structure and function in living things
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Structure and Function in Living Things. Chapter Sixteen: Plants. 16.1 What are Plants? 16.2 Roots, Stems, and Leaves 16.3 Reproduction in Flowering Plants. 16.1 Plant Characteristics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Structure and Function in Living Things
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Chapter Sixteen: Plants
• 16.1 What are Plants?
• 16.2 Roots, Stems, and Leaves
• 16.3 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
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16.1 Plant Characteristics
• Plants come in all sizes, from the tiny duckweed which grows to only about 10 mm in length, to the giant redwood which grows to about 100 m in height.
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16.1 Plant Characteristics
• Despite their great diversity, all plants share the following characteristics:
1. Plants are producers and us photosynthesis to make food.
2. Plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls.
3. Plants have a cuticle.
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16.1 Plant classification
• Classification in the Kingdom Plantae is based on the presence or absence of vascular tissues.
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16.1 Plant Classification
• Vascular plants are divided into two groups—those that produce seeds and those that do not.
• Plants that produce seeds are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms.
• Examples of plants that have no seeds are ferns, mosses and horsetails.
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16.1 Plant Evolution• Because plants are similar in many ways to
green algae, scientists think that both may have originated from an ancient species of green algae.
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16.1 Plant Evolution• The first ancestors of plants show up in
the fossil record during the late Ordovician Period—about 450 million years ago.
• Plants started out living in water, an ideal environment that supported cells and transported nutrients.
• As Earth’s environments changed, plants had to adapt to life on land.
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16.1 Non-vascular plants• The non-vascular
plants include the mosses and liverworts.
• These are small, simple plants usually found in moist locations.
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16.1 Non-vascular plants
• The life cycle of nonvascular plants shows an alternation of generations.
• Mosses and liverworts need water to carry the sperm to the eggs for fertilization.
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16.1 Non-vascular plants• The sporophyte stage of a
liverwort looks like a tiny palm tree.
• The body of the gametophyte stage is leafy and flattened.
• Rhizoids are root-like growths that extend from beneath the body and anchor the plant.
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16.1 Seedless vascular plants
• The seedless vascular plants include ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.
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16.1 Seedless vascular plants
• The form of a fern is the sporophyte.
• Ferns have an underground stem called a rhizome from which the fronds unfurl.
• Young fronds are tightly coiled and are called fiddleheads.
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16.1 Seedless vascular plants
• Like non-vascular plants, ferns need water to transport sperm cells to egg cells.
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16.1 Vascular plants with seeds
• A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo and a supply of food inside a protective covering.
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16.1 Vascular plants with seeds
• Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are housed in cones.
• Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, produce seeds within a fruit.
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16.1 More about seed plants
• Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, and gingkoes.
• A gymnosperm called the bristlecone pine is the oldest living organism on Earth.
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16.1 More about seed plants• Angiosperms are
divided into two classes— monocots and dicots.
• A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf found inside of a seed.