A. CELL THEORY

1) All living things are made of one or more cells.2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.3) Living cells come only from other living cells.

• These cells have a nucleus.• Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle

that holds the DNA.• Examples are plant and animal cells.

B) Two Types of Cells:

• These cells DO NOT have a nucleus.• DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the

cell.• An example is bacteria

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

C) ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELLS:

Large

No Cell wall

Small Vacuoles

No Chloroplasts

Cell wall

Large Vacuoles

Chloroplasts

1) ORGANELLES:• tiny organs in the cell.

2) CYTOPLASM:• fluid filling inside the cell

membrane.• makes up the majority of cell’s

mass.

D) SOME CELL TERMS & STRUCTURES:

Organelles

Cytoplasm

3) CELL MEMBRANE

• controls movement of materials into and out of the cell

• holds cell together

Cell membrane

Animal Cell

Cell membrane

Animal Cell

Cell membrane made of special

lipids called “phospholipids”

Cell membrane

Animal Cell

One phospholipid molecule.

Cell membrane

Animal Cell

A model of a section of phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane.

Cell wall

Cell membrane

Plant Cell

• found in plant cells not animal cells

• provides strength and support for plant cells.

• made of cellulose (long chains of sugar molecules)

4) CELL WALL

1) Nucleus:

• the control center of the cell

• stores DNA

(a) nucleolus - dark spot inside the nucleus, which makes ribosomes.

E) ORGANELLES OF CELLS:

Nucleus

DNANucleolus

Animal Cell

Nuclear membrane

(b) nuclear membrane - controls movement of materials

in and out of nucleus.

(c) DNA - stores information for making proteins

2) RIBOSOME• tiny grain like

particles usually found along the E.R.

• proteins are made here Ribosome Proteins

Amino acids

Endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Animal Cell

3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):• makes lipids

• the delivery system of the cell for compounds such as proteins through its tubular connections.

4) Mitochondria:

• the “Power House” of the cell

• releases energy packets of ATP for use in the cell.

Mitochondria Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Mitochondria

Organelles

Cytoplasm

5) Chloroplast:

• “Solar Panels” for capturing energy

• they use energy from sunlight to make food in plant cells (i.e. glucose).

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

  This is an example of a mesomorphic dicotyledonous foliage leaf.The midrib contains a single, large collateral vein. Here and on the lamina the upper epidermis (ADE) has a thick cuticle, the lower epidermis (LE) has a much thinner one - why do you think this is so? Note the mesophyll which is organized into a palisade (upper) and a spongy (lower) mesophyll. Palisade cells are arranged vertically, standing on their end walls, whilst spongy mesophyll is much more loosely and randomly arranged in this leaf. Note the large intercellular spaces (IS) between these cells and above the stomata. The vertical arrangement of the palisade cells means that many of the chloroplasts within the mesophyll cells are shaded from direct sunlight - thus reducing the number of mole quanta of light reaching them, and thus limiting light damage to the sensitive photosynthetic machinery within the chloroplasts themselves The two veins that you can see in this micrograph are embedded between the palisade and spongy mesophyll. They are therefore classified as minor veins. The vein on the left (inside the red ellipse) has been cut obliquely, and will join the one on the right at some point. Click here to see an image of guard cells  as seen with the transmission electron microscope.  

Cellmembrane

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Plant Cell

Vacuole

6) Vacuole:

• “Storage Tanks” of the cell

• store water, food and waste.

Animal CellPlant Cell

7) Golgi body:

• packages and transports materials out of the cell.

Golgi complex

Animal Cell

8) Lysosome:

• “Clean-up and Recycling Crew”

• digest food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders.

Lysosome

Vesicle with food

Animal Cell

Summary of organelles and their functions

Organelles

Cytoplasm

White Blood CellsRed Blood Cells