Supplement toEAST-WEST CENTER

fEC Newsletter No. 24

Newly Acquired ResourceMaterials Now AvailableThe Communication Institute

maintains a resource collection ofmaterials on the application ofcommunication to developmentprograms. This worldwide collec-tion stresses unpublished reportsand other documents that are notroutinely collected by librariesnor listed in standard bibliog-raphies.

New materials on population/family planning information,education, and communicationare being added to the collectionconstantly. These new additionsto the collection are listed in thissupplement which accompanieseach issue of the IEC Newsletter.Relevant materials collected bythe East-West Population Insti-tute are also listed.

Program administrators, com-munication specialists, and otherinterested practitioners, trainers,and researchers are welcome torequest copies of these materialsfor use in their work. The Institutecan provide reproductions ofmost of these materials in theform of either photo copies ormicrofiche. When it is not possi-ble to supply copies of a par-ticular item due to its bulk or dueto limitations on its circulation,the requestor will be referred tothe original source. Those reviewsof noteworthy books, manuals,and handbooks that may appearin the IEC Newsletter will includeinformation on the source andprice of the publications.

Copies of materials are pro-vided by the Institute at cost or onan exchange basis. "Exchange"simply means that in return forreproductions sent to the re-

questor, the Institute asks thathe/she supply relevant reports,newsletters, campaign materials,and other items available now orin the future. These will then beadded to the Institute's collectionin order to maintain and expandthis clearinghouse service for thebenefit of people working in pop-ulation IEC around the world.

Requests should be directed toPopulation IEC Materials Service,East-West Communication Insti-tute, 1777 East-West Road,Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.Please request each item by itscode number.

General Strategies and Programs24-1: Abaya, Hernando J.

Communication in the People'sRepublic of China: a special report.Institute of Mass Communication, Uni-

versity of the Philippines, Diliman,Quezon City, Philippines, July-August1972,57 p.

This report focuses on family planningcommunication in the People's Republicof China. Interviews both with Dr. [inChi'iao-chin, a founder of modernmedical practice in China, and with abarefoot doctor provide the reader withinformation about mother and childhealth care in city hospitals and in com-munes. A description is given of the ser-vices available to women at the PekingMaternity Hospital and the InternationalPeace Women's and Children's HealthProtection Hospital in Shanghai.Medical personnel from the Shanghaihospital are regularly sent to the basicunits in the district-the factories, thecommunes, and the workers' villages-to convey family planning informationas well as to give medical treatment andto train local personnel. The emancipa-tion of women and education are otherrelevant subjects discussed in this re-

port.

24-2: Agrebi, Saida

Setting up a comprehensive family plan-ning in a Tunisian rural area. Berkeley,

Honolulu, Hawaii USA

California, School of Public Health, Uni-versity of California, Winter 1974, 15 p.Agrebi presents a model fore rural com-prehensive family planning (CFP)program expected to be inaugurated inTunisia in 1976 with the overall objectiveof lowering the national fertility rate by4go/ Specific program objectives in-clude: 1) to recruit and train medical,

paramedical, and social staff in tech-

niques of counseling, interviewing, and

screening; 2) to locate and equip theclinic utilizing organized communitysupport, public relations, communica-tion, and education; 3) to provide CFPservices and a referral system for abor-tion, sterilization, and infertility cases; 4)to establish an outreach educational

program; 5) to organize and train a con-sumer council which would offer feed-back and assist in the evaluation of theprogram; and 6) to develop amechanism of evaluation and datacollection. The program is expected tobe supported by l'Office National du

Planning Familial and l'OrganisationTunisienne do 'Education et de laFamille, and by the Pathfinder Fundwhich may sponsor the first 3 years ofthe program.

24-3: Alemu, Weizero Amesale, ZellekeBekele and Mammo Beshah

Ethiopian work plan. Prepared for Inter-national Conference on Com-munications in Family PlanningPrograms, Teheran, Iran, June 1970,8 p.Appendix.

The objectives of this work plan are toreorganize the Ethiopian Family Plan-

ning Organization so that it will be moreeffective, and to inform and persuadenational leaders that family planning isvaluable. The plan also will seek more

acceptors and will attempt to identify in-dividuals who can influence largemasses. The strategy of the plan in-volves: enlargement of the staff; concen-tration of the program's activities in 3 ur-

Note to Our Readers

This will be the last listing ofnewly acquired materials dis-tributed as a Supplement to theIEC Newsletter. Information con-cerning availability of suchmaterials will be carried in futureNewsletters.

ban centers; follow-up for acceptors;and development of educationalmaterials. Additionally, the strategyseeks: to inform national andprofessional leaders that family plan-ning is acceptable as part of a nationalprogram; to approach more targetgroups; and to use social organizationsto influence the population. Specifictarget groups are enumerated and bothannual and monthly work plans arepresented for the project. Forthe future,the authors recommend using evalua-tion of the previous years activity toassess the possibility of using massmedia communications, of extendingthe family planning program to morecenters, of obtaining support fromgovernment and religious organiza-tions, and of securing more teachingmaterial and equipment.

24-4: Amashta, FaridNeeds of IE & C [Information, Educa-tion, and Communication] in Colombia.Presented at 1972 CFSC (Communityand Family Study Center) SummerWorkshop Conference: Expanding Pop-ulation Communication in LessDeveloped Countries to Meet theChallenge of the World PopulationProblem. Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972,3 p.The background, present status, andfuture needs of family planning inColombia are discussed. People's at-titudes and education must betaken intoaccount to achieve success in familyplanning programs. More workers mustbe trained; the population given moreeducation; and communication aboutthe value of family planning increased.

24-5: American Public Health AssociationSurvey TeamExcerpted from family planningprogram of Korea: report of theAm. Pub.Health Assn. Survey Team forAID/Korea, Seoul, Korea, September1970,18 p.This paper presents recommendationsfor long-range planning forthe NationalFamily Planning Center of Korea. Planobjectives are listed and a chart is in-cluded that shows the provisionalorganization of the National FamilyPlanning Center. Although the peoplehave become familiar with family plan-ning, information and education ser-vices in family planning need expansionbecause there has been no change in theaverage number of people perhousehold. Education on populationproblems and family living can takeplace through formal and informalchannels.

24-6: Andrew, Ann MarleneFuture Plans in I.E. and C. [Information,Education, and Communication].Prepared for CFSC (Community andFamily Study Center) SummerWorkshop Conference: Expanding Pop-ulation Communication in LessDeveloped Countries to Meet theChallenge of the World PopulationProblem, Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972,2 p.

St. Lucia in the Lesser Antilles started afamily planning program in 1967.Although all the available mass mediasupported it, still many people were notreached. The author states that a per-sonalized approach is needed, but thereare no workers to carry it out. Familyplanning education needsto be a part ofmedical and paramedical training, theschool system, and informal educationoutlets.

24-7: ASI Market Research Inc. (Korea)A follow-up study of the effectiveness offamily planning communications in theRepublic of Korea. Seoul, Korea, ASIMarket Research Inc. (Korea),September 1974. 116 p. Appendices,140 p.The results of this survey, conducted toevaluate family planning communica-tion activities, are compared to those ofa 1972 study. Personal interviews wereconducted with people selected on thebasis of varying demographiccharacteristics. A summary of the keyfindings is composed of 74 statementswhich indicate that people have cometounderstand the concept of family plan-ning from their contact with the massmedia, friends, and family planning fieldworkers. Family planning communica-tions activities have been successful inKorea in slowing population growth andmaking people aware of the value ofplanning. Data for measuring the effec-tiveness of communications have beenproduced by the 1974 and 1972 surveysand recommendations for the future arebased on them. The following data areanalyzed in detail: interpretation of,involvement in, and attitudes towardfamily planning; exposure and attitudestoward family planning slogans andWorld Population Year; contact withfamily planning workers, health cen-ters, and clinics; contraceptive usage;mass media exposure. Appendices in-clude detailed data tables, a descriptionof the survey methodology, the ques-tionnaire, sample characteristics (age,education, income), and a mapof sam-ple areas.

24-8: Athalye, G. K.Communication media and their role infamily planning. 8 p.

Athalye attempts to clarify the meaningof communication media and theirrelationship with audio-visual aidsregarding the effective transfer ofknowledge. He notes that the use ofmodels or contrived experiences as atool of teaching is second in importanceto direct, purposeful experience. In-structional media (a combination ofcommunication media and audio-visualaids) are classified into 5 sub-dividedstages: 1) visual symbols-verbal sym-bols; 2) still pictures-moving pictures; 3)exhibits-excursions; 4) demonstration-dramatization; and 5) contrivedexperience-direct experience. Theaudience to be dealt with by instruc-tional media falls into 4 sections: 1) thehighly urbane and enlightened section;2) the literate or neoliterate section: 3)

the illiterate but cooperative section;and 4) that section which is opposed toany change in social customs onreligious or personal grounds. The in-structional media most effective in deal-ing with the separate needs of each sec-tion, in terms of social education andcommunity organization, are discussedand concrete examples are cited.

24-9: Aziz, Abdul Ghafar and Amir Mo-hammed MohibzadahWorking paper for family planning in

Afghanistan. Prepared for InternationalConference on Communications inFamily Planning Programs. Teheran,Iran, June 1970, 19 p. Charts.The authors present background infor-mation on geography, education,economics, population growth, socio-economic development, health services,and attitudes toward family planning onthe part of the people and the govern-ment, communications media, and theAfghanistan Family Guidance Associa-tion (AFGA). TheAFGA hasanumberofobjectives. These include: setting up 5additional clinics; extending informa-tion and education programs; seekingpeople whocan provide access to manypotential acceptors; informing ruralpeople about effective spacing methodsand planning centers; integrating AFGAactivities into those of maternal andchild health; and exploring the integra-tion of social, economic, nutritional, andfamily guidance information into theschool curricula. Strategies to ac-complish these goals are discussed aswell as target groups and their priorities.The authors include an annual workplan which includes a month-by-monthschedule of specific activities; a chartwith media use statistics; and anorganizational chart for the AFGA.

24-10: Bahadur, Shrestha MadhukarFamily planning and M.C.H. (Maternaland Child Health) in Nepal at districtlevel. Prepared for 1972 CFSC (Com-munity and Family Study Center)Summer Workshop Conference: Ex-panding Population Communication inLess Developed Countries to Meet theChallenge of the World PopulationProblem, Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972.3 p.The author describes governmental dis-trict divisions of Nepal and includes anorganizational chart of the Family Plan-ning Office of his district. He explainsthe activities of the Information andEducation program in Family Planningand then specifically the activities in hisarea. The author feels these have notbeen very successful. For the future,more personnel with more training areneeded, as well as more education forthe people.

24-11: Bautista, Paulina F.Advertising principles applicable tofamilyplanning information campaigns.[For[ The UP/IMC/UNESCO-UNFPAProject on Research. Development andTraining in Family Planning Com-munication, Philippines. printed by In-stitute of Mass Communication, Univer-

shy ofthe Phiiippines,48 p. illustrations,References.

This manual grew outof a need for train-ing materials in advertising and publicinformation on the part of participants inseminars and workshops at theUP/IMC/UNESCO-UNFPA Project in

Family Planning Communication. It pre-sents advertising principles and prac-tical guidelines in their use, and is

designed for trainees, policy makers,and administrators of family planningprograms. Twelve basic advertisingprinciples which are applicabletofamilyplanning information campaigns formthe basis for this manual. These prin-ciples or stages include: 1) planning the

campaign; 2) collecting and using infor-mation through the scientific approach;3) adopting the practice of family plan-ning through stages; 4) planning the

strategy of campaigns; 5) puttingtogether the messages; 6) utilizing themass media; 7) implementing the cam-

paign; 8) assigning responsibilities inthe campaign; 9) using resources; 10)allowing flexibility in the campaign; 11)evaluating the campaign; and 12) in-terrelation of principles.

24-12: Caulker, Frances R.A presentation of policies and propos-als to reduce fertility in Liberia. Pre-

pared for the module on the Role ofCommunication in 'Beyond FamilyPlanning Methods," Honolulu, Hawaii,East-West Communication Institute, 10

February-4 April 1975, 6 p.

The paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal. After

presenting some basic demographicdata on Liberia, the author discusses a

proposal to reduce fertility rates.Methods of obtaining support for the

proposal are considered along withneeded personnel and methods ofcommunication to promote theprogramand ensure that it reaches the targetgroups. The plan is to integrate familyplanning concepts into a rural

development plan to create anawareness of family planning, provideinformation and educational materials,and provide non-clinical services to

encourage child spacing or fewer birthsin rural communities.

24-13: Cisneros, Antonio

Family planning, its suggested meaningend present status in Bolivia. Preparedfor 1972 CFSC (Community and FamilyStudy Center) Summer WorkshopConference: Expanding PopulationCommunication in Less DevelopedCountries to Meet the Challenge of theWorld Population Problem, Chicago,illinois, CFSC, 1972,8 p.

General family planning concepts aredescribed including counseling, healthand marriage education, and educationon available family planning services.Most specific family planning activitiesin Bolivia are presently connected withthe medical professions. The authorwould like to see an expansion on this,

especially through the mass media and

through seminars. The proposedcurriculum for education in the familyplanning program is outlined. Long-range communication activities dependon the results from the first year ofcommunication activities.

24-14: Feliciano, Gloria D.

Familyplanning communication:scope,approaches and lessons to workers andeducation officers. From POPULATIONEDUCATION FOR TRADE UNION OF-FICERS: PAPERS PRESENTED ATTHEILO (INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGA-NIZATION)-ALEC (ASIAN LABOREDUCATION CENTER), QUEZON CITY,PHILIPPINES 1973, Quezon City, Phil-

ippines, Asian Labor Education Center,

University of the Philippines, 1974, 7 p.

The concept of family planning com-munication is viewed from 4 vantagepoints: as process, as service, as art,and as science. The process of contra-

ception acceptance and use has 4elements: 1) the source of familyplanning information; 2) the message; 3)the communication medium; and 4) thereceiver of family planning information.

Family planning communication as aservice performs the followingfunctions: information, legitimation,motivation, and education. An artisticview of family planning communicationtakes into account the artistry of the

language to be used. As science, familyplanning communication is treated

by considering qualities of logic, order-liness, preciseness, and accuracy. Theauthor's discussion of communication

approaches focuses on: 1) coordinateduse of mass media and personal chan-nels; 2) multimedia use; 3) programmedinstruction approach; 4) integratedcommunications approach; and 5) in-novative communications approach.The paper concludes with a number oflessons derived from the research find-

ings of the University of the Philippines'Institute of Mass Communication-Unesco Project in family planning com-munication.

24-15: Inpoth, Kham KhbeupA proposal for the Khmer Republic.Prepared for the module on the Role ofCommunication in "Beyond FamilyPlanning Programs," Honolulu, Hawaii,East-West Communication Institute, 10

February-4 April 1975, 8 p.

The population policy of the Khmer

Republic is to increase population butthe people themselves favor familyplanning to limit family size. The authorproposes that a National PopulationCommission be set up and that it limitfamily size according to income. Itwould coordinate its activities withinternational family planning agencies.

24-16: John, AmbrishThe future needs of F.P. lE & C (FamilyPlanning Information, Education, andCommunication) in India. Prepared for1972 CFSC (Community and FamilyStudy Center) Summer WorkshopConference: Expanding PopulationCommunication in Less Developed

Countries to Meet the Challenge of theWorld Population Problem, Chicago,Illinois, CFSC, 1972,6 p. Appendix, 2 p.

Family planning concepts have founduneven acceptance in India. Primaryfamily planning activities have beenseminars and vasectomy clinics.Communication has taken place both

through the mass media and moretraditional media such as local plays,posters, and slogans. The author feels anational family planning policy with acommittee and master plan is necessaryto disseminate family planninginformation throughout India, ensurethe availability of family planningservices, and reduce the birth rate.

24-17: Kao, Sue ChinA family planning proposal of the Re-

public of China (Taiwan). Prepared forthe module on the Role of Commu-nication in "Beyond Family PlanningPrograms," Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Communication Institute, 10 Feb-

ruary-4 April 1975,6 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal. The author

gives basic demographic data onTaiwan and explains the government'spolicy for reducing the populationgrowth rate. Information on familyplanning spread via the mass media,direct mailing, and home visits can helpreduce population growth. The goal ofthe proposal is to educate people to seethat the 2-child family is good for boththe family and the country.

24-18: Kigondu, Giceha

Country report for Kenya. InternationalConference on Communication in

Family Planning Programs, Teheran,Iran, Ministry of Health of Iran,University of North Carolina, the FordFoundation, The Population Council,June 1970,5 p.

Kigondu discusses various aspects of

Kenya's family planning programincluding population policy, the lan-

guage barrier, means of informationdissemination, mass media, familyplanning education, family planningservices (health centers and mobileunits), and contraceptives.

24-19: Kim, Shi-TaeFuture needs of the lE & C (Information,Education, and Communication) forfamily planning in Korea. Prepared for1972 CFSC (Community and FamilyStudy Center) Summer WorkshopConference: Expanding PopulationCommunication in Less DevelopedCountries to Meet the Challenge of theWorld Population Problem, Chicago,Illinois, CFSC, 1972,24 p.

The background of family planning inKorea is described along with theresultant drop in population growthrates. Information, communication, andeducation in family planning need

organizational strengthening on thenational level, better program planningfor urban areas and younger people,

3

financing with the assistance of foreigndonors, and evaluation. Guidelines for

funding and planning and a detailedwork plan of the Planned ParenthoodFederation of Korea are presented. Thework plan includes the goals of the

organization, its programs and projects,the training of workers, research, andadministration.

24-20: Lee, Jin SockKorea's community based distributionof contraceptives program. Preparedfor the module on the Role of Com-munication in "Beyond Family Plan-

ning Methods," Honolulu, Hawaii,East-West Communication Institute, 10

February-4 April 1975, 7 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal. Demographicinformation on Korea is briefly reviewed,as well as the government's populationgoal of reducing the growth rate. Theauthor suggests stimulating the

acceptance of family planning with a

Community Based Distribution of

Contraceptives Program. The plan is

administratively feasible but there areethical questions, according to theauthor. Specific components of the

program are described.

24-21: Mbai, DavidFuture IE and C (Information,Education, and Communication)

program for family planning in Kenya.Prepared for 1972 CFSC (Communityand Family Study Center) Summer

Workshop Conference: ExpandingPopulation Communication in Less

Developed Countries to Meet the

Challenge of the World PopulationProblem, Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972,4 p.

Demographic information on Kenya andthe status of information, education,and communication on family planningare described. Some problems in thecurrent program are untrained person-nel, insufficient data for planning, and

geographical difficulties. The goal of the

program is to overcome these and toinform the people of the importance of

family planning and the available ser-vices. Expansion, research, and evalua-tion are needed, according to the author.

24-22: Nijawan, PurushottamThe future needs of India for its IE andC (Information, Education, and Com-munication) program for family plan-ning. Prepared for 1972 CFSC (Com-munity and Family Study Center)

Summer Workshop Conference:

Expanding Population Communicationin Less Developed Countries to Meet the

Challenge of the World PopulationProblem, Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972,5 p.

Family planning on a national level isunder the Ministry of Health and FamilyPlanning, Mass Education and Media

wing. The author reviews the national

programs. He feels that after group and

interpersonal exposures, a well

organized collective community action

plays an important role in bridging the

gap between motivation and adoptionof family planning practices. To preparefor the new communication discipline

emerging from community action,

family planning workers must be awareof: the role of educational mass media,

enlightened attitudes of the new

generation, the role of teacher and

voluntary agencies, and the presence of

strong community pressure in favor of

small family norms. As India becomesthe promoter of the new communication

discipline, the country may be able toserve as a laboratory of conductingcommunication research and evolvingmedia mixes and communicationmodels for developing countries.

24-23: Pham, Thi NgaA proposal for South Vietnam. Preparedfor the module on the Role of Com-munication in "Beyond Family PlanningPrograms," Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Communication Institute, 10

February-21 March 1975,3 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal. Demographicbackground is presented: the

geography, culture, economy, educa-tion, and administration of South Viet-nam. The population goal ofthe countryis to reduce the growth increase from 3.0to 2.0 in 1987. Population policies and

family planning programs; the targetaudiences; media approaches; and

messages to be used are considered.

24-24: Quader, Abuhossain M.A proposal forBangladesh. Prepared forthe module on the Role of Communica-tion in "Beyond Family PlanningPrograms," Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Communication Institute, 10

February-21 March 1975, 11 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal. Demographicinformation on Bangladesh is

presented. The proposal's objective is toreduce the average number of children

per family to 3 in 1985. It is an incentive

program with direct payments to con-

tracepting parents and support for ex-

isting children. The program is ethicallythough not economically feasible, ac-

cording to the author.

24-25:

Report of Near East, South Asia, FarEast, workshop on literacy, population,family planning education. New York,World Education Inc., 1970, 126 p.Appendices.

This report presents a comprehensivepicture of theliteracy-population-familyplanning workshop held in India, 1970. Itis divided into 7 sections. A brief in-troduction on the inception of the

workshop is given in Section I. Section Ilreviews the organization and

methodology of the workshop and dis-cusses objectives and purposes, partici-

pant selection criteria and evaluationdevices. Section III deals with the issuesand questions raised by the workshopregarding family planning-literacyeducation, and the personnel needs forsuch are reviewed. Also, medical infor-mation, the preparation of educationmaterials, and the education role ofvarious agencies, schools, and univer-sities are discussed in this section. Sec-tion IV is composed of work groupreports addressing the issues of

preparation of materials; training ofteachers; communication through massmedia; and evaluation. In Section V,country proposals for pilot demonstra-tion projects in literacy-family planningeducation are described. Proposalsfrom Afghanistan, India, lran,the Philip-pines, Thailand, and Turkey are sum-marized. The special activities of the

workshop are noted in Section VI, and abrief summary of the report is providedin Section VII. The appendices include a

program of the workshop; a roster ofattendance; a working outline for the

project proposal; a sample projectproposal (Tippiat); pre-conference in-formation; an in-process evaluation; anda final evaluation.

24-26: Santos, Rebecca P.A proposalfor the Philippines. Preparedfor the module on the Role of Com-munication in "Beyond Family PlanningPrograms," Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Communication Institute, 10February-21 March 1975, 4 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningproposal. Demographic background onthe Philippines is presented. The goal ofthe proposal is to reduce the number ofchildren per couple to 5 or 4 in the next10 years. The population must beeducated to accept this and the programincludes concrete incentives for thiseducation. After the plan has been ineffect, it will be evaluated.

24-27: Sudjak, MarsoediA presentation of policies and proposalsto reduce fertility in Indonesia. Preparedfor the module on the Role of Com-munication in "Beyond Family PlanningMethods," Honolulu, Hawaii, East-WestCommunication Institute, 10 February-4 April 1975, 7 p.

This paper uses the questionnaireprepared for the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication plan. Demographic in-formation on Indonesia is presentedalong with a proposal for a 2-year cam-

paign to postpone the age of marriageand thereby reduce the fertility rate.Both the government and the peoplewould support it. The proposal includesthe distribution of sports equipment to

villages to provide the people an alter-native activity to marriage.

24-28: Sukanda, SuvanichchatiA family planning communication

proposal for Thailand. Prepared for themodule on the Role of Communicationin "Beyond Family Planning Methods,"

Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Com-munication Institute, 10 February-4April 1975, 7 p.

This paper utilizes the questionnaireprepared for,the communicationmodule to present a family planningcommunication proposal in Thailand.

Objectives of the national family plan-ning program within the Ministry of

Public Health are given: 1) to reduce the

population growth rate from over 3% to

2.5% by the end of 1975; 2) to inform andmotivate eligible women about familyplanning concepts, making use ofvarious methods of mass communica-tion; 3) to make family planning services

readily available throughout the coun-

try; 4) to integrate family planning ac-

tivities with overall maternal and childhealth services. The author suggests 2

additional objectives to increase accep-tance of family planning services in ruralareas: 1) to coordinate with the Ministryof Education in providing sex educationin secondary schools; and 2) to promoteradio broadcasting for public informa-tion on population and family planning.

Use of Mass Media

24-29: Castillo-Mata, ES. Del and CesarMercadoInstant family planning information: dial

6-22-707. Instant Sagot Sa Family Plan-

ning: A Pilot Study. Quezon City, Philip-pines, Institute of Community and Fami-

ly Health, Children's Medical CenterFoundation, April-October 1974, 30 p.Illustrations, Appendices, 39 p.

This report details the objectives, con-

ceptual framework, method and prac-tice, and results, of a six-month familyplanning action research project ini-tiated to ascertain the feasibility of us-

ing telephones in reaching an urban

population (Manila) which may not havebeen reached by other family planninginformation, education, and com-munication approaches. The project is a

cooperative endeavor among 3

organizations: the Institute of Com-

munity and Family Health (ICFH); theInstitute of Mass Communications, Uni-

versity of the Philippines (IMC-UP); andthe Commission on Population (POP-COM). Presented in the report are the

characteristics of the callers; their call-

ing habits; the types of questions asked;

the most common sources of informa-tion about the telephone service; thestatistical relationships between

selected caller characteristics and caller

questions about specific contraceptivemethods; the cost effectiveness of the

telephone service; and the effectiveness

of the different advertising channels in

influencing the use of telephones. The

preparation, training, operation,promotions, and research activities of

the project's staff are described. In addi-tion, guidelines on how to set up a

telephone service for family planningare presented. The appendices include

examples of advertising materials.

24-30: Kwakye, Sylvester S.The future needs of Ghana for its I.E.and C. [Information, Education, andCommunication] programme for familyplanning. Prepared for 1972 CFSC

(Community and Family Study Center)Summer Workshop Conference: Expan-ding Population Communication in Less

Developed Countries to Meet the

Challenge of the World PopulationProblem, Chicago, Illinois, CFSC, 1972,8 p.

The background (structure and use ofthe mass media) of the National Family

Planning Program of Ghanaare describ-ed. The Program's objectives are

awareness, motivation, and reorienta-tion to better family planning methods

and the identification of majoraudiences. The author lists the

organizations involved in family plan-

ning and the deficiencies of each. Hefeels the program needs improvementand expansion and includes a tentative

budget to cover this.

24-31: Population Services International

Family planning knowledge, attitudeand practice: male survey. Sri Lanka,

Population Services International,

August-September 1974, 112 p.

This random survey was conducted

among 20- to 50-year-old married menin Sri Lanka to measure the impact of

the Preethi program upon males. A mapshows the geographical spread of peo-ple interviewed. Included are the

questions posed to the intervieweesabout their backgrounds and their fami-

ly planning knowledge, attitude, and

practice. The complete data and

statistical analysis derived from each

question are presented in tabular for-

mat. The questionnaires (one in Englishand one in Sinhala) are attached.

Formal Population Education

24-32: Eslao, Rufino 0.A population incentive plan for the

Philippines. Prepared for the module onthe Role of Communication in "BeyondFamily Planning Programs," Honolulu,Hawaii, East-West Communication In-

stitute, 10 February-21 March 1975,5 p.

More education is needed to promotethe Philippines' policy on populationthat suggests family planning to im-

prove the quality of life. A proposal to be

carried out at Central Luzon Teachers

College includes a population educa-

tion incentive plan, and evaluation and

legitimization of the program. The

author includes a diagram of audiences,their motives, approaches to education,

and message content.

Extension Education!

Interpersonal Communication

24-33: Ables, Higino A.

Motivating workers in the acceptance of

familyplanning (Presentation ofCases).

Prepared for National Seminar/Work-

shop for Trade Union Welfare and Edu-cation Officers, University of the Phil-

ippines, Asian Labor Education Centerand International Labor Organization,University of the Philippines, Diliman,Quezon City, 1973, 9 p.

This paper contains 3 case studies of

Philippine women's experiences with

family planning. It documents their in-formation sources, their choice of con-

traceptives, and their success with con-

traceptives.

24-34: Die, Manuel A.The rationale and strategy for the inclu-sion of population education in work-ers' education. From POPULATIONEDUCATION FOR TRADE UNION OF-FICERS: PAPERS PRESENTEDATTHEILO (INTERNATIONAL LABORORGAN IZATION)-ALEC (ASIANLABOR EDUCATION CENTER)OUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES 1973,Quezon City, Philippines, Asian LaborEducation Center, University of the

Philippines, 1974, 10 P.

The author emphasizes that workers inthe Philippines must first understandhow family planning issues affect theirlives as workers, if they are to acceptsmall family norms. Workers' educationis a strategic vehicle for populationeducation becauseworkers identify withtheir labor leaders and because unioneducation officers are familiar with the

general levels of perception and valuesof workers andtheir families. Theauthor

discusses strategies for including pop-ulation issues in both the formal and in-

formal levels of workers' education.

Supportive training functions for

promoting workers' consciousness of

population issues which are also dis-cussed include: 1) determination of

priority activities to be undertaken bythe union; 2) promotion of awareness of

the relationship of family size to the

quality of life of the worker and his fami-

ly; 3) production of campaign materials;

4) integration of population matters inall types of formal workers' education

courses; 5) development of a systemwhich checks and corrects problemsresulting from adoption of family plan-ning methods among new acceptors;and 6) maintenance of active contactwith various family planning programsin the area. Methods of effective

teaching are recommended, such as

training courses and field demonstra-tions at factories, and semi-directive

group discussions.

24-35: Gonzales, Benito C.

Setting up a workers' education pro-

gram on population. From POPULA-TION EDUCATION FOR TRADE UN-ION OFFICERS: PAPERS PRESENTEDAT THE ILO (INTERNATIONAL LABORORGAN IZATION)-ALEC (ASIANLABOR EDUCATION CENTER)

QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES 1973,Quezon City, Philippines, Asian LaborEducation Center, University of the

Philippines, 1974, 7 p.

:s paperlreets me spec!iics ol smt;ngup a trade union education program onpopulation in the Philippines. Ad-ministration of the program, thecurriculum, and structure of the

program are discussed. Thewidevarietyof possible programs from which the un-ion might choose include residentialcourses, evening classes, weekend in-stitutes, and spot programs. Teachingmethods appropriate for adult learnersare delineated, as well as help that isavailable from outside organizations.

24-36: Inciong, Amada G.The role of the Department of Laborin population education and familyplanning. From POPULATION EDU-CATION FOR TRADE UNION OFFI-CERS: PAPERS PRESENTED AT THEILO (INTERNATIONAL LABORORGANIZATION)-ALEC (ASIAN LA-BOR EDUCATION CENTER) QUEZONCITY, PHILIPPINES 1973, Quezon City,Philippines, Asian Labor EducationCenter, University of the Philippines,1974, 7 p.

This paper specifies the responsibilitiesof the Philippine Departmentof Laboraswell as the responsibilities of managersand labor organizations concerningfamily planning. These guidelines wereestablished in Presidential Decree 148In compliance with this decree,employers who employ more than 300workers must maintain afamily planningclinic; employers who employ between200 and 300 workers must retain afuiltime physician; and in es-tablishments where there are more than30 and less than 200 workers, a nursemay be in charge of family planning ser-vices. A national advisory council andregional advisory councils within theDepartment of Laborare responsible for

formulating and evaluating policies. Inorder to promote acceptance and con-tinuation of contraceptive practices,firms are encouragedto experimentwithincentive bonus plans and programs.Another project which is outlined in thispaper is the Department of Labor-POPCOM-ILO Family Planning Projectwhich aims to gain 27,000 acceptors in100 selected companies.

24-37: Paraan, FranciscoThe operation of in-plant family plan-ning clinics. Prepared for NationalSeminar/Workshop for Trade UnionWelfare and Education Officers, Univer-sity of the Philippines, Asian Labor Ed-ucation Center and International Labor

Organization, University of the Philip-pines, Diliman, Ouezon City, Philip-pines, December 1973, 4 p.

The author briefly describes family plan-fling clinics which have been establish-ed by a Philippine mining and loggingfirm. The firm conducted a series ofseminars for top and middle manage-ment, for first line supervisors, and forthe workers. These seminars consistedof a 6-month orientation andeducational program, so that workerswould utilize theclinics. Studies are nowbeing conducted to estimate savings in-

curred by the company because of theirpromotion of family planning.

24-38: Santos, Sevie M.

Setting up a workers' education pro-gram on population. From POPULA-TION EDUCATION FOR TRADE UN-ION OFFICERS: PAPERS PRESENTEDAT THE ILO (INTERNATIONAL LABORORGANIZATION) ALEC (ASIANLABOR EDUCATION CENTER),QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES 1973,Quezon City, Philippines, Asian LaborEducation Center, University of the

Philippines, 1974, 7 p.

Guidelines are outlined for establishingpopulation education programs at theplant level in industry in the Philippines.Step 1 concerns identification of theproblem; Step 2, determination of objec-tives; and Step 3, carrying out the

program. Regarding Step 3, the authorsuggests 2 models for initiating the

program: the population educationcommittee can either initiate the

program first with management, or startwith the rank and file and move upward.Step 4 is concerned with evaluation; andStep 5, follow-up.

Education for Functionaries,Professionals, and Leaders

24-39: Alfonso, Herminia M. and CaridadRH. CastroSome leadership studies in the Philip-pines: implications for family planningcommunication. From STATUS OFRESEARCH, LEADERSHIP ANDHEALTH STUDIES, University of the

Philippines/Institute of Mass Commu-nication/UNESCO-UNFPA, FamilyPlanning Communication Project, 1974,24 p.

The author reviews studies on leader-ship conducted in the Philippines todetermine if the findings have somebearing on family planning communica-tion. Specifically, this review focuses onquestions such as: What factors makefor leadership? Who are the leaders?What are the characteristics that dis-tinguish them from nonleaders? Howdo we locate such leaders? The answersto these questions lead to the next,which is: Who are the leaders in familyplanning? The majority of studies con-cern political leadership and most ofthem were conducted in the barrio.Because of the design of these studies,the author suggests that they bereplicated to find out if the same con-cepts and hypothesized relations hold inthe context of leadership in family plan-ning. It is also suggested that instructivematerials should be developed for infor-mal leaders in family planning who domotivational work unofficially.

24-40: Phillips, James F., Aurora Silayan-Ga, and Aurora Pal-MontanoThe Philippines: an experiment withpayment, quota, and clinic affiliationschemes for lay motivational workers.U.S. Agency for International Develop-ment, August 1974, 33 p.

The Philippine Commission cnPopula-tion conducted an experiment to test theeffect of alternative payment, achieve-ment quota, and clinic affiliationschemes on the performance ofmotivational workers. The studyemployed 5 treatments, each composedof 18 motivators. The findings indicatethat performance of motivators wassuperior under a piece-rate incentiveplan to performance under abase salaryplan. They also indicate that the qualityof reporting performance for motivatorsnot directly affiliated with clinics wassuperior tothose whowere clinic-based.Finally, it was determined that quotas,whether assigned to groups or to in-dividuals, had no apparent effect on per-formance.

Social, Cultural, and

Psychological Aspects of

Family Planning

24-41: Ables, Higino A.

Motivating workers to accept familyplanning. From POPULATION EDU-CATION FOR TRADE UNION OFFI-CERS: PAPERS PRESENTED AT THEILO (INTERNATIONAL LABOR OR-GANIZATION)-ALEC (ASIAN LABOREDUCATION CENTER) QUEZON CITY,PHILIPPINES 1973, Quezon City, Phil-ippines, Asian Labor Education Center,

University of the Philippines, 1974, 9 p.Tables.

This paper presents certain conceptsand principles useful in undertaking thejob of motivating workers to acceptfamily planning, suggests somemotivational activities for trade unions,and describes a couple of cases illus-trating some of the concepts discussed.The issue of family planning is a cen-tral one to trade unions, as the membersare the breadwinners of their families.This is probably the target audience forfamily planning campaigns where theappeal will largely be economic andwhere the males will be adequatelyattended to. Psychologist A. H. Maslow'sclassifications ofthe different motives ofman and psychological concepts con-cerning decision and conflict are used toilluminate motivation in family planning.Two tables of high and low fertilitymotives show how a rationale and aneffective appeal for a family planningprogram can be established for Philip-pine workers. These fertility motives arecategorized according to health,economic condition, family welfare,marriage adjustment, etc. Other usefulconcepts for motivational work whichare discussed include the mental stagesinvolved in adopting a new practice, theadoption curve and opinion leadership,and motivational activities appropriatefor workers in a trade union.

24-42: Khan, Zahur IqbalSocial change and role ofinspection of-ficers and training officers to introducechange effectively. 10 p.

Khan defines social changeasa processcomposed of 3 elements: communica-tion, innovation, and diffusion. Hereviews the factors responsible forresistance to social change, such as in-

digenous conventions, insecurity, and

anxiety, and suggests several strategiesto create a positive social attitudetoward innovation and social change.The role of inspection officers, trainingofficers, and population planning offi-cers in promoting social change is dis-cussed in terms of 6 principles: infor-mation, motivation, credibility, socialacceptability, positive attitudes, andcart icipat!on.

ranng (or EC Roies

24-43: (Kenya) Adult Studies CenterNational training workshop for framersof women's groups. Kikuyu. Kenya,Adult Studies Center, October 1972,5 p.

This paper furnishes the agenda of theNational Training Workshop forTrainers of Women's Groups which washeld in Kikuyu, Kenya. The objectives ofthe workshop are to increase participantawareness, to develop participant skills,and to give participants the opportunityto develop plans necessary for moresuccessful women's groups.

24-44: Kendall, Katherine A.

Counselling and family planning. Pre-sented at the Conference on TrainingNeeds for Family Planning Information-Education-Communication: 1975-80,

Chicago, Illinois, Community and Fam-ily Study Center, University of Chicago,March 1975, 9 p.

Kendall states that what social workersknow about social, emotional, andcultural factors in counseling needs tobe communicated to family planningfieldworkers. She suggests role-playingand observation exercises to helpdevelop this awareness. Family plan-ning information can best be providedwithin the context of meeting otherneeds, such as the gratification of child-

bearing. Fieldworkers must achieve abalance with clients between passivity(non-interference) and activity (offeringknowledge of alternatives).

Development and Productonof IEC Materials

24-45: Berndtson, Bj6rnPosters can help family planning.UNICEF NEWS "Communication: aToolfor Development," Issue 84. 1975. 10 p.This paper recognizes the importance ofposters in promoting family planning in

developing countries. Three majorpoints concerning the quality and effec-tiveness of posters are emphasized: 1)posters must have a purpose; 2) postersmust have good design; and 3) postersmust be pretested. The author writesthat many posters merely repeat vaguemessages already known and conse-

quently cease to be challenging. Six

posters aimed at making viewers re-examine their views on family planningillustrate the validity of the author'spoints.

Research and Evaluation

24-46: Ables, Higino A.The status of communication researchin family planning: the Philippine ex-

perience. From STATUS OFRESEARCH, LEADERSHIP ANDHEALTH STUDIES, University of the

Philippines/Institute of MassCommunication/ UNESCO- UNFPA,

Family Planning Communication Proj-ect, 1974, 25 p.

This paper reviews studies on the com-munication aspects of family planningwhich are available and from thesestudies draws some implications forfurther research. The first part of thepaper, "What do we know about familyplanning sources?" includes studies offamily planning organizations and theirpersonnel. The second part, "What dowe know about family planningchannels and messages?" focuses onthe form family planning informationtakes when being disseminated. Thethird part involves audiences' reactionsto communication sources, messagesand channels. The last part includesother communication studies notclassifiable under the above categories.Problems identified by the author forfuture research are: 1) analysis of in-teraction patterns among family plan-ning personnel; 2) content analysis ofmedia and messages in family planning;and 3) analysis of the receiver of familyplanning messages.

24-47: Ahmed, Javed SajjadResearch and effectiveness of writtencommunication in the family planningprogram of Pakistan. Presented atPakistan Sociological Conference,Lahore, Pakistan, 1972, 19 p.References.

This paper scans relevant researchstudies carried out in Pakistan to lookfor answers to the following questions.What is unique about written com-munication? Can written communica-tion be effective in family planning in asociety that is largely illiterate? What isthe impact of this communication on

knowledge, attitude, and practice of thetarget population in Pakistan? Canwritten communication be effective inthe dissemination of knowledge and

promotion of behavior change in familyplanning? In orderto be specific, a briefreview of all the major studies whichhave a direct bearing on written com-munication in West Pakistan is made.Evidence from international research isalso quoted when necessary.

24-48: Ausherman, Charles A.

Pre-testing and evaluation of educa-tional materials used in family planningprogrammes. From REPORT AND SE-

LECTED PAPERS OF THE REGIONALPROJECT ON PRE-TESTING ANDEVALUATION OF EDUCATIONALMATERIALS USED IN FAMILY PLAN-NING PROGRAMMES, Bangkok, Thai-land, United Nations Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and thePacific, January 1974, 5 p.

The author emphasizes that a key factorin designing testable, audience-oriented instructional materials andaudio-visual aids is to begin with a clearstatement of behavioral objectives.Equally important to objective testingresults is the care taken to avoid selec-tivity within the sample group taking thepretest. Most evaluation researchdesigns include the following 3 mainconditions: 1) sampling equivalent ex-perimental and control designs; 2) isola-tion and control of stimulus; and 3)definitions and measurement of thecriteria of effect. In addition, the designshould include: formulation of the ob-jective, identification of proper criteriato be used in measuring success, deter-mination and explanation of the degreeof success, and recommendations forfurther program activity.

24-49: Bhatia, B. B. S.

Pre-testing: definition and scope. FromREPORT AND SELECTED PAPERS OFTHE REGIONAL PROJECT ON PRE-TESTING AND EVALUATION OFEDUCATIONAL MATERIALS USED INFAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES,Bangkok, Thailand, United NationsEconomic and Social Commission forAsia and the Pacific, January 1974, 3 p.In this paper, the terms "pretesting,""evaluation," and "research" are definedand the scope of these activities is dis-cussed. The author finds DonaldBogue's division of communicationresearch useful for his discussion ofresearch priorities. Bogue divided com-munication research into thefollowing 6subfields: 1) background informationabout the target audience; 2) their mediahabits and program preferences; 3)audience research to determine in-terests, appeals, and receptivity factors;4) content analysis of messages and

programs; 5) pretesting of proposedmessages and activities and theirevaluation; and 6) long-range effectsand cost-benefit analysis. Activities ito4 must be undertaken before proposedmessages and activities are developed.According to the author, the pretestingof materials can be done first with thesubject matter specialists, second withthe media experts themselves, then withthe field workers, andfinally with asmallsample from the intended audiences.The author suggeststhat steps 2 and 3 inthe pretesting process can be omitted ifnecessary.

24-50: Chen, Ai Ju

Pre-testing and evaluation of educa-tional materials used in the family plan-ning programme in Singapore. FromREPORT AND SELECTED PAPERS OFTHE REGIONAL PROJECT ONPRE-TESTING AND EVALUATION OFEDUCATIONAL MATERIALS USED IN

FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES,

Bangkok, Thailand, United NationsEconomic and Social Commission forAsia and the Pacific, January 1974, 4 P.

A description is given of the main infor-mation. education, and communicationactivities of the Singapore Family Plan-

ning and Population Board since 1966.The contents, production, and distribu-tion of IEC material are also discussed.In 1972 detailed evaluation of most

aspects of the communication programbegan. Evaluation activitiesfrom 1972 tothe present are briefly described. Theseinclude evaluation of the publicity forthe male counseling clinic and

pretesting of family planning pamphlets.The author concludes that there may bea need in the future for a more

systematic and routine pretesting of alleducational materials.

24-51: Gillespie, Robert W.

Pre-testing and evaluation of educa-tional materials used in the family plan-ning programme in Iran, with specialemphasis on radio. From REPORT ANDSELECTED PAPERS OF THEREGIONAL PROJECT ON PRE-TESTING AND EVALUATION OFEDUCATIONAL MATERIALS USED INFAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES,

Bangkok, Thailand, United NationsEconomic and Social Commission forAsia and the Pacific. January 1974, 5 p.

Procedures and instruments for

pretesting educational materials used inthe family planning program in Iran are

discussed. They include the 3 basic

techniques of comparative analysis-the monadic design, the paired com-

parison, and the rank order teat.

Suggestions are made concerning waysof counteracting artificiality in the

pretest context to avoid biasing theresults. Because radio has widespreadcoverage in Iran, special attention is

given to methodological problems in

pretesting radio spots or programs.Seven concepts drawn from extensive

pretesting of materials and interviewingover 6,000 men and women on KAP andmedia exposure surveys were integratedin all radio spots produced.

24-52: Mercado, Cesar M.Research and evaluation of populationeducation programs with emphasis onresearchable areas in family planningand workers'education. From POPULA-

TION EDUCATION FOR TRADE UN-ION OFFICERS: PAPERS PRESENTEDAT THE ILO (INTERNATIONAL LABORORGAN IZATION)-ALEC (ASIAN LA-BOR EDUCATION CENTER) QUEZONCITY, PHILIPPINES 1973. Quezon City,Philippines, Asian Labor EducationCenter, University of the Philippines,1974, 16p.

The author outlines in detail theresearchable areas in family planningworkers' education which are useful in

establishing family planning programsfor Philippine labor unions.Researchable areas are an Awareness,

Knowledge, Attitude. and Practice

(AKAP) Study among labor union

members and studies on information,education, and motivation. Other areasinclude studies of clinic services, of

training, and of family planningstrategies. The author also recognizes aneed for studying experiments on coor-dination between family planning agen-cies. His final recommendation calls for

feasibility studies on the mosteconomical way of establishing and

maintaining clinics in factories.

24-53: United Nations Economic and So-cial Commission for Asia and the PacificA simplified guide for conducting pre-testing and evaluation of educationalmaterial by fieldworkers. Bangkok,Thailand, UN/ESCAP. 25 p.

This handbook is intended as a generalguide for middle-level communicatorsand fieldworkers to undertake simplepretests and evaluation of family plan-ning educational materials. Its purposeis. 1) to provide some basic knowledgeof research, especially related to

pretesting and evaluation; 2) to providesome basic tools which might serve as a

guide in pretesting and evaluatingmaterials; and 3)toencourage theinclu-sion of these activities in all family plan-ning communication systems as a con-stant and continuing component. Two

simple pretest questionnaires and oneevaluation form are included for adapta-tion by administrators and campaigndirectors. They contain the minimum in-formation necessary for any cross-national or cross-cultural studies which

may be undertaken in the future.

THE EAST-WEST CENTER is a national educational institution established in Hawaii by the U.S. Con-

gress in 1960 to 'promote better relations and understanding between the United States and the nations

of Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training and research."

Each year the East-West Center brings together more than 1,500 men and women from the many nations

and cultures of these regions. They work and study together while exchanging ideas and experiencesin cooperative programs seeking solutions to important problems of mutual concern to East and West.

For each participant from the United States in Center programs, two participants are sought from the

more than 60 countries and territories in Asia and the Pacific area.

Five institutes with international, interdisciplinary academic and professional staffs conduct the East-West Center's problem-oriented programs. East-West areas on which Center programs are focusedinclude communication across national barriers, culture and language learning, food systems, popula-tion dynamics, and technological adaptation in developmental processesaimed at improving the qualityof life. Each year the Center awards a limited number of Open Grants for graduate degree educationand innovative research by Senior Fellows in areas not encompassed by institute programs.

The Center is directed by an international Board of Governors of a public, non-profit educational cor-

poration-known as the "Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West, Inc."-created by the Hawaii State Legislature in 1975. The United States Congress provides basic fund-

ing for Center programs and for the variety of scholarships, fellowships, internships and other awards.Because of the cooperative nature of Center programs, financial support and cost-sharing arrange-ments are also provided by Asian and Pacific governments, regional agencies, private enterprise andfoundations. The Center is situated on land adjacent to and provided by the University of Hawaii,which conducts classes and grants degrees for degree-seeking East-West Center students who alsoare involved in the Center's problem-oriented programs.