Subject Index

Aase syndrome 539 Abdominal ultrasound 119 Abdominal vessels 18 Abdominal visceral injury 251 Abdominal wall defects 134-136,

363-366 Aberdeen clinicopathological

classification 169-170 Abortion

criminal 88 recurrent 88 spontaneous. See Spontaneous

abortion Abruptio placentae 62, 171, 204, 241 Acardiac twin 444-445 Accessory lobes, placenta 58 Acetylcholinesterase 360 Achondrogenesis 621-626

Type I (Parenti-Fraccaro) 622-624 Type II (Langer-Saldino) 624-625

Acid lipase deficiency 159 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(AIDS) 301-302, 339, 588--589 see also Human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) Adenohypophysis 500 Adenomatoid malformation of lung

410 Adenovirus infection 314 Adrenal agenesis 503 Adrenal calcification 506 Adrenal cortex 503, 505, 507, 509-

511 Adrenal cytomegaly 508 Adrenal examination 41 Adrenal glands 502-512

acquired pathology 506 functional pathology 509-511 fusion of 506 infections of 511 ontogeny 502-503 pathology 503-511, 508 tumours 511-512

Adrenal haemorrhages 506

Adrenal hypoplasia 502, 505 Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) 500 Adrenogenital syndrome 509-511 Agenesis of the corpus callosum 565-

566 Agyria 568 Air leaks 420 Albers-Schonberg disease 539 Albinism 646 Alcohol-based cleansing solutions 337 Alcohol consumption 93, 116, 176 Alimentary system 213-214 Alloantigenicity of trophoblast 77 Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 156,

386-387 Alpha-fetoprotein levels 118, 122,

134, 136, 553, 555 Alpha-thalassaemia 256 Amenorrhoea 101 Amino acid mixtures 339 Aminoacidopathies 155 Aminophylline 358 Amniocentesis 118, 120-121, 152, 324

complications 325 hazards of 325 mid-trimester 324-325 third trimester 324, 326

Amnion 54 Amnion disruption syndrome 116,

141-144 Amnion nodosum 65-66 Amnion rupture sequence 141-144,

560 Amniotic band syndrome 141, 560 Amniotic bands 117, 142, 644 Amniotic constriction bands 644 Amniotic fluid 244

volume of 254-255 Amniotic fluid AFP (AFAFP) 122-

123 Amniotic fluid infection syndrome 67,

171 Anaemia 538

rare causes of 538--539

Anaesthesia 242 Anencephalic syndrome 505 Anencephaly 67, 131-133, 500, 553-

555 Aneuploidy 113 Aneurysm of the vein of Galen 586 Angelman syndrome 114 Angioma 125, 651-653

see also Haemangiomas Aniridia 275, 276, 479, 676 Annular pancreas 353, 367 Anophthalmos 672 Anorectal malformations 363 Anosteogenesis 621 Antenatal diagnosis 324-326 Antepartum haemorrhage 58, 169 Anticonvulsant drugs 116 Antigen systems 78 Anti-oxidant enzymes 407 Antithyroid drugs 324 Aorta 457 Aortic aneurysm 336 Aortic atresia 443-444 Aortic coarctation 442-443 Aortic thrombosis 335 Aortic valvular stenosis 441 Aplasia cutis congenita 645 Aplastic dysplasia, renal 470-471 Apnoea 208 Apple peel deformity 354 APUD system 499-500, 517 Aqueduct of Sylvius 547-548 Arhinencephaly 561-564 Arias-Stella reaction 100, 101 Arnold-Chiari malformation 547,

548--550 Artefactual abnormalities 127-129 Arterial calcification 14, 457-458 Arterio-arterial anastomoses (AAA)

225 Arteriovenous anastomoses (A VA)

225 Arteriovenous malformations 585-

586

690

Ascending bacterial infection 72, 202, 305

Asphyxia 421 in macerated stillbirth 190--191 lung 421 see also Intrapartum asphyxia

Asplenia 535 Association, definition 112 Atelosteogenesis 629 Atresia 353

anorectal and rectal 363 aortic valve 443--444 duodenal 353 ileal 353--354 intestinal 353 jejunal 353--354

Atrial chambers 434-435 Atrial septal aneurysm 436 Atrial septal defect (ASD) 436 Atrioventricular junction anomalies

437-439 Atrioventricular node tumours 452 Atrioventricular septal defects 437 Atrioventricular valve atresia 439 Atrioventricular valves, blood cysts of

439 Autosomal dominant genes 112 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney

disease (ADPKD) 475 Autosomal recessive genes 113 Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney

disease (ARPKD) 473 Axenfeld's anomaly 675

B cells 530 B. fragilis 310 B lymphocytes 529

development 530 Bacterial infection 75, 304-306, 308-

312, 423 brain damage due to 589-591 with skin manifestations 654-656

Bacteriuria 305 Barotrauma 419

see also Pressure of ventilating gases Beckwith-Wiedemann (Wiedemann­

Beckwith) syndrome 8, 115, 135,275,276,284,286,363, 470,479,508-509,522-523

Bile ducts 397 paucity of (PIBD) 380--381

Bilirubin 212-213, 374, 376 Biochemical investigations, sampling

for 29, 161 Biparietal diameter (BPD) 6-7 Birth, role of, in ischaemic damage

576 Birth injury. See Traumatic birth

injury Birthmarks 649-654 Birthweight factors 6, 8, 71, 166, 177-

178, 199, 214-215, 218, 220, 242-243

Bladder agenesis 485 congential abnormalities 485-486 duplication 485 exstrophy 485-486 septation 485

Bleeding 177, 204, 247-248 Blighted ova 96 Blistering disorders 659-661 Blood cysts of A V valves 439 Blood transfusion 338-339 Body cavities, examination of 13-17 Body stalk abnormality 135, 365 Bone disease nomenclature 621 Bone growth abnormalities 621 Bone metastasising [renal] tumour

286 Bowel infarction 353 Bowel ischaemia 359 Brain

cystic cavitation 584-585 development 541 examination 22-26

Brain damage 212-213, 244-245, 571, 576-585

due to bacterial infections 589-591 due to fungal infections 591 due to protozoal infections 589 due to viral infections 587-589

Brain lesions associated with germinal matrix haemorrhage 574-575

Brain tumours 290 Brainstem ischaemia 580 Breast carcinoma, maternal 69 Breech presentation 243, 326-328 British Perinatal Mortality Survey

classification system 170--171 Bronchial abnormalities 410 Bronchial carcinoma, maternal 70 Bronchiolar injury 417 Bronchogenic cysts 410 Bronchomalacia 409 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 207-

208,332,417-419 Bruises 246

C cells 513 Caesarean section 171, 242 Cafe au lait spots 649 Campomelic dysplasia 632 Campylobacter jejuni 75 Cancer in pregnancy 290--291 Candida albicans 30, 76, 310--311,

647, 681 Candida infection 218-219, 483 Candida pneumonia 219 Candidiasis 219, 591 Capillary haemangiomas 651-652 Caput succedaneum 246 Carcinogenesis 276 Cardiac anomalies

structural 256 see also Heart

Cardiac arrest 580 Cardiac arrest encephalopathy 580 Cardiac arrhythmias 257 Cardiac failure 394, 446 Cardiac malformations 434-446 Cardiac rhabdomyoma 257, 451 Cardiac tumours 256, 451-452 Cardiomegaly 522 Cardiothoracic disorders associated

with fetal hydrops 256-257 Cardiovascular system 429-463 Cartilage abnormalities 621

Cataract 677 Catheterisation 333--334

arterial 335-336 cardiac 358 umbilical arterial 359 umbilical vessels 334 venous 334

Subject Index

Cavernous haemangiomas 652-653 Cebocephaly 563 Cellular development, functional

aspects of 532 Cellular immunity 532 Central core disease 612 Central nervous system (CNS) 209-

213, 219, 382-383, 499 development 541-543 tumours of 290

Ceramidase deficiency 159 Cerebellar haemorrhage 572 Cerebellar malformations 566 Cerebellum, ischaemic damage 581 Cerebral cortex, ischaemic lesions

577-579 Cerebral hypoxia 213, 244-245 Cerebral injury 244-245 Cerebral palsy 220 Cerebral pathology in macerated

stillbirth 191-192 Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome 156 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 544

obstruction to pathway 545 overproduction 545 underabsorption 545

Cervical incompetence 93, 203 Cervical teratoma 280 CHARGE syndrome 674 Chinon 247 Chlamydia psittaci 77 Chlamydia trachoma/is 304, 681 Chlamydia! infection 304 Chlamydia! pneumonia 314 Chloroquine 683 Choana! patency 403 Choledochal cyst 398 Cholestasis 339, 376 Chondrodysplasia punctata 632 Chorangioma 62 Chorangiosis 63 Chorioamnionitis 72-74, 98. 202-

203 Choriocarcinoma 102, 291 Chorion 54 Chorion frondosum 50 Chorion laeve 54 Chorion rupture 644 Chorionic plate 50 Chorionic thyrotrophin 103 Chorionic villous tree, development

and structure 48-49 Chorionic villus 50

biopsy 152 development 48 histology 50

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) 118-120. 326

Choroid development 671 Choroid plexus 543 Christmas tree deformity 354 Chromosomal constitution 491

Subject Index

Chromosome abnormalities 89-90, 113, 139-141, 258, 560--561

effect on oculogenesis 683 predisposing to childhood cancer

275 structural 113-115 see also Sex chromosome

abnormalities Chromosome examination 29 Chromosome rearrangements

structural 114 unbalanced structural 114

Chromosome studies, macerated stillbirth 187

Chronic granulomatous disease 533 Cigarette smoking 71, 93, 117, 176 Ciliary body, development 669-670 Circulation changes at birth 433-434 Circulatory disorders 393-394 Cirrhosis 389 Clavicle fracture 250 Clear cell sarcoma 286 Cleft lip and palate 407, 563 Cloaca 466 Clostridium difficile 312, 361 Clostridium sp. 423 Coarctation 442-443 Collagen types 646 Collagen vascular disease 70 Collodion baby 656 Coloboma 673-674 Colon 359-363 Colonic neuronal dysplasia 361 Complement defects 531 Complement system 531 Complete congenital heart block

(CCHB) 454 Conduction system 452-455 Congenital abnormalities 170, 171

anomalies 111-145, 171 associated with childhood cancer

275-276 malformations 111-145, 169 twins 231

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 509-511

Congenital cortical tumours 511 Congenital cytomegalic inclusion

disease 297 Congenital fibre type disproportion

611 Congenital heart disease 435-446 Congenital hereditary corneal

dystrophy 675 Congenital hydronephrosis 473 Congenital hypothyroidism 513-514

primary 514 secondary 514

Congenital infection 307-308 investigation of 28, 315-316

Congenital inflammatory myopathy 614

Congenital lobar emphysema 410 Congenital lower urinary tract

obstruction 472-473 Congenital malformations 111-145,

169 causes of 112-117

definitions 111-112 Congenital mesoblastic nephroma 477 Congenital myasthenia 613 Congenital myopathies 609-612 Congenital nephromegaly 470 Congenital nephrotic syndrome 66,

480-483 Congenital neuroblastoma 280, 511 Congenital short intestine 353 Congenital sinus 644 Congenital syphilis 171, 305, 308,

384, 423, 655-656 Congenital thyrotoxicosis 515 Congenital tumours 244, 273-294

aetiology 274-277 benign 274 definition 273 hamartomas 273 incidence 274 investigation of 277-280 malignant 274 syndromes associated with 274-275 types occurring in the newborn 273

Congenital uterine abnormalities 204 Connective tissue 244

disorders of 116 Conotruncus anomalies 441-444 Contraception in spontaneous

abortion 92 Cor triatriatum sinister 437 Cornea

development 670 developmental abnormalities 674

Cornelia de Lange's first syndrome 501

Coronary arteries 459 Coronary lymphatics 459-460 Corpus callosum, agenesis of 565-566 Coumarin anticoagulants 116 Coxsackie viruses 76, 300, 383, 524-

527 Cranial contents 22-26 Cranial trauma 242 Cretinism 513-514 Criminal abortion 88 Crossed ectopia (renal) 467 Crown-heellengths 10 Crown-rump lengths 10 Cryptophthalmos (Fraser) syndrome

632, 633, 672 CTscan 25 Cuboidal metaplasia 418 Cutaneous petechial haemorrhages

244 Cutis laxa 646 Cyanotic congenital heart disease

483-484 Cyclopia 672 Cystic cavitation of the brain 584-585 Cystic degeneration, cerebral 245 Cystic disease, hepatic 389 Cystic fibrosis 122, 354, 367, 388 Cystic hygroma 133-134 Cystic kidneys 136 Cystic renal dysplasia. See Renal Cysts

bronchogenic 410 choledochal 398 dermoid 560, 644

laryngeal 408 pericardia! 455 pseudocysts 508 subependymal 585 umbilical cord 65

691

Cytochrome oxidase deficiency 613-614

Cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia 505 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection 75,

217, 296-298, 307, 314, 338, 367,382,424,524-526,587-588, 654

Cytomegalovirus hepatitis 382 Cytotrophoblast 51

Dandy-Walker syndrome 550--551, 605

Deciduallymphocytes 78 Decidual macrophages 79 Deformation, definition 112 Delayed muscle maturation 611 Dermal developmental disorders 646 Dermis 642 Dermo-epidermal junction 642 Dermoid cysts 560, 644 Dermoids 674 20-22 Desmolase deficiency 507 Developmental field, definition 112 Di George syndrome 17, 116, 516,

534 Diabetes 7-8, 69, 116, 201-202, 394-

395,445,518-521,527 congenital malformations 522 perinatal mortality 520 placental pathology 69, 522

Diaphragmatic hernia 365-366, 413, 415

Diastematomyelia 559 Diastrophic dysplasia 632 Diet, maternal 176-177 Diethylstilboestrol 116, 276 Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis 662 Diplomyelia 559 Disruption, definition 112 Dissecting aneurysm 456 Dissection instruments 8-9 DNA analysis 122 Double-inlet ventricle 438 Double-outlet right ventricle 442 Down's syndrome 114, 116, 119, 123-

124, 140, 359 Drash syndrome 483 Drug effects

social 93, 116 therapeutic 94, 242, 337-338

see also under specific drug types Drug teratogenicity 116 Duchenne muscular dystrophy 113,

605 Ductus arteriosus 455-457

patency of 217 Duodenal ulcers 350 Dysencephalia splanchnocystica 560 see also Meckel-Gruber syndrome Dyshormonogenesis 514 Dysmorphism 156 Dysplasia, definition 112 Dyssegmental dysplasia 632 Dystrophia myotonia congenita 243

692

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 660--662

Ear 683-685 developmental abnormalities 684-

685 embryology 683-684 external 684 inner 684, 685 middle 685

Ebstein's anomaly 438 Echovirus 300 Echovirus 11 infection 312-313 Eclampsia 68 ECMO 332 Ectodermal dysplasia 645-646 Ectopia cordis 445 Ectopic gestation 100--102 Ectopic pancreatic tissue 367 Ectopic pregnancy 100 Ectopic tissue 452 Edward syndrome 114, 684 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 116, 459,

476,646 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 630, 632 Embryo examination 98 Emphysema 418, 420 Encephalitis/myocarditis syndrome

313 Encephalocoele 131, 477, 555-556 Endocardial cushion defects 437 Endocardial fibroelastosis 267, 448--

450 Endocarditis 446-448 Endocrine cell dysplasia 523 Endocrine glands 499 Endocrine pancreas 517-527

absence of 518 cell types 517 histological variations in fetal and

neonatal 518--527 hyperplasia 518 infection 524 ontogeny 517-518 pathology 518--527

Endocrine system 499-528 Endotracheal intubation 328 Enterocolitis

in Hirschsprung's disease 360 necrotising 213--214, 312, 340, 357-

359, 361 Enteroviral infection 312-313 Enteroviruses 300, 382-383 Environmental hazards in spontaneous

abortion 95 Environmental teratogens 115 Epidermal naevi 653-654 Epidermis development 641 Epidermolysis bullosa 660--661

dystrophic 660--661 Epidermolysis bullosa letalis (Herlitz)

660 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex 660 Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis 654,

659 Epilepsy, management of 116 Epispadias 496 Erythema toxicum neonatorum 647 Erythroblastosis fetalis 523

Escherichia coli 218, 312, 423, 551, 681

Essential hypertension 69, 200 Evisceration 17-18 Exocrine pancreas 366-368 Exomphalos 363 External examination 12-13 Extracellular water 254 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

(ECMO) 332 Extradural haemorrhage 248 Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA)

379 Extraocular muscles, development

671 Eye 667-683

anterior chamber abnormalities 675--676

conditions causing absence or reduction in number 672

conditions causing alteration in size 673

embryology 667-671 histological processing 672 infection 681-683 major malformations of

development 672 postnatal development 671 structure on completion of

development 671--672 teratogenic effects 683

Eyelids, development 671

Fabry's disease 445 Fallot's tetralogy 440--441 Fanconi's syndrome 539 Farber's disease 159 Fat emulsions 339 Fatty adrenals 507 Femoral fractures 250 Fetal blood sampling (FBS) 121 Fetal breathing 415 Fetal death

changes following 66, 99 definition 165 epidemiology 165-181 registration 165-166

Fetal disposal 127 Fetal disruption (amniotic band)

syndrome 560 Fetal examination 27, 124-127 Fetal factors in labour 242-244 Fetal fluid, distribution and control of

254 Fetal hydrops 253--271

associations 255-258 associations of non-immunological

255-258 cardiothoracic disorders associated

with 25fr257 causes of 255-258 clinical presentation 253 commonest associations of 256, 261 histological examination 263 incidence of 253 intracranial pathology 263 investigation of 267-268 major malformations in association

with 256

Subject Index

mechanisms of 255 pathological findings 259-265 significance of pathological

abnormalities 26fr267 underlying cause of 253

Fetal infection 295-306 Fetal reconstruction 127 Fetal rhabdomyoma 615 Fetal stem artery thrombosis 62 Fetal undernutrition 171 Fetomaternal haemorrhage 195 Fetoscopy 325 Fibrillary neuroglia 548 Fibrin thrombi 332 Fibrochondrogenesis 626--627 Fibrocystic disease of pancreas 367 Fibroma 451 Fibromatosis 287-289

infantile desmoid-type 288 infantile digital 288 multicentric 287 solitary 287

Fibromatosis colli 288, 615 Focal dermal hypoplasia 646 Foot lengths 10 Foramen ovale 437 Forceps delivery 242, 247-248, 327 Forebrain development 541 Fractures 250, 635 Fragile X mental retardation

syndrome 115 Fungal infections 424, 483

brain damage due to 591 Funisitis 73

Galactosaemia 155, 387 Gall bladder 397

acquired lesions 398 malformations 397-398

Gangrene 333, 335 Gangrenous bowel 352-353 Gastric ulcers 350 Gastrointestinal disorders 257 Gastrointestinal infection 312 Gastrointestinal tract 347-371

carcinoma of [maternal] 70 Gastrointestinal viral infection 314 Gastroschisis 134, 353--354, 363--364 Gaucher's disease 158, 388

type 2 159 Genetic disease 115 Genetic disorders, effect of

oculogenesis 683 Genetic metabolic diseases (GMD)

113, 149-163, 258 acute symptoms 154 cause of 149 classification 153--154 clinical presentation 154-159 necropsy and biopsy investigation

160-161 pathogenesis 153--154 prenatal diagnosis 152-153 reference laboratories for

investigation of 161-162 screening 159-160

Genetics 178 Genital tract

female 494

Subject Index

male 494 Genital tubercle 494 Genitalia

congenital disorders 496-497 external 494

Genitourinary system 18 Genomic imprinting 114 Germ cells 491 Germinal layer haemorrhage (GLH)

209-211, 573-574 Germinal matrix haemorrhage 209-

211, 573-574 brain lesions associated with 574-

575 pathogenesis 575

Gestation period 3 Gestation-related manifestations 111 Giant cell transformation (GCT) 378-

379 Giant naevi 650 Glaucoma 676 Glioblastoma multiforme 257 Gliosis of aqueduct of Sylvius 548 Globe enlargement 673 Glomerulocystic disease 475-476 Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency 155 Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase

(G-6-PD) deficiency 538 Glycogen 375

metabolism defects 614 Glycogen storage disease 388, 445 Glycogenosis type I 155 Glycoprotein degradation 159 GM1-gangliosidosis 158

type I 158-159 Goitre 514, 515 Golgi apparatus 51 Gonad development 491 Gonadotrophins 500 Gonorrhoea 307 Gram-negative aerobic bacteria 309 Gram-positive aerobic bacteria 309-

310 Granulomatous disease 533 Great arteries

anomalies of 441-444 transposition of 441-442

Grey matter deep 579-580 ischaemic damage to 577-581

Group A ~-haemolytic streptococcus 655

Group B ~-haemolytic streptococcus 75,423

Growth and development 6-8 Growth assessment 10 Growth hormone (GH) 500 Growth retardation 6-7, 156, 178

intrauterine 71 Gut development 347-348 Gynaecological disorders in

spontaneous abortion 93

Haemangiomas 274, 452, 651-653 placental 62

see also Angioma Haematogenous infection 423 Haematological disorders 70, 258 Haematomas

placental 59-61 umbilical cord 65

Haemolytic streptococci 635 Haemophilia 113 Haemophilus influenzae 310, 311,

635, 681 Haemopoiesis, focal 538 Haemopoietic activity 508 Haemorrhages 538, 572-576 Haemorrhagic endovasculitis 63 Hairy tail 644-645 Hamartoma 288-290, 396-397 Harlequin fetus 657 Head and cranial contents,

examination of 22-26 Head circumference 11 Heart

development 429-432 examination 434-435 infection 446-448

see also Cardiac Heart disease, congenital 435-446,

483-484 Heat effects in congenital

malformation 117 Heavy-for-dates 7-8 Hemihypertrophy 284 Hepatic fibrosis 389-390 Hepatic injury 251, 390-392 Hepatitis A 300, 338-339, 381 Hepatitis B 300-301 Hepatitis C 301 Hepatitis D 301 Hepatitis E 301 Hepatitis virus 76 Hepatoblastoma 257, 286, 396 Hereditary fructose intolerance 155,

388 Hereditary motor neuropathies 612 Hereditary sensory neuropathies 612-

613 Hereditary tyrosinaemia 387 Hernias 363-366 Herpes simplex hepatitis 382 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 76, 298,

307,424,589,654-655 Heterotopias 413 Hexachlorophene 337 Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 645 Hindbrain

development 543 dissection 558 malformations 548-550

Hirschsprung's disease 275, 359-363 Histiocytoid or lipid cardiomyopathy

446 Histiocytosis X 648, 663 Histological examination 27-28, 32 Holoprosencephaly 563 Homozygous achondroplasia 632 Hormones 79

production and regulation 500, 503 Human chorionic gonadotrophin

(hCG) 103, 123 Human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV) 76, 301-302, 588-589, 681, 683

Humerus fractures 250 Huntington's chorea 115

Hurler syndrome 445 Hutchinson's syndrome 281

693

Hyaline membrane disease 206-207, 332, 416

Hyaliod vessels, development 671 Hydatidiform mole 102-106

prognosis and follow-up 106 Hydranencephaly 564-565, 585 Hydrocephalus 26, 129-131, 220, 243,

544-551 causes of 544 clinical features 544 inflammation causing 551 malformations leading to 547-551 post-inflammatory 551 tumours leading to 551 types of 544-547

Hydromyelia 559 Hydronephrosis 473, 484 Hydrops. See Fetal hydrops 3B Hydroxylase 511 11B Hydroxylase 509 21 Hydroxylase 509 Hyperbilirubinaemia 220, 327, 376,

378-379, 381-383, 522 conjugated 212 unconjugated 212

Hypercalcaemia 516 Hyperglycaemia 522 Hyperinsulinaemia 521 Hyperkalaemia 216 Hyperoxaemia 215 Hyperoxia 215 Hyperparathyroidism, fetal and

neonatal 516-517 Hyperplasia 517, 595 Hypertension 422, 433 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 441 Hyperviscosity 358 Hypocalcaemia 517, 522 Hypochondrogenesis 626 Hypoglycaemia 216-217, 220, 523 Hypoparathyroidism, fetal and

neonatal 516 Hypophosphatasia 634 Hypoplasia 32

of intrahepatic bile ducts 380 Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 443-

444 Hypoplastic right heart syndrome 444 Hypospadias 496 Hypothalamus 499, 500 Hypothermia 217, 220 Hypovolaemia 327 Hypoxaemia 240 Hypoxia 240, 242, 244, 576-585 Hypoxic hypotonia 250

Iatrogenic disease 323-345, 390 1-cell disease (ML type II) 159 Ichthyosis hystrix 655 Idiopathic adrenal hypoplasia 505 Idiopathic infantile arterial

calcification 457-458 Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis syndrome

(INHS) 379 Idiopathic pituitary insufficiency 502 Ileal duplication 350-351 Ileum examination 43

694

Immune responses 78, 529, 661 Immunoglobulins 532 Immunological mechanisms in

spontaneous abortion 94--95 Immunology, morphological correlates

of 80 Immunoreactive cell and tissue

abnormalities 532-533 Inborn errors of metabolism 67

see also Genetic metabolic diseases (GMD)

Incontinentia pigmenti 661 Indwelling aortic catheter 333 Infantile agranulocytosis 533 Infantile myofibromatosis 287 Infantile myositis 615 Infantile polycystic disease 136, 389-

390, 473-477 Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis 648 Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs)

445 Infection

congenital 307-308 during pregnancy 295-306 fetal 121, 295-306 in congenital malformation 117 in preterm infants 217-219 in spontaneous abortion 90-92 investigation of 28, 314--315 neonatal 306-321 non-viral 383-386 perinatal 305 systemic maternal 315 with skin manifestation 654--655

Infectious hepatitis 381 Inflammatory myopathies 614--615 Influenza 299 Iniencephaly 554 Insidious neonatal disorders 156-159 Instrumental delivery 242 Insulin 517 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(IDDM) 527 Intensive care 328--337 Interrupted aortic arch 443 Intersex 494--496 Interstitial emphysema 207, 330, 421 Interstitial fibrosis 418 Interstitial fluid 254 Intervillous space 50 Intervillous thrombi of placenta 171 Intervillous thrombosis 61 Intestinal atresia 353 Intestinal duplication 350-351 Intestinal motility 213 Intestinal obstruction 355 Intestinal rotation abnormalities 352-

353 Intimal fibrous plaques 457 Intra-amniotic injection 326 Intracellular water 254 Intracranial haemorrhage 245, 267,

572-576 see also Haemorrhages

Intracranial ischaemia 267 Intracranial lesions 332 Intrahepatic biliary atresia 380 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

70

Intra-lipid embolism 421 Intrapartum asphyxia 239-252

extent of damage to vital organs 244

fetal response 240--241 incidence 241

Intrapartum monitoring 326 Intrapericardial tumours 279 Intrathoracic abnormalities 257 Intrauterine closure of the ductus

arteriosus 456 Intrauterine contraceptive device

(IUCD) 92 Intrauterine growth retardation 201 Intrauterine hypoxia 450-451 Intrauterine infection 295-306 Intravascular fluid 254 Intravenous alimentation 339 Intraventricular haemorrhage 209-

211, 220, 572-573 Intubation 419 Invasive mole 106 Ionising radiation in congenital

malformation 117 Iris

development 669-670 developmental abnormalities 676

Ischaemia 576-585 Ischaemic cerebral injury 244--245 Ischaemic cerebral lesions 332 Ischaemic damage

grey matter 577-581 patterns of 576-577 white matter 581-584

Islet hyperplasia 523

Jaundice 212-213, 251, 306, 324, 374, 376, 380, 388

Jeune syndrome 477, 630, 632 Junctional epidermolysis bullosa

(Herlitz) 660

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome 286 Kawasaki disease 459-460 Keratinisation 641, 656-659 Kernicterus 212-213, 324, 586 Kidney

cystic disease 136, 473-477 development 465-467 dysplasia 471-472 ectopic 467 examination 36-39 fusion 467-468 macerated stillbirth 191 malformations 467-477 malrotation 467 polycystic disease 136 ring or doughnut 468 supernumerary 469 tumours 477-480

Klebsiella aerogenes 218 Kleeblattschadel 629 Klinefelter's syndrome 115 Kniest dysplasia 632

Labour fetal factors in 242-244 fetal response to 240--241 fetal wellbeing during 240

Subject Index

maternal factors in 242 placental factors during 241 preterm 166

Laceration, cutaneous 246 Lamellar ichthyosis 656 Langerhans' cells 642 Lange's retinal fold 678 Large babies 7-8, 250, 518--522 Laryngeal clefts 408 Laryngeal cysts 408 Laryngeal stenosis 408 Laryngomalacea 409 Larynx 407-408 Leber's congenital amaurosis 678 Leigh's disease 586 Lens

development 667-668 developmental abnormalities 676

Lentigines 649-650 Leptomeningitis 589 Lethal thoracic dysplasia 632 Leukaemia 290 Leydig cells 491 Light-for-dates 199, 217 Lipid cardiomyopathy 446 Lipomas 560 Lissencephaly 568 Listeria meningitis 590--591 Listeria monocytogenes 30, 75, 90,

218,219,305,384,423 Listeria! septicaemia 590-591 Listeriosis 384, 511 Live birth

definition 165 registration 166

Liver 373-401 birth injury 251, 390--392 embryology 373-374 examination 42 in rhesus isoimmunisation 537 malformations 395 physiology 374--375 trauma 390--392 tumours 286, 396

Liver disease 523 classification of fetal and neonatal

375-376 effects of maternal diabetes 394

Lower respiratory tract 404--406 developmental anomalies 410-413

Lung 410-415 agenesis of 410 asphyxia 421 atelectasis 371 birth asphyxia 244 canalicular development 404 cystic adenomatoid malformation

of 410 examination 33-36, 403 hyaline membrane disease 206-207,

332, 416 hypoplasia 413-415, 423 infection 423-424 liquid secretion 406 pseudoglandular development 404 terminal sac development 404

Lymph nodes abnormalities 536 development 530

Subject Index

Lymphangiectasia, pulmonary 412 Lymphangiomas 653 Lymphatics 459--460 Lysosomal storage disorders 155-159

Macerated fetus 96 Macerated stillbirth 183-197

cerebral pathology in 191-192 chromosome studies 187 histological examination 186--187 incidence of pathological

abnormality 189 malformations 192-194 microbiological studies 187 mode of death 189-190 pathological abnormalities 189-195 placental examination 188-189 placental pathological abnormality

192-194 radiographic examination 187 twinning 195

Maceration changes associated with 183-185 definition 183

Macroscopic examination 30 Macrosomia 8, 518 Macular coloboma 678 Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) 77 Malaria 304 Malformation, definition 112 Malignant disease

in pregnancy 290--291 maternal 70

Malignant melanoma 650 Malignant tumours 452 Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)

155 Marfan's syndrome 458 Marginal sinus rupture 171 Mastocytosis (diffuse cutaneous) 662 Maternal bacteriuria 305 Maternal diseases 68-71, 115-116,

169, 177, 200--202, 258, 518-522 placenta in 68-71

Maternal factors in labour 242 in perinatal mortality 242

Maternal infections 203, 305 Maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) 122-

123 Maternal serum screening 122-124 Maypole deformity 354 Measles 300 Meckel-Gruber (Meckel's) syndrome

136,263,389,475,560 Meconium ileus 354-356 Meconium peritonitis 356--357 Meconium plug syndrome 356 Meconium staining 30, 244 Mediastinal teratomas 279 Medication 337-340

during pregnancy 323-324 systemic 337-338

Megacystis/megaureter syndrome 486 Megalencephaly 567 Megalocornea 674 Melanocytes 641 Melanocytic birthmarks 650

Melanocytic naevi 274, 650 Melanoma 650 Melanosomes 641 Melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of

infancy 282 Membrane examination, placental

30 Menarche onset in spontaneous

abortion 95 Meningitis 218, 310--311, 551, 589 Meningocoele 555-556, 559 Meningoencephalitis 590--591 Meningomyelocoele 116, 472 Menstrual dating 6 Mesenchymal hamartoma 286 Mesenchymal tumours 287-290 Mesoblastic nephroma 257, 283, 477 Mesonephric ducts 491 Metabolic differentiation, volumetric

growth of muscle fibres 595 Metabolic disease 386--389, 445, 586 see also Genetic metabolic disease

(GMD) Metabolic myopathies 613 Metabolism, inborn errors of 67 Metastatic placental choriocarcinoma

291 Metatropic dysplasia 632 Microbiological examination 28, 314-

315 Microcephalus acrania 555 Microcephaly 566--567 Microcornea 674 Microdeletion syndromes 114 Microgastria 350 Microphakia 677 Microphthalmia 673 Micropolygyria 567 Midbrain development 543 Milia 648 Miliaria 648 Minimal change myopathy 611 Mitochondrial myopathies 613-614 Moebius' syndrome 117, 580 Molar placental disease 102-106 Mongolian spot 649 Mononuclear phagocyte system 531 Monosomy 113 Monosomy X 115, 133, 139, 258-260,

431 see also Turner's syndrome

Motor neuropathies 612 Mucolipidosis (ML) type III 158 Mucopolysaccharidoses 158-159, 445 Mucoviscidosis 354, 367

see also Cystic fibrosis Mullerian ducts 491-494, 496, 497 Multicore disease 612 Multicystic dysplasia, renal 471-472 Multifactorial disorders 115 Multiple births 56--57

prevalence, types and causes of 223-224

see also Twins Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2)

syndrome 517 Multiple pituitary hormone deficiency

502 Multiple pregnancy 55-57, 195, 203

placenta 55-7 Mumps 300, 524-527 Muscle biopsies 606 Muscle development

abnormalities of 615 regulation of 601-602

Muscular dystrophies 603-605 congenital 603-605

Musculoskeletal abnormalities 257 Myasthenia 613 Myasthenia gravis 613 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 75 Mycoplasma 77, 304, 314 Mycoplasma hominis 304 Myelocoele 557-558 Myelomeningocoele 557-558 Myocardial infarction 252 Myocardial injury 244 Myocardial necrosis 450--451 Myocarditis 448, 460, 527 Myosin heavy chains (MHCs) 596,

599,600 Myotonic dystrophy 607-609 Myotubular myopathy 609-610 Myxoma 451-452

Naevus of Ota 650 Nanophthalmia 673 Nappy rash 647-648 Nasopharynx 280 Necrotising enterocolitis 213-214,

695

312,340,357-359,361 Necrotising tracheobronchitis 329,420 Neimann-Pick disease Type A 67 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 681 Neisseria meningitidis 310--311 Nemaline myopathy 610--611 Neonatal acne 648 Neonatal death

and birthweight 199-200 classification 173 definition 165-166 epidemiology of 165-181 fetal asphyxia and birth trauma 241 registration 161

Neonatal infection 306--321 Neonatal lupus erythromatosus 662 Neonatal rickets 215, 517 Neonatal septicaemia 309-310 Nephroblastoma 286, 480 Nephroblastomatosis 274, 284-286,

477 Nephrogenesis 465 Nephrogenic rests 284 Nephrogenic zone 466 Nerve injuries 250 Nervous system

acquired disorders of 571-593 see also Central nervous system

Nesidioblastosis 523 Neural crest cells 641 Neural tube defects (NTDs) 119, 122,

389, 552-553 Neuroblastoma 257, 273-274, 280--

282, 511 in situ 508

Neurodevelopmental handicap 220 Neurofibromatosis 115 Neurohypophysis 500

696

Neuromuscular disease 243, 602 Neutropenia 532-533 Non-macerated fetus 96 Nose examination 686 Nutritional rickets 340

Obstetric lupus syndrome 92 Occipital osteodiastesis 249 Ocular melanosis 680 Ocular pigmentation, disorders of 680 Oculogenesis

developmental abnormalities 672-679

effect of chromosomal and genetic disorders 683

syndromes affecting 685 Oesophageal atresia 349-350 Oesophagus 349 Olfaction 685-686

congenital disorders 686 embryology 685-686

Oligohydramnios 255, 415 Omphalocoele 134, 353 Oncogenesis 276 Ondine's curse 275 Optic nerve

aplasia 680 coloboma 681 disorders of development 680--681 hypoplasia 680

Oral cavity 348 Oral contraceptive pills 116 Orbital teratomas 280 Organic acidaemias 155 Organoid naevi 653-654 Osteochondrodysplasias 621-632 Osteochondrodystrophies 27 Osteogenesis imperfecta 27, 116, 632-

634, 636, 637 Osteomyelitis 635-636 Osteopenia 215 Otogenesis, syndromes affecting 685 Ovary 491-492

examination 44 Oxygen

monitoring 333 toxicity 331-332, 419

Pachygyria 568 Palatal grooving and clefting 563 Pancreas 366-368, 517-527

examination 40 fibrocystic disease of 367 see also Annular pancreas;

Endocrine pancreas; Exocrine pancreas; Vestigial pancreas

Pancreas divisum 367 Pancreatic agenesis 518 Panlobular nephroblastomasis 479 Paramesonephric ducts 491 Parasitic infection 302-304 Parasitic (toxoplasmic) myositis 615 Parathormone (PTH) 516 Parathyroid glands 516--517

ontogeny 516 pathology 516--517

Parenchymal haemorrhagic infarction 575,576

Parenteral feeding 339, 392-393

Parietal bone 23, 249 Partial adrenal hypoplasia 505 Parvovirus 90, 258, 264, 301 Patau syndrome 114, 684 Patent ductus arteriosus 217 Paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts

(PIBD) 380--381 Pepper's syndrome 281 Peptic ulceration 350 Pericardia! cysts 455 Pericardia! effusions 455 Pericardia) tumours 455 Pericarditis 455 Pericardium 455 Pericranial haemorrhage 245 Pericranial injury 246 Periderm 641 Perinatal haemochromatosis 389 Perinatal infection 305

see also Bacterial infection; Viral infections

Perinatal mortality Aberdeen clinicopathological

classification 169 aetiology 174 avoidability 173 British necropsy classification 170 causes of 168--173 classification systems 169-173 data 1-2

assessment of 166 definition 166 diabetes 520 environmental factors 174-177 epidemiological analyses 167 ethnic factors 175 Finnish pathological classification

173--174 infant characteristics 177-178 interpregnancy interval effect 175 maternal age 174 maternal factors 174-177 parity effect 175 past obstetric history 175 placental and fetal pathology

classification 171 rates 1, 2, 165, 177 registration failure 166 risk factors associated with infant

175 seasonal effects 176 social factors 175-176 statistics 165-167 studies of 167-168 unmarried mother 176 Wigglesworth classification 171-172

Perinatal necropsy 1-46 availability of clinical information 3 equipment for 8--9 essential information for 3 examination of embryo and fetus

27 examination of placenta 29-30 histological examination 32 importance of negative findings 2 in continuing education 2 practical importance of 1 structured request forms 3--5 see also Post-mortem examination

Subject Index

Peripheral artery sampling 333 Peripheral haematomas 61 Peripheral nerves 602

localised abnormalities 615-616 Peripheral neuropathies 612-613 Peripheral vessels 457 Periventricular-intraventricular

haemorrhage (PVH-IVH) 572-573

sequelae 575-576 Periventricular leucomalacia (PVL)

211-212, 574, 581 Perivillous fibrin deposition 61 Perlman syndrome 470 Persistent fetal circulation (PFC) 433 Persistent hyperinsulinaemic

hypoglycaemia of infancy 523 Persistent hyperplastic primary

vitreous (PHPV) 677 Persistent pulmonary arterial

hypertension 433 Persistent pulmonary hypertension

422 Petechial haemorrhages 208, 244 Peter's anomaly 676 Phagocytic cells 532 Pharyngeal teratoma 280 Phenylketonuria 6, 115, 155, 160 Photography 11-12 Phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) 531 Piebaldism 647 Pigment developmental abnormalities

646--647 Pigmented birthmarks 649-651 Pituitary

aplasia and hypoplasia 501 -hypothalamic axis 500--502 idiopathic insufficiency 502 intermediate lobe 500 portal system 500

Placenta 47-85 abnormalities 58--62 abruption 62, 204, 241 accessory lobes 58 bilobate 58 circummarginate 58 circumvallate 58 development 47-54 developmental abnormalities 58 electron microscopy 51 examination 29-30, 124-127

macerated stillbirth 188--189 extrachorial 58 factors during labour 241 fenestrate 58 following intrauterine fetal death

66 genetic and congenital

abnormalities 67 growth retardation 171 haemangiomas 62 haematomas 59-61 in fetal hydrops 263--265 in maternal disorders 68--71 in perinatal mortality 171 in sudden infant death syndrome

67-68 infarction 59 infection 71-77, 90

Subject Index

intervillous thrombi of 171 macroscopic abnormalities 59-62 macroscopic appearance 50 mature 50 mature delivered 50 metastasis 67 morphometry 51 multiple pregnancy 55-57, 55-7 oedema 66 perfusion 240 slicing 31 surface 31 surface examination 31 tissue examination 98 twins 56--57, 233 viral infection 75-76

Placenta accreta 58 Placenta membranacae 58 Placenta praevia 58, 171, 201 Placental membranes 30, 218-219

see also Amnion; Chorion Placental pathological abnormality in

macerated stillbirth 192-194 Placental site trophoblastic tumour

(PSTI) 102, 106 Plasmodium malariae 77 Pneumatosis intestinalis 357 Pneumonia 218, 423 Pneumopericardium 455 Pneumothorax 330

diagnosis 403 Poliovirus 300 Polycystic disease, infantile 389-390,

47~77

Polycythaemia 483 Polyhydramnios 171, 203, 522 Polymorphonuclear phagocytes 531 Polymyositis 615 Polyploidy 113 Polytopic field defect, definition 112 Pompe's disease 613 Pontosubicular necrosis 574-575, 580 Poplysplenia 536 Porencephaly 568, 584-585 Port wine stain 653 Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus

211, 576 Post-maturity 171 Post-mortem examination 2, 9-32

body cavities 13-17 evisceration 17 external examination 12-13 measurements 10--11 photography 11-12 radiographic examination 11, 27 report 32 see also under specific organs

Potter's syndrome 473 Prader-Willi syndrome 114 Pre-eclampsia 68-69, 177, 201

immunological mechanisms 80 Pregnancy

dating 6 duration 6 ectopic 100 immunology 77 intrahepatic cholestasis of 70 malignant disease in 290--291 reduction 117

surveillance 95 Premature rupture of membranes

171, 202 Prematurity 199-222, 243, 328

definition 6, 199 late complications 219-220 retinopathy of 214-215, 679-680

Prenatal diagnosis 111, 117-122, 152-153, 324-326, 553

Pressure of ventilating gases 329-331 Preterm delivery 178

aetiology of 201 definition 199 induction of labour as cause of 200 medical factors 204 predisposing factors 200--202 social factors 204 spontaneous 202

Preterm infant, pathology of 205-215, 416--417

Preterm labour 166 Primary vitreous, persistence of 677 Primitive neuroectodermal tumour

257 Prolactin (PRL) 500 Properdin system 531 Prostaglandin E1 338 Proteus species 218 Protozoal infections, brain damage due

to 589 Prune belly syndrome 472, 486 Pseudocysts 508 Pseudohermaphroditism 284

female 495 male 495

Pseudohypoparathyroidism 516 Pseudomonas 423 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 218 Pseudomonas septicaemia 218 Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

516 Pulmonary agenesis 410 Pulmonary atresia 444-445 Pulmonary candida 424 Pulmonary cystic disease 257, 410 Pulmonary disorders associated with

immaturity 206--208, 416--419 Pulmonary haemorrhage 208, 419 Pulmonary hamartomas 413 Pulmonary hypoplasia 256, 41~15 Pulmonary immaturity 32 Pulmonary infection 42~24

interstitial emphysema (PIE) 207, 330, 421

Pulmonary lipid embolism 340 Pulmonary sequestration 413 Pulmonary vascular changes at birth

407 Pulmonary vein anomalies 435 Pyelonephritis 305, 483 Pyloric stenosis 350

Quadriceps development 595 differentiation of fibre types in 597 differentiation of slow fibres in 599 evolution of fibre types during

development 597 fibre formation 600

normal fetal 596, 598 type I and II fibres 596, 598

Radial aplasia/thrombocytopenia syndrome 538-539

Radial artery puncture 333 Radiographic examination 11, 27

697

macerated stillbirth 187 Rathke's pouch 500--501 Recessively inherited disorders 113 Rectum 359-363 Recurrent abortion 88 Reiger's syndrome 676 Renal abnormalities accompanying

urethral obstruction 137-139 Renal agenesis 468-469 Renal cystic disease 136--137, 47~77

associated with syndromes of multiple malformations 476--477

Renal dysplasia 136, 470--473 with congenital lower urinary tract

obstruction 472-473 Renal ectopia 467 Renal glomerular lesions 48~84 Renal hypoperfusion 480 Renal hypoplasia 469-470 Renal infection 483 Renal multicystic dysplasia 138-139,

471-472 Renal pelvis

congenital abnormalities 484 duplication of 484

Renal tubular transport, hereditary abnormalities 480

Renal tumours 283-286, 477-480 Renal vein thrombosis 522 Reproductive organs 494

development 494 Reproductive system 491-497

development 491-494 Respiratory distress 328 Respiratory distress syndrome 206--

207,416,506,522 Respiratory system 40~28

acquired pathology 406--423 developmental anomalies 407-413 examination 403 normal development 404-407 problems of 206--209 viral infection 313-314, 424

Respiratory tract infection 311-313, 42~24

Reticuloendothelial system 529-540 Retina

congenital falciform fold 678 congenital non-attachment 678 development 669 developmental abnormalities 678

Retinal dysplasia 678 Retinoblastoma 274-275 Retinopathy of prematurity 214-215,

679-680 Retrocaval ureter 484 Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) 214-

215, 679-680 Retroplacental haematomas 59 Rhabdomyoma 451-452, 615 Rhabdomyosarcoma 290, 615-616

698

Rhesus disease 201, 256, 267 Rhesus erythroblastosis 171 Rhesus incompatability 255, 258 Rhesus isoimmunisation 537-538 Rib fractures 635 Rickets 215, 340, 517 Robertsonian translocation 114 Rubella 75, 117, 217, 295-296, 307,

315, 589, 654, 681 clinical aspects of 307

Sacrococcygeal teratomas 277-279 Salicylates 324 Salpingitis isthmica nodosa 100, 101 Sampling for biochemical

investigations 29, 161 Santavuori's syndrome 605 Sclera development 671 Sclerema neonatorum 649 Sclerocornea 674 Sensory neuropathies 612-613

Dyck's classification 612-613 Septicaemia 218, 336, 383, 448-449

anaerobic 309-310 neonatal 309--310

Septum formation 547 Sequence, definition 112 Serological tests 307-308 Serum hepatitis 381 Serum screening 122-124 Sex chromosome abnormalities 115,

494,496 Sex chromosome aneuploidy 496 Sex cords 491 Sex-linked recessive retinoschisis 680 Sexual determination, errors of 494 Sexual differentiation

errors of 495 female 493 male 493

Short rib polydactyly syndromes 630-632

Type I (Saldino-Noonan) 630 Type II (Majewski) 631 Type III (Lethal thoracic dysplasia)

632 Sickle cell disease 70 Single gene defects 112-113, 118 Single umbilical artery 63, 457 Skeletal muscle

development of 595-602 generalised abnormalities 602-606 localised abnormalities 615-616

Skeletal system 619--640 abnormalities 619-640 development 620 examination 27

Skin 641-666 common neonatal conditions 647-

649 development 641-644 developmental disorders 644-646 disorders with disordered immune

responses 661 infiltrations 662-663 manifestations of infections 654-

655 tumour-like lesions 663-664

Skin function 642

Skin slipping 183 Skull fracture 249 Small intestine 350 Sodium valproate 116 Somatomedins 500 Soto's syndrome 8 Spastic diplegia 217 Special senses 667-687 Spina bifida 547, 552 Spina bifida occulta 559 Spinal cord

examination 26 injury 250 ischaemic damage 581 malformations 559

Spleen abnormalities 535-536 development 530 hamartomas and heterotopia of 536 in rhesus isoimmunisation 537

Splenomegaly 536 Split notochord syndrome 351 Spontaneous abortion 87-110

causes of 89--95 Chlamydia trachomatis 304

environmental hazards in 95 frequency of 87-88 Group 1: blighted ova 96 Group 2: macerated fetus 96 Group 3: non-macerated fetus 96,

98 immunological mechanisms 79-80,

94-95 infection in 90-92 listeria 306 maternal disease in 92 mechanisms of 97-98 menarche onset in 95 pathological classification 95-96 pathological examination 98-99 rubella 296 systemic maternal infection 315

Spontaneous gastric perforation 350-351

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 655

Staphylococcus aureus 218, 310, 635, 655, 681

Staphylococcus epidermidis 218, 310 Status marmoratus 579 Stenosis

aqueductal 547 intestinal 353-354

Sternocleidomastoid tumour 615 Sternomastoid tumour 288 Steroids 324 Stillbirth

classification 173 fetal asphyxia and birth trauma 241 rates 177 see also Macerated stillbirth

Stomach 350 Strawberry naevus 651-653 Streptococci 218 Streptococcus pneumoniae 310, 311,

635 Streptomycin 683 Stromal oedema of placental villi 104 Subaortic muscular stenosis 441

Subject Index

Subaponeurotic haemorrhage 247-248

Subarachnoid haemorrhage 572 Subchorial thrombosis 61 Subchorionic haemorrhage 99 Subcutaneous fat necrosis 648-649 Subdural haemorrhage 248 Subependymal cysts 585 Subperiosteal haematomas 248 Sudden infant death syndrome

(SIDS) 219--220 placenta in 67-68

Sulphonamides 324 Syncytiotrophoblast 51 Syndrome, definition 112 Synophthalmia 672 Syphilis 95, 171, 305, 308, 384, 423,

655-656 Systemic candidiasis 219 Systemic vein anomalies 435

T cells 530-532, 534 T lymphocyte development 530 T lymphocyte series 529 Taste 686 Taussig-Bing anomaly 442 Tears of falx and tentorium 249 Telencephalic vesicle 541-547 Teratogenicity 276, 324

drug 116 Teratogens, environmental 115-117 Teratomas 62, 257, 277-280, 290, 452

in various sites 279--280 Testicular interstitial haemorrhage

327 Testis 491

development 491 examination 44 maldescended 496

Tetralogy of Fallot 440-441 Tetraploidy 114 Thalidomide 324 Thanatophoric dysplasia 627-629

classic type 627-628 with cloverleaf skull 629

Thoracic viscera 19 Thoracic volume, adequacy of 415 Thromboemboli 332 Thromboembolic disease 359 Thymic dysplasia 534-535 Thymic lymphocyte depletion 535 Thymus

abnormalities 533 development 529--530

Thyroid dysgenesis 514 Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 514 Thyroid gland 512-517

congenital carcinoma 515 ectopic 516 histological variation in fetal and

neonatal 513 ontogeny 512 pathology 513-516 tumours 515-516

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 513

Thyrotrophin (TSH) 500 Tolazoline 338, 350 Topical preparations 337

Subject Index

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 392-393

Total pulmonary agenesis 410 Toxaemia 169 Toxoplasma gondii 77, 217, 302, 316 Toxoplasma gondii chorioretinitis 681 Toxoplasmosis 307-308, 386, 511, 589 Trachea 409

perforation 329 Tracheal agenesis 409 Tracheal stenosis 409 Tracheomalacia 409 Tracheo-oesophageal fistula 409 Transcutaneous oxygen electrodes

333-334 Transient neonatal myasthenia 613 Trauma 390, 612 Traumatic birth injury 171, 246--251 Treacher Collins syndrome 684 Treponemapallidum 75, 90,217,305,

316, 686 Tricuspid valve 439 Triplets 57 Triploidy 67, 113-114, 560 Trisomy 113, 114 Trisomy-13 15, 114, 135, 363, 407,

497,560,675,678,684 Trisomy-18 15-19, 114, 134, 135, 139,

284, 363, 560, 684 Trisomy-21 16, 114, 140, 363 Trophoblast

alloantigenicity of 77 function 97 neoplasia 102

Truncus arteriosus 442 Tuberculosis 386, 637-637 Tumours. See Congenital tumours and

under specific types of tumour Turner's syndrome 67, 115, 468, 496,

502 see also Monosomy X

Twin transfusion in fetal hydrops 264-265

Twin transfusion syndrome 225, 264-265,484

Twins acardiac 444-445 active management of vascular

sequelae 231 antepartum death in 195 congenital anomalies 231 coni/cord entanglement 230 cord prolapse 230 cord/twin entanglement 230 dizygotic 56 early death and retention of one

twin 227 macerated stillbirth 195 monoamniotic 57, 230 monochorionic 225, 231 monozygotic 56 necropsy 233-235 pathology of twinning 223-235 perinatal mortality rate 177 placenta 56--57, 233 practical pathology 233 prenatal detection 225 pump 227-230 reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP)

227-230 second or third trimester death of

one twin 227 sex ratios by zygosity and

chorionicity 224 spontaneous abortion 227 vanishing 227 zygosity of 57 see also Multiple births

Uhl's anomaly 439 Ultrasound examination

abdominal 119 in congenital malformation 117 in macerated stillbirth 188 vaginal 119

Umbilical artery 65 injection into 337

Umbilical cord 50, 63-66 abnormalities of vessels 65 and membranes 63 compression 171 development and structure 54 examination 31 haematomas 65 insertion 63-64 knots and entanglement 64 localised swelling 65 macerated stillbirth 188--189 torsion and constriction 64 tumour 65

Umbilical vessels, catheterisation of 334

Unilateral pulmonary agenesis 410 Upper abdominal viscera 19 Upper respiratory tract 404

developmental anomalies 407-410 Urachal anomalies 485 Urea cycle disorders 155 Ureaplasma 77 Ureaplasma urealyticum 304 Ureter

congenital abnormalities 484 duplication of 484

Ureteral dilatation 484 Ureteric ectopia 484 Ureterocele 484 Urethra 466--467

congenital abnormalities 486-487 Urethral atresia 486 Urethral duplication 486 Urethral obstruction 486

renal abnormalities accompanying 137-139

Urethral stenosis 486 Urethral valves 486 Urinary system 465-489 Urinary tract

development 465-467 obstruction 18, 472-473

Urogenital abnormalities 257 Urticaria pigmentosa 662 Uterine abnormalities 204 Uterine rupture 171

V ACTERL type malformations 324 Vaginal ultrasound 119 Varicella infection 307 Varicella syndrome 654

699

Varicella virus 76 Varicella-zoster virus 298--299, 382 Vascular abnormalities 257, 585-586,

651-653 Vascular naevi 274 Vascular tumours 286 Vein of Galen, aneurysm of 586 Venepuncture 336 Venovenous anastomoses (VV A) 226 Ventilation 328, 417, 420

gas pressures used for 328--329 Ventricular chamber anomalies 439-

441 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 21,

439-440 Ventriculitis 589 Veratrum californicum 563 Vesicointestinal fissure 365 Vesicourethral canal 466 Vestigial pancreas 367 Villitis 69

of unknown aetiology (VUE) 72 Viral chorioretinitis 681 Viral infections 295-302, 312-314,

483 brain damage due to 587-589 placental 75-76 respiratory 313-314 with skin manifestation 654

Viral myositis 615 Vitamin A 116 Vitamin D deficiency 517 Vitamin supplementation 553 Vitellointestinal duct remnants 351-

352 Vitreoretinal disorders 680 Vitreous body, development 670

Walker-Warburg's syndrome 568,605 Weighing 8 Werdnig-Hoffmann disease 243, 605-

606 Wharton's jelly 54, 73 White matter

diffuse ischaemia 582-584 ischaemic damage 581-584 neurological sequelae of infarction

584 sequelae of infarction 584

Wiedemann-Beckwith (Beckwith­Wiedemann) syndrome 8, 115, 135,275,276,284,286,363, 470, 479, 508--509, 522-523

Wilms' tumour 273, 274, 283, 285 Wilms' tumourlets 479 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome 539 Wolffian ducts 491, 492-494 Wolman's disease 159, 507

X-linked ichthyosis 657-659 X-linked recessive anhidrotic

ectodermal dysplasia (AED) 645

X-linked recessive genes 113

Yolk sac tumour 277

Zellweger syndrome 156, 374, 477, 523

Zygosity determination 57, 224