Materials Use and Wastes
1st Priority1st Priority 2nd Priority2nd Priority Last PriorityLast Priority
Primary Pollutionand Waste Prevention
• Change industrial process to eliminate use of harmful chemicals
• Purchase different products
• Use less of a harmful product
• Reduce packaging and materials in products
• Make products that last longer and are recyclable, reusable or easy to repair
Secondary Pollution and Waste Prevention
• Reduce products
• Repair products
• Recycle
• Compost
• Buy reusable and recyclable products
Waste Management
• Treat waste to reduce toxicity
• Incinerate waste
• Bury waste in landfill
• Release waste into environment for dispersal or dilution
Fig. 21.4, p. 521
Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United StatesHazardous Waste Regulation in the United States
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Superfund Superfund
National Priority List National Priority List
Polluter-pays principle Polluter-pays principle
Dealing with Hazardous WastesDealing with Hazardous WastesProduce Less WasteProduce Less Waste
Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous SubstancesConvert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances
Put in Perpetual StoragePut in Perpetual Storage
Manipulateprocesses
to eliminateor reduce
production
Recycleand
reuse
Landtreatment Incineration
Thermaltreatment
Chemicalphysical, and
biologicaltreatment
Ocean andatmosphericassimilation
LandfillUnderground
injectionWastepiles
Surfaceimpoundments
Saltformations
Arid regionunsaturated
zone
Above Ground Hazardous Waste DisposalAbove Ground Hazardous Waste Disposal
Wastetransporter
Hazardous waste
Supportcolumn
Inspector
Elevator shaft
Deep-well DisposalDeep-well Disposal
Advantages
Safe method ifsites are chosencarefully
Wastes can beretrieved ifproblemsdevelop
Low cost
Disadvantages
Leaks or spills atsurface
Leaks fromcorrosion of wellcasing
Existing fracturesor earth quakescan allow wastesto escape intogroundwater
Encourageswaste production
Municipal Waste
Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill
Topsoil
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
When landfill is full,layers of soil and clayseal in trash
Methane storageand compressor
building
Electricitygeneratorbuilding
Leachatetreatment system
Methane gasrecovery
Pipe collect explosivemethane gas used as fuel
to generate electricity
Compactedsolid waste
Leachatestorage tanks
Leachatemonitoringwell
Leachatemonitoringwell
GroundwaterGroundwater
Groundwatermonitoringwell
Groundwatermonitoringwell
Leachate pipesLeachate pipesLeachate pumped upto storage tanks for
safe disposal
Leachate pumped upto storage tanks for
safe disposal
Clay and plastic liningto prevent leaks; pipescollect leachate from
bottom of landfill
Advantages
No open burning
Little odor
Low groundwaterpollution if sitedproperly
Can be builtquickly
Low operatingcosts
Can handle largeamounts of waste
Filled land canbe used for otherpurposes
No shortage oflandfill space inmany areas
Disadvantages
Noise and traffic
Dust
Air pollution fromtoxic gases andvolatile organiccompoundsreleasegreenhousegases (methaneand CO2)
Groundwatercontamination
Slowdecompositionof wastes
Encourages waste production
Eventually leaksand cancontaminategroundwater
Power plant
Steam
Turbine GeneratorElectricity
Crane
Furnace
Boiler
Wetscrubber
Electrostaticprecipitator
Conveyor
Water Bottomash
Conven-tional
landfill
Wastetreatment
HazardousWastelandfill
Dirtywater
Waste pit
Smokestack
Flyash
Burning WastesBurning Wastes
Mass burn incineration Mass burn incineration
Air pollution
Air pollution
Waste to energy
Waste to energy
Advantages
Reduced trashvolume
Less need forlandfills
Low waterpollution
Disadvantages
High cost
Air pollution(especiallytoxic dioxins)
Produces ahighly toxic ash
Encourageswaste production
ReuseReuse
Extends resource supplies Extends resource supplies
Reduces energy use Reduces energy use
Reusable shipping containers and grocery bags
Reusable shipping containers and grocery bags
RecyclingRecycling
Primary (closed-loop)
Primary (closed-loop)
Post consumer waste
Post consumer waste
Aluminum can, used once
Steel can used once
Recycled steel can
Glass drink bottleGlass drink bottleused onceused once
Recycled aluminum canRecycled aluminum can
Recycled glass drink bottleRecycled glass drink bottle
Refillable drink bottle, used 10 timesRefillable drink bottle, used 10 times
00 88 1616 2424 3232
Energy (thousands of kilocalories)Energy (thousands of kilocalories)
Characteristics of Recyclable MaterialsCharacteristics of Recyclable Materials
Easily isolated from other wasteEasily isolated from other wasteAvailable in large quantitiesAvailable in large quantities
Valuable Valuable
Benefits of RecyclingBenefits of Recycling
Reduces globalwarming
Reduces aciddeposition
Reduces urbanair pollution
Make fuelsupplies
last longer
Reducesair pollution
Savesenergy
Reducesenergy demand
Reduceswater pollution
Recycling
Reduces solidwaste disposal
Reducesmineraldemand
Protectsspecies
Reduceshabitat
destruction
Fig. 21.7, p. 530
Recycling in the USRecycling in the US
Centralized recycling of mixed waste (MRFs)
Centralized recycling of mixed waste (MRFs)
Separated recyclingSeparated recycling
Economic benefitsEconomic benefits
Increasing recycling in the USIncreasing recycling in the US
Case Studies: Recycling Aluminum, Wastepaper, and PlasticsCase Studies: Recycling Aluminum, Wastepaper, and Plastics
40% of aluminum recycled in US40% of aluminum recycled in US
Recycled aluminum uses over 90% fewer resources
Recycled aluminum uses over 90% fewer resources
Paper: preconsumer vs. postconsumer recycling
Paper: preconsumer vs. postconsumer recycling
10% or less of plastic recycled in US10% or less of plastic recycled in US
Solutions: Achieving a Low-Waste SocietySolutions: Achieving a Low-Waste Society
Local grassroots actionLocal grassroots action
International ban on 12 persistent organic pollutants (the dirty dozen)
International ban on 12 persistent organic pollutants (the dirty dozen)
Cleaner productionCleaner production