supply chain mgt report

8/9/2019 Supply Chain Mgt Report

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History: .................................................................................................................................................... 4

Type of Carpets ................................ ......................... ............................. .............................. ................ 5

How carpet is made ............................ .......................... ............................. .............................. ................ 7

Rug Dyes.... ............................ ........................ ................................ ....................... ............................... .... 8

Vegetable Dyeing Techniques.... ............................................. ......................... ............................. ..... 10

Distribution ........................................................................................................................................... 19

Exports: ................................................................................................................................................. 19

Distribution modalities Main distribution modes ....................... ............................... ............................. 20

Local distribution: ............................ ........................ .............................. .............................. .................. 22

TUFTED CARPETS ............................ ......................... ................................ ...................... ........................ 23

Nayyer Carpets ...................................................................................................................................... 24

Supply Chain of Nayyer Carpets ........................ ................................ ...................... ............................... 25

PURCHASE OF RAW MATERIAL AND OTHER COMPONENETS.................................................. ................ 25

Procedure: ............................ ......................... ................................ ...................... ................................ .. 25

matrial managment ............................ .......................... .............................. ............................. .............. 28

Inventory management ............................................... ................................ ...................... .................... 28

Types of inventories .............................................................................................................................. 28

PURCHASE and storage department ........................................... ........................... ................................ 28

inventory control method .......................... ............................. ...................... ................................ ......... 29

Lead Time .............................................................................................................................................. 29

saftey stock ........................................................................................................................................... 29

Operations............................................................................................................................................. 30

FIBER DEPARTMENT .............................................................................................................................. 32

Polyester fiber production ........................ .............................. ...................... ................................ ......... 32

TUFTING DEPARTMENT ............................................... ................................ ...................... .................... 33

BACKING DEPARTMENT ............................... .......................... .......................... ............................. ......... 33

DYING DEPARTMENT ............................... .......................... ............................ ............................... ......... 33

CHROMO JET DEPARTMENT............................................. ................................ ....................... ............... 33

Quality Control Process DURING PRODUCTION ......................... ................................ ....................... ...... 34

Sampling ............................ ........................ ................................ ...................... ................................ .. 34

computerization ................................................................................................................................ 35


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PLACE ................................................................................................................................................ 44

PROMOTION ............................... ........................ ................................ ...................... ......................... 44

Advertisement ................................ .......................... .............................. ............................. .............. 44

Personal Selling ................................ ......................... ............................ ................................ ............. 45

Sales Promotion Tools........................................................................................................................ 45

Public Relations ................................................................................................................................. 45

SALES process ............................. ........................ ................................ ...................... ............................. 45


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HISTORY:

The carpet is the one of finest and most exquisite form of expression and has more than 2,500

years old history. The Iranians were amongst the first carpet weaver of the ancient civilizations

and, through centuries of creativity and ingenuity building upon the talents of the past, achieveda unique degree of excellence.

The carpet industry plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. It is not only a major earner of

foreign exchange for the economy as a whole but it also contributes to the relief of poverty in

rural areas. It is basically a cottage industry spread all over Pakistan, especially in remote rural

areas. It is a major source of income for families who have few other sources of livelihood, apart

from marginal agriculture. Families can easily enter carpet-making as an occupation as it

requires few infrastructural facilities. Unlike other industries it does not require electricity, water,

etc. A wooden loom, yarn and knotting skill are needed to make carpets. Another advantage for

the rural families is that they can do the work inside their homes.

Because the work takes place inside homes, female members of the family can also participate in

this economic activity. The carpet industry is totally indigenous as even the machines used are

manufactured locally.

Ornamental (rugs) carpets have from the been a part of the Islamic culture as it achieved

unprecedented heights in Baghdad, Damascus, Cordova, Delhi and in the fabled cities of Central

Asia. References to carpets in Arabic and Persian literature are numerous. Where Muslim culture

has flourished, carpet weaving has been a part of the scene. This is especially true of the Arab

Middle East and Central Asian areas which have seen the flowering of Muslim culture at its best.

Historians believe that carpet making was introduced to the region now constituting Pakistan as

far back as the 11th century with the coming of the first Muslim conquerors the Ghaznavids and

the Ghauris.

During the Mughal period the carpets made in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent became so famous

that there was mounting demand for them abroad. These carpets have distinctive designs and

boasted a rich knotting density. The tradition has remained strong over the last 400 years,


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although it has had ups and down during this period. After the partition of the Sub-Continent in

1947 to establish the new Muslim State of Pakistan, most of the Muslims migrated to Pakistan,

settled down either in Lahore or in Karachi.

It is these people who formed the backbone of the carpet industry in Pakistan. The type of carpet

used is not mass-market domestic floor covering but is more appropriately characterized as part

of the exotic rug trade. The rugs are individually made from a process of knotting with a unique

pattern rather than mass-produced. In the world market such rugs are best known as Persian

rugs and Turkish rugs although Iran and Turkey are not the sole supplier. According to the

Pakistan Carpet Manufacturers and Exporters Association (PCMEA, 2003) there are 150000-

200000 looms in the country. The number of weavers is estimated around 200000-250000.

Carpet making takes place in all the four provinces of Pakistan.

TYPE OF CARPETS

Today's carpet market is dominated by three main varieties:

Rugs are an ancient craft that combines unique design, vibrant colors and plush fabrics to bring

warmth and pizzazz to any space.

Historically, oriental rugs have been produced in Central Asian countries such as Turkey, Persia,Pakistan, Nepal, India, Afghanistan, China, the Caucasus and Turkestan. The term 'Oriental'

encompass specific types of rug classifications including: Persian, Turkish (or Anatolian),

Caucasian and Central Asian. Here are a few things to consider when purchasing a rug:

Machine or hand-woven.

Natural or synthetic dyes.

Natural dye is normally extracted from vegetables while artificial dyes such as aniline andchrome are also used.

Density, measured in knots per square inch. This can range from 40-1,000 and normally costs

more the higher the knot count. A very high knot count is mostly reserved for museum

collections.


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Natural or synthetic fibers. Hand-tufted rugs are often made of natural fibers while machine

made rugs can be made of either natural or man-made products.

Some believe that using natural fibers such as wool (most common in oriental rugs), silk and

goat or camel hair provide many advantages. Wool as an example is often praised for its

durability and its ability to maintain the rug's strength and beauty.

Some common synthetic fibers used to produce rugs include olefin (polypropylene), nylon,

polyester, acrylic and cotton and some rugs use a blend these fibers. Synthetic rugs are often

more affordable than rugs made of natural thread and some find the higher levels of stain

resistance in synthetic rugs an added benefit.

Loop Pile in which individual strands of yarn are pulled through the carpet backing twice to

create a small loop.

Long lasting and easy to clean, level loop pile is increasingly popular. Carpets with short,

densely-packed pile block out dirt and are well suited to high traffic areas. Longer loops can give

carpet a luxurious appearance.

Berber - Berbers have thick yarns and are often distinguished by their 'flecked' appearance,

which is excellent for hiding traffic marks.

Cable - Soft, heavy yarns with lots of twist and a casual look. Good for medium traffic areas,

cable is synonymous with comfortable, casual living.

Sisal - Twisted synthetic yarns that imitate the hardy, woven grass feel of aboriginal crafts.

Tighter than berbers, with a stiff feel, sisals are good for high traffic areas and come in solid and

fleck tones.

Cut Pile in which the loop is cut at the top, leaving tufts of yarn that stand straight up. The look

and feel of a carpet will depend on the type of fiber used, the density of the tufts, and the degree

of twist in each strand.


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Cut pile carpet is typically more durable than loop pile and can be sheared in different ways to

create a variety of textures and looks.

Velvet or Plush - Smooth, soft and elegant. Carpet pile is cut several times to create a

luxurious, velvety sheen that shows every footprint. Ideal for formal areas such as living rooms.

Saxony - Similar to velvets but not quite as smooth. Soft texture created by twisting fibers

tightly, then straightening yarn with heat. Retains foot and vacuum marks.

Textured - Textured cut pile is the top-selling type of carpet on the market. Carpet pile is

twisted and crimped to create a multi-colored look that hides footprints but retains its soft feel.

Ideal for casual living spaces with moderate to heavy traffic.

Shag - The retro look from the 1960s is back in both practical and psychedelic styles. Shag uses

a longer tuft and a thicker yarn. Creates a casual atmosphere in a family room or child's

bedroom.

Frieze - Tightly twisted with short, curly fibers that hide footprints. Can be used to create

geometric or scroll patterns. Perfect for heavy traffic areas.

HOW CARPET IS MADECarpet manufacturing today is a mix of old-world craftsmanship and 21st century innovation.

Carpet is manufactured in one of two ways - weaving or tufting.

Woven carpets are made primarily with wool and are exceptionally durable (and frequently

expensive).Woven carpets can be produced by hand - much in the same way that has been used

for centuries - or by machine. Both methods follow the same procedures.

Yarn is woven through or around vertical fibers called warps, then locked into place with

horizontal strands called wefts.

Woven carpets can utilize a wide variety of colors to create intricate patterns in the highest

quality carpets.


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More than 90 % of carpets sold today are created using the tufting method. Tufting machines use

computers to determine patterns, styles, construction and density.

Once the fibers are in place, the carpet is dyed using a variety of methods to create patterns or

effects. For cut-pile carpeting, the final stage is stretched, or cutting the pile loops. This stage

will help determine the carpet's feel and softness.

The carpet also receives a secondary stretched backing to give it stability and allow it to be

stretched during installation.

Most carpets today also receive stain protection during the manufacturing phase. The quality of a

carpet will also depend on the type of yarn used, and how that yarn is treated during

manufacturing.

Continuous fibers are heat-set and twisted at the mill to produce a tightly twisted product most

commonly found in frieze carpets. This kind of yarn is less bulky but holds its shape for a long

time.

The other common type of yarn is spun or staple yarn, which is made from short lengths of fiber

that are spun together, creating a yarn that is much less likely to unravel. Staple yarns will go

through a complex series of treatments, including blending, spinning, twisting and heat setting.

RUG DYES....

There exists a very widespread belief that vegetable or natural dyes are superior to

synthetic dyes, and that a rug woven with vegetable dyes is in all ways a better carpet than a

rug woven with synthetic colors. In fact, it is usually not possible to separate the dyestuffs used

in many rugs into these two neat categories, and even were this possible, some vegetable dyes

are much more fugitive in color or even damaging to the wool than the synthetic dyestuff thatyields the equivalent shade.

In general, vegetable dyes are taken to be an indication of a more traditional, more rural, more

country rug weaving, while synthetic dyes are considered more characteristic of city or

commercial production. Even this distinction breaks down, however, when one realizes that


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synthetic azo dyes (an acid direct dye that yields yellow or orange-red) were introduced to many

weaving areas between 1875 and 1890, and by the turn of the century were available to many

rural weavers. If a village weaver could obtain a synthetic dye, he or she was very likely to use it

right alongside his traditional dyestuffs. Just because a rug is 50 years old does not mean it is

vegetable dyed. Nor does a vegetable dye guarantee a longer life or higher value to the

carpet. The vegetable black we find in so many old Turkish and Balouch rugs is so corrosive

that areas of black nap will be completely worn away while nap of other colors is still thick and

fully piled. Had the black been a good chrome synthetic, the rug would be in much better

condition.

In the past twenty years there has been a huge increase in the quantity and variety of new

vegetable dyed rugs available. The trend began in western Turkey in the late 1960s, butknowledge of vegetable dyeing has now been re-introduced into Afghanistan, India, Pakistan,

and Nepal.

Common Vegetable Dyes....

Color in the rug From this material Notes

red to orange root of the madder plant Rubia tinctoria

salmon depleted madder dye as dye baths are re-used, the dyegets weaker and colors getlighter

bright red to burgundy cochineal (dried insectcarapace)

often from Dactylopius coccus

blue-red to purple-red lac (resin secreted by insect) often from Coccus laccae

light blue to navy indigo (extracted from theindigo plant) Indigoferra

pale yellowto yellow-brown larkspur or isparuk (aflowering plant)

Delphinium sulpureum


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pale yellowto yellow-brown weld (a flowering herb) Reseda luteola

brown oak bark, tree galls Quercus

black tannin, oak tree galls, iron this dye is often damaging towool

green double-dye of larkspur andindigo

VEGETABLE DYEING TECHNIQUES....

Common vegetable dyes The most commonly used vegetable dyes are indigo (originally obtained by extracting and

fermenting indican from the leaves of the indigo plant), madder (produced by boiling the dried,chunked root of the madder plant in the dye pot), and larkspur (produced by boiling the crushedleaves, stems, and flowers of the larkspur plant). These dyes produce, respectively, dark navy

blue, dark rusty-red, and muted gold. Long ago dyers realized that as more wool was dyed in a

single dyepot, colors became weaker and weaker. Dyers use this notion of depleated dyes to their

advantage. The first dyeing produces a deep, strong color. Subsequent dyeings in the same

dyepot produce lighter, softer colors (like the three shades of indigo, madder, and yellow

illustrated here):

Dyers also quickly learned to combine colors to produce different hues. There is, for instance, no

vegetable dye material that yields green (an important color if youre interested in weaving a

floral design!). First dyeing wool blue, then dyeing it again with yellow, does produce a green

color. If you look closely at the green color in a vegetable-dyed rug, you will commonly see that

the color is uneven, more blue-green in some areas, and more yellow-green in others. This is

because of the double-dyeing technique:


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So, by using the notion that depleted dyes produce different hues, and by combining some dyes

through overdyeing wool, dyers can produce a surprisingly large pallette of colors from a very

limited variety of materials. These people are clever!

K not density:

(knots per square inch) is an important indicator of rug quality. Most weaves are measured

simply by counting the number of knots per linear inch along the warp (i.e., along the length of

the rug) and the number of knots per linear inch along the weft (across the width of the rug) and

multiplying to get the number of knots per square inch (or per sq. cm.). Unfortunately, this

simple concept can be tricky to apply in practice.

Because of the ways in which rug structure can vary, individual knots can be difficult to isolate

from the back of the rug (its impossible to distinguish separate knots from the face of the rug).

This is one Turkish knot, even though the wool wraps around

two warps.


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Often the warps of the rug lie on the same plane. If the warps of the rug lie on the same plane,

each knot (whether Turkish or Persian) will show on the back of the rug as two tiny squares of

the same color next to each other across the width of the rug.

The warps of this Turkish-knotted rug lie on

the same plane.

You are looking at one cream-colored Turkish

knot (surrounded by navy knots and red wefts)

from the back of a Turkish rug. Can you see the

two side-by-side elements of this knot? If you

are counting the knots in this rug, the two

cream bumps count as one knot.

Sometimes the warps are offset so greatly that from the back of the rug alternate warps are

hidden. If this occurs, each knot (whether Turkish or Persian) will show on the back of the rug as

a single tiny square of color.

The warps of this Turkish-knotted rug areoffset.

You are looking at one light blue Persian knot (surrounded by pink knots)

from the back of a Pakistani rug. Because alternate warps are so strongly

offset, you can only see one element of the knot across the width of the rug.

If you are counting the knots in this rug, the one light blue bump counts as

one knot.

How do you know when to count one bump on the back of the rug as one knot? Its easylook

carefully at the individual areas of color across the width of the back of the rug. If you only see

colored elements in pairs , you need to count each pair as one knot. If you see lots of single


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colored elements, the rug has offset warps and each element should be counted as one knot.

Many country rugs from Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iran show both knot elements on the back of

the rug, as do Bokharas from Pakistan. Most rugs from India and China have strongly offset

warps, and so show only one knot element on the back of the rug.

DYING TECHNIQUES

Nature provides its own store of colors. Trees, flowers,

plants and even certain types of soil (particularly those

containing iron oxide) supply incredibly beautiful

colors. Certain archaeological findings indicate thatsuch plant dyes have been used for a very long time.

During Seljuk and Ottoman periods, natural dyes

became an important sphere of commercial and artistic

activity. For instance, 15 Th. century sources indicate

that, in addition to the production of root dyes and the

development of the methods to obtain different colors,

kermess insect (cochineal), indigo and plants

containing similar pigments were shipped from

Anatolia to Europe. The same sources also reveal that

during the Ottoman period such dye plants were grown

with great care under state subsidy and control, and

that in the 16 Th. century caravans used to arrive in

Bursa from various countries, loaded with silk thread to

be dyed there. Buck thorn, known as golden tree, was

particularly a very popular and prized source of natural

dye. Discovery of the composition of the dye, called

Turkish red (cramoisi), which was very famous in

Europe, as a result of the analytical studies by C.

Liebermann


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In 1868 later in its chemical production in Europe, dealing a serious blow to the production and

export of root dyes in Anatolia. Chemical dyes were introduced in Turkey in 1882 and from then

on production of root dyes in Anatolia began to decline as result of aniline dyes imported from

Europe. However, this practice was saved from complete extinction by nomadic-Turkmen

communities who with their habit of using natural dyes by means of traditional methods. Indeed,

the craft of using natural dyes involves a rather precise and complicated process. Degree of

maturity of the plant to be used, boiling, temperature, dosage of pigment and composition of the

water (with or without lime) largely affect the shade of color to be obtained. At present, pear

leaf, alchamilla, vine leaf, quince fruit and leaf, dyers daisy, buck thorn, walnut shell and leaf,

indigo plant, plane tree leaf, linden leaf, acacia flower, pomegranate, snapdragon, wild mint,

peach leaf, saffron, wild rose and many other plants are used to produce natural dyes, resulting in

extremely beautiful shades of color.

Reflecting the weavers skill, carpet forms one of the most important items in the dowry of the

young Anatolian girl preparing for her marriage. Dowry carpets are usually kept for life and laid

only to honor important guests. These are only sold in hard times, when the family is an

economic crisis.

The term nomad has been used hitherto in its most general sense. However, former nomadswho have become settled also produce carpet in the same way. Carpet weaving is an additional

means of income for thousand of peasants today. The women do not stop weaving carpet after

marriage. Expecting the Turkish woman to stop weaving carpet would mean to tearing her apart

from her highest source of pride. At present carpet looms at villages have stubbornly resisted

modern developments and resolutely carried its traditional craft and historical custom. These

carpets which once decorated the palaces of Sultan have also become an important means of

investment today.

WEAVING THE CARPET: The out line of a carpet loom looks like a wooden frame. Warp threads are vertically wound

around the loom parallel to each other, depending the type and the size of the carpet. After

preparing the warp, a chain like plait called chiti is woven, leaving a margin for fringes, and


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then a 2-4 cm wide kilim weaving is done so as to prevent the pile knots from shifting and

dropping out. Upon a completion of this procedure, the carpet is ready for weaving. The weaver

hangs the colored knotting threads wound into small balls together with the carpet design, drawn

on a graph paper somewhere within reach. The type of graph paper used, depends on the type of

the carpet and the density of its knots. A quarter of the carpet a symmetric model of a center

patterns, and a half of the niche design is drawn on graph paper.

Each knot on the carpet corresponds to one square on graph

paper and its color is designed by the paint covering the

respective square. Sitting on a small tool, weaver begin to

weaving the carpet from the bottom upwards. As the weaving

progress, the carpet is shifted behind the loom. Uponcompletion of a row of knots, the weaver passes the horizontal

thread called weft throughout the warp threads (below and

above) across the width of the carpet, and firmly presses on the

knots with the shed stick. The ends of knots, which have been

cut roughly with a knife at the time of each knotting, are

trimmed with a special pair of scissors to make them even with

the face (pile) of the carpet. The two methods used in carpet

weaving are; (Grdes) Turkish knot double knot and (Sine)

Persian knot single knot.

Although the single knot method largely facilities

working with detailed motifs, the double knot method

produces an extraordinary strength. Carpets woven

with the double knot method, therefore, turn out to be

an important means of investment as they stand better

against wear and tear in time. Upon completion of the

carpet, another cilium weaving is done so as to fix the

knots. Finally, a chain plait is woven and the carpet is


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cut loose from its warp to be taken out of the loom. It is

washed with soapy water, to get rid of the dust and dirt

collected during the course of weaving, and made

ready for use.

MATERIALS:Rugs and the various flat weaves are made from four basic materials; sheep wool, goat hair,

cotton and silk.

SHEEP WOOL:The quality of wool varies according to the climate, the breed of sheep and the time of year of

sheering. Wool from a sheep that live in warm and arid regions is normally dry and brittle, and

since it breaks so easily, it ends up being short and feels lifeless. Good quality wool comes from

healthy and well fed sheep, found in cold regions or at high elevations with good grazing lands

and lots of water. In the colder regions, sheep grow a full fleece to keep warm and their bodies

store fat which then translates to a high lanolin content within the fiber which reaches lengths of

10 cm and more. The wool so obtained feels silky smooth and wet springly. Wool from the

higher elevations (cooler also) and from the spring sheering is considered to be the highest

quality. Wool is hand-spun by using primitive utensils called kirmen (drop spindle) and byspinning wheels. Women usually spin the wool during idle moments and on the street while

spinning. In hand-spun wool, the original length of the fiber stays same through the spinning

process, a fiber that measured 7 cm before spinning will still measure the same after spinning.

Wool can also industrially spun, but the hard twisting of the fibers by the spinning machines

tends to break some fibers. Although the broken bits and shorter fibers can be made to adhere

together through the use of oils during the spinning time process, the fiber will have lost some of

its strength, which, in turn, will shorten the life spun of the rugs to be woven.

COTTON :

In rug and kilim weaving, cotton is used for the warp threads, as well as the wefts. Compared to

wool, cotton is generally considered to be more resistant fiber and its less elastic. So tighter knots


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can be tied on to cotton warps as opposed to wool. If very tight knots are tied to wool warp, the

fiber will break much more frequently than the warps were or cotton. Consequently, woven pile

rugs with high knotting density counts will normally have cotton warps, for example, in

Hereke, Ladik and Kayseri carpets.

GOAT HAIR:

Goat hair occasionally found in oriental rugs in the side bindings (selvedge) but is more

frequently found in saddle bags, cushions, various types of stacks etc.

PURE SILK:

The silk used in Turkish carpets comes from silk cocoons in Bursa. It has a very high tensile

strength and can be twisted very finely, besides it is quite resistant. The finest silk comes from

the first part of the amazingly long single thread with which silk warm spins its cocoons. When

unrolled the thread from one silk cocoon can stretch up to 25.000 meters. The best and the finest

hand woven rugs in the world are Hereke silk rugs. A normal quality silk Hereke should

have 1.000.000 knots per square meter. Today with tremendous care, attention and density, some

exceptional Hereke silk rugs are woven with 3.240 000 knots per square meter; that is 18 knots

vertically on 1 cm. And 18 knots horizontally on 1 cm. This indicates how finely the silk can be

twisted and woven, as well as how strong and resistant these piles can be.

We dont mean to be alarmist, but we sometimes see silk Oriental rugs that are made of

something other than genuine, natural silk. This is not a problem if you know that the rug you are

considering is made of artificial silk, but sometimes rug dealers neglect to pass on this

information! The problem happens most often with just a few rug types sold in tourist markets in

Turkey and India (and sometimes in Pakistan).


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REAL S LK : Real silk is produced as the cocoon covering of the silkworm, the pupal form of the Asian or

mulberry silk moth, bombyx mo ri . The cocoon is spun by the silk moth caterpillar of a single silk

fiber that can be up to several thousand feet in length. To harvest the silk, completed cocoons are boiled or heated to kill the silkworms, then laboriously unwound into single fibers which are

plied together and spun into thread or silk yarn.

Natural silk is a fibrous protein composed of a number of amino acids: glycine (44.5%), alanine

(29.3%), serine (12.1%), valine (2.2%), tyrosine (5.2%), glutamic acid (1%), others less than 1%

each. Chemically, natural silk is C 15H23O6 N5 (we give the formula in case you want to whip up a

batch of your own). Silk is extremely high in tensile strength, exceeding that of nylon. It has

been estimated that if a single silk fiber with the diameter of a pencil could be produced, the fiber

could lift a 747 aircraft (who figures these things out, anyway?). Silk is used to make Oriental

rugs because dyed silk is a fiber with rich, saturated colors, and a distinctive, almost translucent

luster.

ART F C AL S LK : Artificial silk is everything billed as silk that doesnt come from the silkworm cocoon. Most

often this means mercerized cotton; sometimes it means a manufactured fiber like rayon or a

blend of chemically altered and/or manufactured fibers. Its not that artificial silk is intrinsically

evil, its just that the whole point of using artificial silk in a rug is to save the cost of real silk. Itis not nice when this cheaper, artificial silk rug is misrepresented and sold for the price of a real

silk rug.


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MERCER ZED COTTON A ripening cotton boll can contain as many as 5,000 separate cotton fibers, each fiber growing

from a tiny seed and formed as a hollow cylindrical sheath of as many as thirty layers of almost

pure cellulose. Cotton fiber is mercerized by being stretched under controlled tension at roomtemperature while being treated with a 21%-23% solution of caustic soda (NaOH). The effect is

to swell the fiber and make its surface much more reflective, thus dramatically increasing its

luster (and also its tensile strength). After the chemical treatment, cotton yarn is often singed to

remove whatever small amount of fuzz remains on the surface of the fibers. Sometimes cotton is

cal ende r ed by being passed between heated rollers. The effect is to increase the luster and sheen

of the fiber still more. However it is treated, cotton remains cellulose: C 6H10O5.

RAYON Like cotton, rayon is made of almost pure celulose, but rather than being grown, rayon is

produced by first dissolving cellulose (obtained from cotton or woodpulp) to produce a thick

yellow liquid called viscose. The viscose is extruded through tiny holes into a chemical bath that

produces long filaments which can be spun into thread and yarn. Viscouse rayon was the first

man-made fiber. In 1920, DuPont bought from the French the technology for making viscose

rayon. DuPont first called the material artificial silk, and formed a company (The DuPont

Fibersilk Company) to manufacture it. Other artificial fibers would follow quickly: acetate (also

derived from cellulose) in 1924, nylon, (commonly, adipic acid reacted with hexamethylene

diamine) in 1939, acrylic (from acrylonitrile, a petrochemical) in 1950, polyester in 1953, and

triacetate in 1954.

DISTRIBUTION

Exports

Local distribution

EXPORTS:

Export destination of Pakistani Carpet

Major export destinations of Pakistani Carpets are:


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y USy Japany Germanyy UK y Hong Kongy Canaday Italyy Belgiumy Francey UAEy Saudi Arabia

DISTRIBUTION MODALITIES MAIN DISTRIBUTION MODESDistribution mode of carpet includesSole distributorship:

a manufacturer sets up a branch company of its own orauthorizes a sole agent in one city

Multiple distributorships :

a manufacturer sets up its own warehouse in the locality of distribution, and supplies goods to

multiple distributors- usually wholesale Product line based distributorship: a manufacturer

supplies different lines of its products to different distributors for sale.


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Pakistani carpets are generally superior to Indian and Chinese carpets but their cheap labor, low

cost raw material and low utility/financing charges give them a price edge over Pakistani

products. More important, Pakistan lacks facilities to produce carpets as per requirements of

foreign buyers. A single chain store in America or Europe needs hundreds of pieces of carpets

made in a certain color scheme and in a specific design. The problem is that Pakistani weavers,

mostly illiterate or semi literate women and children working at home-based looms cannot

produce tailor-made carpets of high quality. There is a need to develop carpet clusters in the

places where carpets are made. TDAP wants the exporters to develop such clusters hosting a few

hundreds of looms at a certain place and then ensure quality control through periodic visits there

by the experts.

Problem Areas

Decrease in rebates and incentives, high mark-up rate and continuous harassment by the sales-tax

officials have shrunken the target of carpet exports. Its exports are in a deficit of about $100

million or short of the fixed target of $240 million. The official target per month was fixed at $40

million whereas during the last two months (February and March), only 7.5 and $6.8 million

worth of carpets were exported. If necessary measures are not taken the carpet industry will die

out slowly. The carpet industry of the country is likely to face another crisis in coming days, as80 percent of the workforce comprises Afghan refugees, who are being repatriated to their

homeland. According to official figures, the export of carpets and rugs has already begun

showing a declining trend. In July-Feb 2006-07, carpets, rugs and mats worth $145.54 million

were exported as compared with July-Feb 2005-06, when their export stood at $171.23 m. These

figures show a fall in exports by 15 percent.In terms of quantity, Pakistan exported 2.29 million

square meters of carpets, rugs and mats in July-Feb 2006-07, against 2.83 million square meters

exported in July-Feb 2005-06, which shows an 18.83 percent decline. Pakistan exports carpets to

countries such as the USA, Germany, Italy, the UK, France, and UAE. Industry sources fear that

in coming days carpets exports are likely to dip dramatically and the industry would face a

crisis-like situation because of labor shortage, caused by the repatriation of Afghan refugees.


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Since the Nineties, most of the local workforce had left this industry and it was mostly Afghan

refugees, who were working in this industry, said director of Afghan Carpets Iftikhar Hussain.

Carpet business will be very challenging in the future as we face a tough competition from India

in the global arena and the cost of production in this business is constantly going up. Carpet

manufacturing takes place in many parts of the country, which are inhabited by Afghan refugees

such as Quetta, parts of the NWFP, Karachi, Attock, etc. A few years ago in Attock, there were

around 15 million carpet weaving looms, where most workers were Afghan. The number of

looms has rapidly declined since the repatriation of Afghans and carpet manufacturing in this

region is now almost nonexistent. Afghans working in the carpet weaving setups in Attock

earned on an average 2,500 rupees ($41) for weaving a piece measuring one square foot.In

Karachi, there were 1,000 carpet weaving looms at the Afghan refugee camp near Toll Plaza on

Super Highway. Now the number has declined drastically. Since 2002, more than 2.8 million

Afghan refugees have returned home under the UNHCRs voluntary return assistance program.

Exporters are now bringing carpets from Kabul. Interior Sind comes second in carpet weaving

after the Afghan workforce. Carpet industry is now prominent in places such as Thar. Experts

say the political crisis in Iran could help boost Pakistani carpet exports as Iran has the major

market share in the world carpet industry. But exporters dont agree, saying the quality of

Pakistani carpets doesnt match the Iranian quality. Things dont look bright for Pakistans carpet

industry in coming days because of labor shortage, they say.

LOCAL DISTRIBUTION:


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TUFTED CARPETS

More than 90 % of carpets sold today are created using the tufting method.

Tufting machines use computers to determine patterns, styles, construction and density.

Once the fibers are in place, the carpet is dyed using a variety of methods to create patterns or effects.

For cut-pile carpeting, the final stage is stretched, or cutting the pile loops. This stage will helpdetermine the carpet's feel and softness.

The carpet also receives a secondary stretched backing to give it stability and allow it to bestretched during installation.

Most carpets today also receive stain protection during the manufacturing phase.

The quality of a carpet will also depend on the type of yarn used, and how that yarn is treatedduring manufacturing.

Continuous fibers are heat-set and twisted at the mill to produce a tightly twisted product mostcommonly found in frieze carpets. This kind of yarn is less bulky but holds its shape for a long

Manufacturer

distributors

Retailer

Customer

Retailer

customer


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time.

The other common type of yarn is spun or staple yarn, which is made from short lengths of fiber that are spun together, creating a yarn that is much less likely to unravel. Staple yarnswill go through a complex series of treatments, including blending, spinning, twisting and heatsetting.

Major manufacturers of tufted carpets in Pakistan

There are two major manufacturer in the Pakistan which are:

Nayyer carpets

Olympia Carpets

While there is one dealer who import carpets and then sell it in the local market

Venus Carpets

We have visited in the The supply chain of all these concerns is elaborated as below;

NAYYER CARPETS

Nayyer Group is the largest manufacturer of tufted carpets in Pakistan & Dubai (UAE). It

has the widest range of machinery to manufacture most of the products liked by the customers

worldwide. The group is manufacturing carpets in cut pile, loop pile, high pile, straight, cross

over, single sliding needle bar, double sliding needle bar & jute shifter in the following gauges.

GAUGE Cut pile cross over =1/10th, 1/8th, /5/32

Graphic Loop Pile Straight =1/10th, 1/8th/5/32

Cut pile cross over =1/10th, 5/32nd/, 1/8th

Scroll Cut Pile 100/ = 5/31


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SUPPLY CHAIN OF NAYYER CARPETSIn bound logistics

Opertions

Outbound logistics

Marketing and Sales

After Sale Services

Inbound Logistics

PURCHASE OF RAW MATERIAL AND OTHER COMPONENETS

90% of the raw material of nayyer Carpets is imported. The process of import and local

purchase is given below:

Import procedure

Nayyer Carpets has also an import department. The import department is responsible to

import those items, which are not available in Pakistan. The structure of this department is as

under:

PROCEDURE:


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Senior Manager is responsible for import of machinery, equipment, spare parts, raw

material, etc. The procedure to import the goods is given below.

An indent for import of item after the approval of Chief Executive is sent to import

department.

The Senior Manager Import selects a subcontractor from approved suppliers list.

In reply, a quotation from the subcontractor is received. A copy of quotation is sent to

concerned department for evaluation and checking of specification.

The received items are sending to the mills where these are opened. The items are

checked against quotations. In case of any damage, the import department is informed

immediately. Import department do the necessary arrangements for survey of goods from

insurance agencies

Local purchase:

The company has purchase section. All the purchases are conducted by this section. The

section is headed by a purchase officer. There is also a store keeper in this section to keep the

records of the purchase. Whenever any particular department requires any kind of material, its

head makes a demand note of items to be required. These demand notes contain the information

like, items description, quality, quantity and others. The demand note is signed by thedepartmental head and then recommended by the Production Manger, and is then sent to the

purchase section.

The purchase officer has the list of preferable suppliers of the certain items. He selects

the supplier from the list. Then he visits personally to the market and given the purchase order.

The officer has been provided a van, he himself or through some other sources makes the

arrangement to bring the purchased material in the Factory premises.

Trasportion Mode for local Purchase

Van

Trucks


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The procedure to record any purchases

When these goods inter in the factory on the gate INTER GATE PASS is issued

against these goods.

Then store keeper issued a GOODS RECIPT NOTE.Then this entry is passed in the factory and all the documents are sent to the head

office.

The account officers in the head office verify all the documents then they enter this

entry in JV (Journal Voucher).

Then he attaches the copy of that voucher with all the documents and sends it to the

auditor.

Auditor verify all the documents and then send it to G.M he signed the verified

document.

Then these documents are passed through filing system for future use.

Material handling

Demand note

Purchase officer

Analysis of supplier

selection of the supplier

order

receip t of goods

warehousing


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The purchase officer has the list of preferable suppliers of the certain items. He selects

the supplier from the list. Then he visits personally to the market and given the purchase order.

The officer has been provided a van, he himself or through some other sources makes the

arrangement to bring the purchased material in the Factory premises.

INVENTORY CONTROL METHOD

There are two methods to control the inventory:

Perpetual inventory system Periodic inventory system

PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEM:

In this system, a complete and continuous record of movement of each inventory item is

maintained. Perpetual records are useful in preparing monthly quarterly or other financial

statement. Record used is normally a store ledger card specifying quantity wise receipt, issue

and balance together with values in chronological sequence.

Nayyer Carpets is also practicing Perpetual Inventory System.

LEAD TIME

Nayyer carpet has manufacturing facility of carpets in Lahore and Gujrat. But carpet is

produced in Gujrat plant while in Lahore fiber is produced for the production of carpets in

Gujrat. Lead-time is a time which is required from 1 supplier for the acquisition of inventory.

Nayyer Carpets has different lead-time for different suppliers.

Lahore = 2-3 days

Imported = 120 days

SAFTEY STOCK


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Safety stock means the stock which fulfills the requirements of the production during

lead time. Nayyer Carpets also keeps safety stock while making a new order.

OPERATIONS

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

Nayyer Carpets has its own manufacturing unit in Gujrat Pakistan and in Sharja. In

Pakistan it is the only organization who owes chromo jet; with the help of this machinery they

can produce carpets in thousands of designs.

They have three facilites in Pakistan those are:

Bilal Synthetic (kotlakpat Lahore)

Nayyer carpets (Gujrat)

Fine Fiber (Quaid-e-Azam industrial area Lahore)

Raw material of the Nayyer Carpets

Fiber is the main raw material that is used to manufacture carpets. But they are not only

producing fiber for their own need but also earning a lot of profit by selling in the market. They

are producing fiber in Fine Fiber Lahore. So the production department is divided into five

further departments.

Fiber Department

Tufting Department

Backing Department

Dying Department

Chromo Jet Department


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Production process

TuftingDepartment

BackingDepartment

Dying

Department

ChromojetDepartment


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FIBER DEPARTMENT

Fiber is produced in the Fine Fiber and Bilal Synthetic Lahore then this fiber is sent to the

Gujrat for further manufacturing.

POLYESTER FIBER PRODUCTION

Polyester Fiber produces as per requirement of carpet Incharge or out parties. First we

received production order from our other factory of different color and denier then produced

polyester fiber at our factory. First of all we checked our stock level of raw material if material in

hand as per production order then ok otherwise we also make purchase indent for raw material to

head office and head office staff purchases raw material as per our requirement, then we start

production of polyester fiber production.

Material required for fiber production1. Polyester Chips

2. Master Batches (various color)

3. Spin Finish oil

First polyester section issue raw material from store section which is mentioned above,

this raw material use in extruder section in this section polyester, there is mixing unit, polyester

and master batches mix in this unit as per color specification this mixing unit connected with

extruder, these extruder melt these mixture with the help of electric heaters, we set heaters

temperature about 250 ~ 300 F. melted mixture come in to liquid form and this liquid cross with

dies, these dies change this liquid in to yarn and this yarn we store on cone shape at down winder

section. One extruder one day produce yarn about 1000 Kg. in 12 hrs.

In winder section various cones of yarn we make it and these cones after forward to

cutting and dryer section where we cross this yarn and other process. A numbers of cone we sets

on kreel machine at one time about 50 ~ 60 cones set on this machine. In this process yarn cross

into water and spin finish oil mixture this mixture temperature about 150 ~ 160 F. there is yarn

tension also check and after cross this yarn in dryer for dry, in dryer moisture reduce after yarn


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cutting with cutting machine this cutting yarn come into fiber shape. This fiber we stock in bales

shape one bale weight about 250kg per bale.

After these bales we dispatch to our other factory for carpet production as per demand.

TUFTING DEPARTMENT

The fiber is sent to the tufting department in this department the upper portion of the

carpet is manufactured. In this department the fiber is punched on a carpet base. The size of the

fiber depends on the fiber design and requirements. In short raw carpet is manufactured in this

department. Then this department sells this raw carpet to the backing department for further

process.

BACK ING DEPARTMENT

The raw carpet is purchased from the tufting department. Then the backing of the carpet

is fixed by this department. Different types of backing are made in the Nayyer Carpet, some

backing styles are:

Action BackingFelt Backing

Secondary Backing

After backing the carpet the carpet is sold to the next department that is dying department.

DYING DEPARTMENT

Then the carpet is sent to the dying department where the carpets are died in different

colors. Nayyer Carpets are manufacturing carpets in thousands of colors.

CHROMO JET DEPARTMENT


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Nayyer Carpets is the only manufacturer of the carpets that have chromo Jet Machine in

Pakistan. With the help of that machine many designs can be produced. This machine is used for

making designs in texture colors and self colors.

Note:The daily production report is sent to the head office. So that sales persons can perform their

work efficiently.

QUALITY CONTROL PROCESS DURING PRODUCTION

Their process of quality control starts from the suppliers and ends at customer. Nayyer

Carpets purchase polyester chips, master batches and spinning oil from the market for the

production of the fiber. The quality control process starts from purchase of raw material.

Inspection is made to see whether the purchased material is up to required quality standard or

not. If not, it is rejected. If accepted, then this material is sent to the store room and store keeper

issued Goods Receipt note. The quality control process is continuously examined the production

throughout the process to meet the required quality standards.

Dyes and chemicals are also examined for their brands, proper

combinations, quality, colors and other characteristics.Inspection for quality standards is made throughout the step by-step

manufacturing process, especially in CHROMO JET Department; to check the

color fastness and designs.

During backing and tufting departments the inspection is also made to assure

that the products are up to the mark and ready for further process.

SAMPLING

Nayyer Carpets use sample of products to check the quality and the product

to be produced in bulk. For this purpose, samples of the carpets are made and then

it is checked by the management and customers as well. If both the parties approve


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the sample for quality, only then they start production of that particular product.

After being manufactured and before delivery, finished product is once again

checked for quality standards.

COMPUTERIZATION

All the machinery used by the Nayyer Carpets are computerized they automatically detect

the defects and stop processing if there is any defect.

QUALITY STANDARDS

Nayyer Carpet is leading the market because of its quality and unique designs. Nayyer

Carpets do not compromise on the quality of their products they are certified with internationalquality standards such as:

UKAS QUALITY MANAGEMENT ISO 9001 ISO 2000

MANUFACTURING STRATEGIES

Nayyer Carpets use two strategies those are:

Make to order Make to stock

MAK E TO ORDER STRATEGY

Nayyer Carpets receives orders from its local or foreign customers and manufacture

carpets according to their specifications this strategy usually used for the foreign orders and

expensive carpets.

MAK E TO STOCK STRATEGY


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Nayyer Carpet also manufactures carpets for the purpose of stock. This strategy is used to

fulfill the orders on time. For this purpose each sales person is said to submit monthly projection

repots at the start of the month.

PROCESS MANAGEMENT

PROCESS CHOICE- BATCH PROCESS

Because there is too much variety in carpets like constriction, yarn type, pile designs, pile

height and backing type etc. So machines are adjusted for the production of particular variety of

carpets.

CUSTOMER INVOLVEMENT

There is moderate involvement of customers in the production of carpets because it is the

customer gives the carpets specification and designs then Nayyer Carpets produces the carpets

according to the customers requirements.

TYPE OF AUTOMATION FLEXIBLE OR PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATION

There is flexible or programmable type of automation. They can change or program the

automatic function of machines according to their requirements.

CAPACITY UTILIZATION

It is difficult to measure to describe precisely the production capacity in Nayyer Carpets

since it fluctuates widely depending on various factors such as count of yarn spun, spindle speed,

nature and design of the carpets, raw materials used etc. it also varies according to the pattern of

production adopted in a particular year.

The company is over utilizing its production capacity. The aim of management is to

spread fixed cost by producing more rolls of carpets and cutting cost by purchasing large


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quantity of materials. Normally they are producing 6000 to 7000 rolls of the carpets daily. And

the extruder can made 1000 K.gs of fiber in 12 hours.

FORECASTING OF DEMAND

Forecasting in Nayyer Carpets follows some concepts regarding forecasting which are

being explained below.

SHORT TERM FORECASTING

It has a time span of 3 months to 1 year. It is used to plan purchases, job scheduling and

production levels. For this purpose all the sales persons are asked to submit the projection repots

in this report sales persons forecast the sales of particular products in 3 months to 1 year. Usually

all the sales persons have to submit monthly projection repot to the CEO then CEO forwards

these projections to the production department.

MEDIUM TERM FORECASTING

Its planning period is from 3 months to 3 years. It is used to plan sales and production.

LONG TERM FORECASTING

It covers the time period of 3 years or more, and is used to plan capital expenditure,

facility location and expansion. While performing forecasting activities, the Nayyer Carpets

Management also considers:

The major emphasis is given to demand forecasts to adjust the production according to

expected sales.

FORECASTING APPROACHES:

Generally, two approaches are used for forecasting activities. These approaches are:

QUALITATIVE APPROACH


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This approach incorporates important factors like decision makers intuition, emotions,

experience and judgment. This approach includes following techniques:

Executive opinion Sales force composite Consumer market survey Past experience

QuantitaTive Approach

This approach employs a variety of mathematical models that use historical data or casual

variables to forecast demand.

Techniques used under this approach are:

TIME SERIES MODELS

Moving averages Trend projection

CASUAL MODEL

Linear regression

Nayyer Carpets uses a combination of both the qualitative and quantitative forecasting

approaches which is the most effective method to get accurate forecasts. However, their main

tools for this purpose are of qualitative nature.

Forecasting of demand is based on previous data, behavior of people and change in taste

of the people, economic situation and their purchasing power.

Outbound logistics

FINISHED GOODS INVENTORY PLACEMENT

There are two type of placement.


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Forward placement -Near to customer Backward placement -Near to plant.

Nayyer Carpets is using backward placement. Nayyer Carpets has warehouses in their

manufacturing facilities, all the finished goods are stores there after production is completed till

these are sold.

SUPPLY CHAIN THE FINISHED GOODS

Nayyer Carpets has its own 400 outlets in many cities to facilitate the customer and

eliminate middle men cost or distribution cost. They have their own transportation facilities to

deliver the goods to outlet or the dealers.

TRANSPORTATION Nayyer Carpets is using different type of transposition.

For export: They are using containers.

For local: They are using vans, delivery trucks etc.

Nayyer Carpets are dealing almost all the cities of Pakistan. And they have dealers in allthe cities where their own outlets are not available they made agreement with the dealer that they

will deal only with that particular party in the specified region. Nayyer Carpet follows the

following distribution channel.


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DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

The distribution Channel of the Nayyer Carpet is shown in the following diagram.

Facrtory

Dealers

Retailers

Finalconsumers


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4 1

MAR K ETING AND SALES:PRODUCTS

Nayyer Carpets are very much possessive about the quality and designs of their products

there are different features and specification available for customers these are:

CONSTRICTION

Constriction means the total thickness of the carpet. There are following constriction

provided by the Nayyer Carpets:

1/10th

1/8th 5/32th

5/31th

PILE TYPE

Pile means the fiber used on the carpets and its design. Pile can be classified by:

Pile design

Pile height

PILE DESIGN

Following are some designs of the piles used by the Nayyer Carpets:

CUT PILEo Cut pile straight

o Cut pile cross over

o Scroll cut pile

o Graphic cut pile

LOOP PILE

o Loop pile straight

o Loop pile cross over


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o Scroll loop pile

o Graphic loop pile

PILE HEIGHT

The pile heights usually used by the Nayyer Carpets are:

4mm 8mm 10mm

YARN TYPE

Nayyer Carpets it self made the yarn to manufacture carpets two types of yarn is produced by the Nayyer Carpets these are:

Fiber Polymide

WIDTH OF THE CARPET

The carpet usually made by the Nayyer Carpets is of 12 feet wide.

BACK ING

Nayyer Carpets using three type of backing of the carpets that are:

Primary Backing Secondary Backing Action Backing

PRICE

Pricing is an important factor in the marketing process for any company. The price

policy of company should be in such a way it should produce a reasonable profit, for the


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company and should satisfy the customer. Following two factors are very important while

pricing.

Fixed cost

Variable cost

FIXED COST

Fixed cost is the cost which remains always same in total whether produce large quantity

or small quantity. Fixed cost per unit rises as the quantity produced decreases and vice versa.

Some companies always try to use their full capacity of production because with increase in

production the fixed cost decrease.

Following are some important factors of fixed cost.

Salaries

Rent

Local Taxes

VARIABLE COST

Variable cost changes with the change in quantity produced. It increases with increase in

production and vice versa. Per unit variable cost remain same whether produced large quantity

or small quantity. Some examples are:-

Material cost

Labor

Factory overhead.

PRICING STRATEGIES

There is no fix pricing strategy. It depends upon the market situation. Competitors pricealso affect the prices. For developing new markers the prices are relatively low. There are certain

elements, which we consider before deciding the price of our yarn. These are following

PRICING STRATEGY OF NAYYER CARPET


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Variable cost + fixed cost + desired profit + middleman (commission) rebate.

APPLICATION OF THE NEW PRICE

Mostly the prices of the products fluctuate due to increase in the rate of raw materials,

increase in the local taxes and transportation expenses. But seldom prices are cut off due to

competitors.

When Nayyer Carpet changes the prices of their products they send circulars to all there

customers that include new prices and rules 20 days before setting new prices.

PLACE

Place also important role in sale of any product if the product is not easily available to thecustomer the sales of any product defiantly will decline. Nayyer Carpets are dealing almost all

the cities of Pakistan. And they have dealers in all the cities they made agreement with the dealer

that they will deal only with that particular party in the specified region.

PROMOTION

Because the Carpet is an industrial product, middle man (commission agent) plays the

major role in selling it. But Nayyer Carpets also directly contacts the customers and sells carpets personally. So personal selling is a major promotional tool for selling the carpet.

Major promotion tools used by the Nayyer Carpets:

Advertisement

Personal selling

Sales promotion tools

Public Relations

ADVERTISEMENT

Nayyer Carpets advertise there organization through:

Bill boardsSign boards


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Outlets

They fix their sign boards and bill boards at the retail outlets of the valuable customers.

And it has open more than 400 hundred outlets to advertise there products.

PERSONAL SELLING

At the very early stage when Nayyer Carpet was suffering in the market at that time they

foxed on the personal selling they went to all the big customers and introduce their product and

build favorable relations with them. Still they are foxing on the personal selling.

SALES PROMOTION TOOLS

Nayyer Carpet is giving many incentives for achieving the targets to their customers,dealers and sales persons.

Some targets and incentives are given below:

PUBLIC RELATIONS

Nayyer Carpets are very conscious about their customers they provide them good

services which are not provided by the competitors. They offer them fetch the outstation

customer on their conveyance, offer them lunch etc. They also position good image in the mindof the consumers by providing the best quality products.

SALES PROCESS

In the beginning Nayyer Carpets sell their products in the local market and then it

gradually entered in the international market. In 1992 they start manufacturing plant of carpet in

Jabel Al Ali in Dubai.

Procedure

The following activities are performed in the local sales department.

The orders are received by Tele phone, fax or email.

Manger evaluates the capability to fulfill the order by consulting daily stock repot

from factory.


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Manger gives the instructions to area sales officer that transfer the information on

local sale contract slip.

Before issuing contract slip, asst. manager checks the selling limits of the particular

party and discusses the matter with the manger.

Sales department writes three copies of delivery order signed by the Manger.

One copy is dispatched to the mill for issuing goods. After reading the particulars of

delivery order store in charge in the factory will issue the goods.

One copy of delivery order is send to the accounts department and third one is kept

for record.


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REFERENCES:

Mr. Muhammad Aslam

General Manager

Ph # +92-42-5716806-7-8, 5873050

Email: [email protected]

Mr. Qaddafi Safder CheemaGeneral Manager Sales

Cell No # 0321/0300-8400079


Mr. Muhammad Saleem AbbasiAssit. G.M. Marketing & Non-woven

Cell No # 0300-4666292


Mr. Muhammad SharafatInventory Manager

Cell No # 0333-4306388


INTERNET RESOURCES

www.nayyergroup.com

supply chain mgt report

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