states that: › 1) all living things are composed of cells › 2) cells are the basic units of...
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The Cell Theory States that:
› 1) All living things are composed of cells› 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things. (Building blocks)› 3) New cells are produced from existing
cells.
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Cells
Definition: The smallest unit that can carry out all of the activities necessary for life.› 1) Metabolism› 2) Homeostasis› 3) Heredity› 4) Cells› 5) Reproduction
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Two Categories of Cells
Prokaryotic cells› No true
nucleus › No membrane
bound organelles
› single celled
Eukaryotic cells› True nucleus › Membrane
bound organelles › Enclosed Genetic
info› Multicellular or
single celled
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Parts of the Cell Organelles:
› Specialized structures that perform a specific function inside of a cell.
› Means “little organs”
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Nucleus
Acts like the brain of the cell. Directs all of the cell’s activities. Stores DNA in the nucleolus.
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Nucleus If your nucleus is broke what happens? Diseases: Pattows and Edwards Diseases.
› Die at the age of 2-5 years old or miscarriage.
Trisomy 21= Down’s syndrome. › 1/5000 chances› Extra genes
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Nucleus
Diseases continued: Cancer: Your DNA in your nucleus is
broke your cells don’t stop dividing.
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Cytoplasm – jellylike substance inside the cell
Holds organelles together to give shape
Made up of Salt & Water
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Mitochondria Specialized part of the cell
that makes food into energy for the cell.
Energy is called ATP. Sprinters, weightlifters,
and athletes have more mitochondria than lazy people.
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Mitochondria
If your mitochondria is broke what happens?
Diseases: › All mitochondria we get from our mothers.› If mom has a disease, all of her children
will get it.› Do not develop as well. › Have severe energy problems.
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Chloroplast
Only found in plants!!! Makes plants green. Produces ATP energy from light, water
and air in a process called photosynthesis.
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Cell wall – rigid structure to give support and protection
Only in plants Outside cell membrane
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Structures of the Lipid Bilayer
Cell Membrane: Controls the flow of materials inside and outside of the cell.› Acts like the security guard for the cell.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Allows food and waste to move within the
cell. Delivery system. Acts as the highway system for the cell. 2 types of (ER): Rough and Smooth. Rough ER has ribosomes on it. Smooth ER: GOOOOD! Detoxifies drugs
and poisons for us so they wont kill you. Makes steroids for our body.
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Golgi Body:
Cell’s packaging and distribution center. Stores Lipids and packages proteins Labels molecules and tells them where in
the body to go.
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Golgi Body:
If your Golgi is broke what happens? Disease: Lesch-Nyan: Kids are so mentally ill that
they have a mouth fetish. Bite their lips, fingers and tongue off.
Normally die at an early age.
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Vacuole – to store materials: food, water, or enzymes
Found in plant an animal cells Store waste at times
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Lysosome
Trash can for the cell. enzymes that break down sugars
and digest old cell parts Helps plants stand upright (vacuole)
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Lysosome If your lysosome is broke what
happens? Disease: Tay Sacs:
› Kids have a large head.› Die by the age of 1› Toxins build up in the cell.› At 6 months you start regressing until
death.
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Ribosome
Made in the nucleus. Makes proteins in the cell. Each ribosome has 2 parts. Links Amino acids together to form
proteins
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Plant Cells & Animal CellsPlant Cells Animal Cells
Cell membrane AND Cell Wall
Cell membrane; NO cell wall
Chloroplasts AND mitochondria
Mitochondria; NO chloroplasts
Rigid, rectangular shape Irregular, spherical shape
Large central vacuole to hold water (for structure)
NO large central vacuole
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Which cell will divide faster? Why did you pick that one?
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
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Division rates
Prokaryotic divide faster then Eukaryotic. › WHY???
› A: The more complex the cell, the longer it takes to divide
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Why do cells divide?
A: Cells divide to fill your bodies needs!
Human cells spend 12 to complete S,G2 and M phases of the cell cycle
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Cell Types Life Span
Red Blood cells 4 months
Skin cells 2 weeks
Brain cells Life time
Stomach cells 2 days
Bone cells 25-30 years
Colon cells 4 days
Muscle cells 15 years avg
Taste buds 10 days
Nails 6-10 months
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Cell Cycle Regular pattern of growth, DNA replication,
and cell division of Eukaryotic cells
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4 Main Stages1. G1 Phase: cells carry out normal
functions
2. S-Phase: cells synthesize DNA
3. G2-Phase: cells carry out normal functions and additional growth occurs
INTERPHASE makes up G1, 2, & G2 phases
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4. Mitosis & Cytokinesis: division of cell nucleus and cytoplasm into two identical ‘daughter’ cells.
-There are 4 phases of Mitosis
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MITOSIS Division of the cell nucleus and its
contents› DNA condenses into chromosomes and
duplicates Chromosomes are one LONG thread of
DNA One copy goes to each nucleus of the
‘daughter cell’
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Phases of MitosisPROPHASE: Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope breaks down Centrioles move the poles Spindle fibers form
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METAPHASE: Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes Chromosomes align at the cell’s
equator
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ANAPHASE: Chromatids separate to opposite sides
of the cell
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TELOPHASE: Nuclear membranes start to form Spindle fibers fall apart Chromosomes uncoil
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CYTOKINESIS
Separate from Mitosis Last stage of cell division in which the
cytoplasm of the cell divides