stroke treatment for 12th oct 00
TRANSCRIPT
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Emergency Emergency Treatment of Treatment of
StrokeStroke
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Normal Brain PhysiologyNormal Brain Physiology
2-3% of body weight
15% of cardiac output
20% of all O2
25% of all glucose
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Cerebral Ischaemia - ThresholdCerebral Ischaemia - Threshold
Normal flow, normal functionNormal flow, normal function
Synaptic transmission failure
Membrane pump failure
2020
5050
1010
00
Time in hoursTime in hours
CB
F (
ml/1
00g
brai
n)C
BF
(m
l/100
g br
ain)
Low flow, raised O2 extraction, normal function
11 22 33 44 55
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Cerebral auto regulationCerebral auto regulation
CBF
60 160
Mean systemic BP
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Falling cerebral perfusionFalling cerebral perfusion
Cerebral perfusion pressure
Cerebral blood volume
O2 extraction fraction
Cerebral blood flow
Cerebral metabolic rate of O2Au
tore
gul
atio
n, n
o s
ympt
om
s
Exh
au
ste
d re
serv
e
Isch
aem
ic s
ymp
tom
s
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Cerebral infarct <3hrsCerebral infarct <3hrs
Onset
Infarct
Ischaemic penumbra
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Cerebral infarct 6hrsCerebral infarct 6hrs
Infarct
Ischaemic penumbra
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Cerebral infarct 24hrsCerebral infarct 24hrs
Infarct
Ischaemic penumbra
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NA, DopamineNA, Dopamine
Ca2+ i Ca2+ i
Ischaemic Brain InjuryIschaemic Brain InjuryIschaemia - 02 Ischaemia - 02 glucose glucose
Anoxic depolarisationAnoxic depolarisation
lactatelactate
GlutamateGlutamate
Hi Hi Free Free Fe2+ Fe2+
Free radicalsFree radicals
LipolysisLipolysis NO synthase NO synthase
ProteolysisProteolysis
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Cerebral Arterial territoryCerebral Arterial territoryAnterior cerebralAnterior cerebral
Middle cerebralMiddle cerebral
Posterior cerebralPosterior cerebral
Anterior choroidalAnterior choroidal
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Partial Ant. Cir. Syndrome (PACS)Partial Ant. Cir. Syndrome (PACS)
ANY ONE OF THESE:- Two out of three as TACI
Higher Dysfunction Dysphasia Visuospatial Homonymous
Hemianopia Motor / Sensory Deficit >2/3 Face / Arm / Leg
Higher Dysfunction Alone Limited Motor / Sensory
Deficit
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Total Ant. Cir. SyndromeTotal Ant. Cir. Syndrome
ALL OF THESE:-
Higher Dysfunction Dysphasia
Visuospatial
Homonymous Hemianopia
Motor / Sensory Deficit >2/3 Face / Arm / Leg
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Lacunar syndromes (LACS)
• ANY ONE OF THESE:-
Pure Motor Stroke (>2/3 Face/Arm/Leg)
Pure Sensory Stroke (>2/3 Face/Arm/Leg)
Sensorimotor Stroke (>2/3 Face/Arm/Leg)
Ataxic Hemiparesis
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Posterior Cir. syndrome (POC) ANY OF THESE FEATURES
Cranial Nerve Palsy AND Contralateral Motor/Sensory Deficit
Bilateral Motor OR Sensory Deficit
Conjugate Eye Movement problems
Cerebellar Dysfunction WITHOUT Ipsilateral Long Tract Signs
Isolated Homonymous Hemianopia
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Stroke types Stroke types
Al 35-44 yrAl 35-44 yr
Infarct 80% 42% Athero-thrombo-embolism 50%
Intracranial small vessel 25%
Cardioembolic 20%
Rare 5%
PICH 10% 10%
SAH 5% 38%
Unknown 5% 10%
75%
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Stroke primary preventionStroke primary prevention
• Hypertension :
50% of stroke patients50% of these known to their
GP50% of these on treatment
?% on adequate treatment
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Stroke secondary preventionStroke secondary prevention
• Of survivors, 30% chance CVA in 5 yr
• Risk level = to that following M Infarct
• Risk highest earlier on :
13% recurrence first yearx 15 risk of age and sex matched pop.
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StrokeStroke
• Key assessments for secondary prevention– Blood pressure– Atrial fibrillation– Cholesterol– Lifestyle - smoking, diet, exercise, weight,
alcohol
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Risk factors for stroke recurrenceRisk factors for stroke recurrence
• CVA/TIA• BP• Carotid stenosis• Cardiac - CHF,
arrhythmia, cardiomegaly
• Diabetes
• Hyperlipidaemia• P vascular disease• Smoking• Obesity• Inactivity
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Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation
Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation Thrombus in lumenThrombus in lumen
ADP platelet ADP platelet membrane membrane receptorreceptor
ClopidrogClopidrogelel
AspirinAspirin
ThromboxanThromboxanee
DipyridamoleDipyridamole
Increase Increase Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP and GMPand GMP
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Stroke type - first everStroke type - first ever
• Infarct 80% 42%
• PICH 10% 10%
• SAH 5% 38%
• Unknown 5% 10%
AllAll 35-44 35-44 yryr
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Stroke - questionsStroke - questions
• Is it a stroke ?
• What type of stroke ?
• Why did it happen ?
• How does it affect the patient ?
• What is the prognosis ?
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Pre Hospital Care
1. Early recognition of Stroke warning signal by patient
2. Call ED if a person has symptoms of acute stroke.
3. Emergency transport and care
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ED immediate care of Stroke
1. Check Vitals, general assessment
2. Stabilize: Respiration, circulation
3. Control Seizure
4. Reduce intracranial tension
5. Maintain blood sugar
6. Maintain temperature
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Emergency tests
• Complete blood
count, PCV, TRBC,
platelet, smear for
MP,
• Blood sugar, blood
urea, serum
creatinine, serum
electrolyte,
• Blood gas,
• SGOT, SGPT,
• PT, PTT
• HIV, Hepatitis profile
• ECG / X-ray / CBC /
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Stroke Emergency Imaging
• CT / CTA
• MRI / MRA/ / PI/ DI
• Echocardiography
• Carotid doppler,
• Transcranial doppler
• Cerebral Angiography
• SPECT
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Early sign CT - Infarction
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MRA & MRI in Stroke
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When TIA is an emergency?
High risk TIA,S
1. A high grade vascular stenosis
2. An antiplatelet failure
3. A cardioembolic
4. Crescendo TIA.
Heparin-> warfarin if a long term anticoagulation is required
Aspirin if anticoagulant contraindicated
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Carotid endarterectomy in TIA’s
• High grade (>60%) ipsilateral carotid
stenosis with TIA has high risk
(30%) of stroke within first week
• CE reduces mortality in such cases
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“Patients who have improved neurologically
but have a persistent neurologic deficit when
seen, should be managed as a recent stroke”
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“Role of Neuro-protection in Stroke is not clear and not
recommended routinely”
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Aspirin in Acute Stroke
“In acute stroke aspirin is the only proven antiplatelet agent. It should be commenced as soon as the diagnosis of cerebral infarction has been made, using a starting dose of 150-300mg a day and continuing until decisions have been made about secondary prevention”
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Anticoagulant in Acute Stroke
• Not shown to prevent progression
• LMH long term improved
• Hemorrhagic transformation is high
• Cardioembolic infarct
– Immediate for small infarct
– Delayed for large infarct
• Heparin - 1000 units/hr. PTT 1.5
• Heparinoid - 2500 to 3200 units SC BD
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Thrombolytic Therapy of Acute Ischemic stroke
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Patients
• Period: 1992-00
• Total ischemic strokes 756
• Thrombolysis done 35
• Male 27
• Females 8
• Age in years 20-80
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Inclusion Criteria
A. Clinical evidence for an ischemic stroke
B. Normal CT Scan
C. Age >18 years
D. Onset of stroke Ant cir 6 hr
Post cir 12 hr
E. Normal BT, CT, PT, PTT and platelet
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Exclusion Criteria
A. Stroke or serious head trauma in past 3 months
B. Major surgery or invasive procedure within past 14 days
C. GI or urinary bleeding within past 21 days
D. Puncture of noncompressible artery or biopsy of internal organ within past 7 days
E. Ongoing alcohol or drug abuse
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Exclusion Criteria cont..
F. Seizure preceding or during stroke
G. History of intracranial hemorrhage (including subarachnoid bleeds) or known history of cerebral vascular malformations (including aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations)
H. Pericarditis, endocarditis, septic emboli, recent pregnancy, or active inflammatory bowel disease
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Thrombolysis in acute stroke
Within 3 hour of Stroke Small Vessel
Medium Vessel
IV rTPA/URK
Large Vessel
IA rTPA/URK
Stop
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Thrombolytic Agents
Streptokinase: IA 1-1.5 lakh units
IV 2.5-10 lakh units
Urokinase: IV 5-10 lakh units
IA 5-10 lakh units
rTPA: IA 10-40 mg
IV 40-50 mg
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Route of Administration
Drug IV IA Total
STK 7 2 9
URK 15 6 21
rTPA 3 2 5
Total 25 10 35
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End Point of Treatment
• Total calculated dose given
• Patient showed significant improvement
• Significant bleeding complication
• Severe allergic reaction
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Age Male Female Total
20-39 5 - 5
40-59 12 5 17
60-80 11 2 13
Total 28 7 35
Age Sex DistributionAge Sex Distribution
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Arterial Territory and Severity
Artery Conscious Unconscious Total
ACA 16 10 26
PCA 2 7 9
Total 18 17 35
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Outcome and Agent used
Recovery STK URK rTPA Total
Independent 4 13 2 19
Dependent 2 4 1 7
Death 3 4 2 9
Total 9 21 5 35
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Outcome and Arterial Territory
Recovery ACA PCA Total
Con Unc Con Unc
Ind 12 1 2 4 19
Dep 3 3 - 1 7
Death 1 6 - 2 9
Total 16 10 2 7 35
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Outcome and Timing of Treatment
Outcome <1h 1-3h 3-6h Total
Ind 6 4 9 19
Dep - 1 6 7
Death 3 - 6 9
Total 9 5 21 35
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Outcome and CT scan
Outcome Normal Early Total
Independent 15 1 16
Dependent 5 2 7
Death 6 3 9
Total 26 6 32
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Complication of therapy
Complication STK URK rTPA Total
Skin Rash - 1 - 1
Bronchospasm - 1 1 2
Anaphylaxis - 1 1 2
Gum bleed - 1 1 2
Gastric bleed 2 1 - 3
Urinary bleed - 1 - 1
IC bleed - 1 - 1
Hem trans 1 - - 1
Toxic edema 2 5 2 8
IC spasm - 1 - 1
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Left Coronary Left Coronary angiogram angiogram showing severe showing severe atherosclerosisatherosclerosis
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RightRight
middle middle cerebral cerebral artery artery block block following following coronary coronary angiogramangiogram
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Right Right middle middle cerebral cerebral artery artery reperfusion reperfusion (AP) (AP) following following IA IA UrokinaseUrokinase
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Conclusion
• Outcome was not related to the Drug used• Ant circulation minor stroke and posterior
circulation stroke has better prognosis• Ant. circulation major stroke did well on IA
thrombolysis.• Normal CT before treatment was not
related to good outcome. But abnormal CT has poor outcome.
• Hemorrhagic complication are dose related.
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Emergency CE in acute Stroke
1. Stroke in evolution with a minimal fixed neurologic deficit,
2. A moderately severe neurologic deficit of abrupt onset when the surgery can be completed within the first 3 hours after the onset of deficit, and
3. CT scan without evidence of hemorrhagic transformation of an infarct or edema.
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Dec 31st 1999
Jan 21st 2000
Feb 11th 2000
Emergency Carotid Endarterectomy
DOA 5th Feb 00
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Thank You