• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)

– From the beginning of the war, the North’s primary goal was to restore the Union.

• To accomplish this goal, Lincoln and his military advisers adopted a three-part strategy: They sought first to capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital; Second, to gain control of the Mississippi River; and Third, to institute a naval blockade of the south and was nicknamed the Anaconda Plan because it was designed to squeeze the life out of the South like an anaconda snake.

• The Anaconda Plan – naval blockade of the South – was important because the South depended on foreign markets to sell its cotton and to buy supplies

• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)– THE NORTH STRATEGIES (Union)– The Appalachian Mountains divided

most of the action in the Civil War into TWO arenas: the eastern theater and the western theater.

– The Eastern Theatre lay east of the Appalachian Mountains.

– The Western Theatre lay between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River

– Control of the Mississippi River would allow the North to penetrate deep into the South. It would also prevent the Confederacy from using the waterway to re-supply its forces

• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)

– THE SOUTH• The South planned to capture

Washington D.C. and invade the North• Southern leaders hoped for a successful

offensive strike northward through the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland and Pennsylvania. They hoped this would shatter northern morale, disrupt Union communications, win European support, and bring the war to a speedy end.

– Confederate leaders knew that winning the support of France and Great Britain was crucial to the victory for the South.

– Because French and British economies depended heavily on cotton, the Confederacy had confidence that one of the nations would respond to the naval blockade by coming to the South’s aid.

• STRATEGIES OF WAR: (375-376)

– THE SOUTH• The South’s strategy failed.• Neither France nor Britain

proved dependent on Confederate cotton.

• French and British mill owners had stockpiled cotton before Fort Sumter’s fall

• THE MILITARY EXPERIENCE: (376-377)– Young recruits in both the Union and

Confederate armies were generally enthusiastic when they first enlisted.

– Most of these newly recruited soldiers had little experience with military life

– There were shortages of clothing, food and even rifles.

– Most troops did not even have standard uniforms; some wore their own clothes

– The Union army Chose BLUE– The Confederate army chose GRAY for

their colors

• THE MILITARY EXPERIENCE: (376-377)– Lack of provisions, coupled with

unsanitary conditions in most field camps, led to deadly problems of disease

– Thousands of soldiers died from illnesses such as influenza, pneumonia and typhoid.

– Disease, infection, and malnutrition took the lives of more than 65% of the soldiers who died during the war

– There were horrible Prisoner-of-War camps: Andersonville a Confederate prison, prisoners at Andersonville died at a rate of 100 per day

– Many soldiers suffered from extreme boredom, homesickness, and loneliness. Some men deserted, but most stuck it out

• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The Civil War had a big impact

on those Americans who stayed home during the War.

– Women and those men who were too young, too old, or physically unable to fight did great things on the home front

• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The North: (378)

• Women replaced the male factory workers and farmers who left for the battlefields.

• Women worked as clerks in the Treasury Department served the government’s first female office workers.

• Other women worked as bankers, morticians, saloon keepers, and steamboat captains during the war.

• Women and boys took the responsibility for growing food during the war

• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)

• Mary Boykin Chestnut, through her diary, provided a glimpse of life on the home front during the war

• She learned how to manage the plantation

• After the war broke out she played an important role in political and military circles.

• Her diary was published in 1905.

• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)

• Southerners supported the war effort with a series of patriotic events: parades, barbecues, public figures persuaded young men to join the army, and wealthy members of society pledged money to but arms and uniforms.

• Raffles and auctions raised much-needed funds for the Confederacy

• THE HOME FRONT: (378-379)– The South: (378-379)

• Harsh effects of the Anaconda Plan – naval blockade – set in

• The short supply of basic necessities such as shoes, clothing, and farm equipment caused prices to rise.

• City residents were hardest hit by the war

• Many families were forced to live in single rooms, using one fireplace for both heat and cooking.

• Food shortages forced people to live on beans, boiled potatoes, and corn fritters

• CIVILIAN AID ON THE BATTLEFIELD: (379-380)– Many women actively aided the military

– Some women even dressed like men so they could fight

– Cuban-born Loreta Janeta Velazquez disguised herself as a man and enlisted in the Confederate arm. When she was found out and discharged, she became a spy for the South

– Many women served the war effort in medical roles

– Catholic nuns were among the most important female volunteers for medical duty – they remained neutral and treated both Union and Confederate soldiers, the only group allowed to move freely between the North and South

– In the North, Elizabeth Blackwell – Northerner – was the first woman to become a professionally licensed doctor in the United States

• CIVILIAN AID ON THE BATTLEFIELD: (379-380)– In the South, women also provided

medical aid to soldiers.– Sally Louisa Tompkins was among

the Confederate women who founded small hospitals and clinics. She eventually commissioned as a captain in the Confederate army so that her Richmond, Virginia, hospital could qualify as a military hospital.

– This made Sally Louisa Tompkins the only recognized female officer in the Confederate forces.

• OPPOSITION TO THE WAR: (380-381)– Although many people on the

home front worked to keep the war effort going and morale high, others voiced their displeasure with the war.

– Opposition to the war grew as the war dragged on longer than anyone had envisioned

• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Southern Opposition: (380)

• Conscription: to draft into army• People did not want to enlist so

Jefferson Davis and Confederate generals implemented a Draft

• The draft placed the major burden of fighting the war on the poor farmers and the working people. But their were draft exemptions for the Rich

• This created tensions between the rich and poor

• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Northern Opposition: (381)

• Some Northerners sympathized with the South and urged peace

• Others thought that the war was too costly in terms of money and human life

• Union Draft Law: Republicans claimed that the draft was designed to force white working-class men to fight for the freedom of African Americans who would come North and steal the white peoples jobs

• Angry whites raged through African American neighborhoods where they attacked and killed people and looted and burned buildings

• By the time the Union troops brought the rioting under control, more than 100 people had been killed

• OPPOSTITION TO THE WAR: (380-3810– Northern Opposition: (381)

• Most northern Democrats who sympathized with the South did not actively interfere with the War effort. Know as Copperheads – a type of poisonous snake- most of these southern sympathizers limited their antiwar activities to speeches and newspaper articles

• Abraham Lincoln, to quiet the Copperheads, suspended some civil liberties, including the constitutional right of habeas corpus –a protection against unlawful punishment

• Thousands of Copperheads and other opponents to the war were arrested and held without trial