Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860)

Section 1 The North’s Economy

Chapter Time Line

Chapter Time Line

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Which do you think is the most important innovation of the 1800s?

A. The expanding railway system

B. Faster communication

C. Faster ships and trains

D. More efficient manufacturing methods A B C D

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What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

Technology and Industry• InnovationsInnovations in industry and

technology began to change the way Americans worked and traveled

• Industrialization in the North developed in 3 phases

• 1. Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers

• 2. Manufacturers built factories to bring specialized workers together (Products made quicker)

• 3. Factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work (Water or steam power)

• From weaving to tending a machine

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D A B

C

D

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What happened in the first phase of industrialization in the North?

A. Factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work.

B. Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers.

C. Waterpower and steam power were used to produce more products in less time.

D. Manufacturers built factories to bring specializedworkers together.

Mass Production in the North• Cotton textiles• Elias HoweElias Howe invented

the sewing machine in 1846

• Workers now created clothing on a large scale

• Other industries also developed during the same time period

• By 1860- The NORTHEAST’S factories produced at least 2/3 of the countries manufactured goods

Improved Transportation• Transportation improvements

contributed to the success of America’s new industries

• Between 1800 and 1850- thousands of miles of roads and canals were built

• Canals opened new shipping routes

• Robert Fulton’sRobert Fulton’s steamboat could carry more goods and passengers more cheaply and quickly

• Cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Chicago grew

• 1840’s- Clipper ships could sail 300 miles per day (“Clipped time” from shipping)

Locomotives• Railroads started with short

stretches of track to connect mines with nearby rivers

• Horses pulled the early trains

• The first steam powered locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829

• Peter CooperPeter Cooper created the first American steam locomotive in 1830 named Tom Thumb

• Tom Thumb raced a horse with a train behind it

• The horse won (Tom Thumb’s engine failed)

• But within 10 years steam locomotives were pulling trains in the US

A Railway Network• 1840- The US had about

3,000 miles of track• By 1860- The US had

almost 61,000 miles of track

• Mostly in the NORTH and Midwest

• Connected larger cities together

• Railway builders connected these eastern lines to lines being built farther west in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois

• By 1860- The railroad track united the Midwest and East

Moving Goods and People• The railways transformedtransformed

trade in the nation’s interior• No longer did people have

to send agricultural goods down the Mississippi to market

• Now east-west canal and rail network allowed grain, livestock, and dairy

• Products could move directly from the Midwest to the East

• Faster and cheaper • Manufacturers in the East

could offer them at lower prices

• Fast, affordable train travel brought people into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and the states populations grew

• New towns and industries developed

Faster Communication• Growth of industry and

new pace of travel created the need for better communication over vast distances

• The telegraphtelegraph filled the need

• Samuel Morse demonstrated his “Morse Morse CodeCode” and sent messages across wires

• Soon telegraph messages were flashed back and forth from Washington D.C. to Baltimore

• The Associated Press was created in 1848

• By 1853- There were about 23,000 miles of telegraph lines in the US

Agriculture• Agricultural technology

allowed farmers to greatly increase the size of the harvests they produced

• There were few farmers west of Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota

• These areas seemed too difficult to farm

• Settlers worried their wooden plows could not break the prairie’s matted sod

• Plus they thought the soil was not fertile enough

A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

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Why were American farmers reluctant to cultivate large areas in the Midwest?

A. They feared tornadoes wiping out their crops

B. Their wooden plows could not break through the prairie sod.

C. They did not have access to new markets in which to sell their harvest

D. The border dispute with Mexico made the Midwest unstable.

Revolution in Agriculture• 3 Revolutionary inventions

of the 1830s changed farming methods and encouraged settlers to move west to farm

• 1. John Deere’sJohn Deere’s steel tipped plow in 1837

• 2. The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting of wheat

• 3. The thresher quickly separated the grain from the stalk

McCormick’s Reaper• Cyrus McCormickCyrus McCormick

designed and created the mechanical reaper

• Made a fortune manufacturing and selling it

• Before McCormick’s Reaper, farmers harvested grain with handheld sickles

• With McCormick’s Reaper, farmers could harvest grain much faster

• Now farmers could plant more wheat and it became very profitable

• This ensured raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in the Midwestern prairies

Farming• These new machines and

railroads allowed farmers to devote more acres to cash crops

• Midwestern farmers began growing wheat as a cash crop and shipping it to the east

• Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic increased their production of fruits and vegetables

• Despite improvements in agriculture, the North turned away from farming and toward industry

• New England had rocky soil and industry flourished

• The number of people working in factories continued to rise

What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

-IndustryIndustry: Division of labor, factories that used steam and water powered machines, mass production

-TravelTravel: locomotives, steamboats, clipper ships, roads, canals, railroad networks

-CommunicationsCommunications: telegraph

Chapter 13 Section 1 Quiz

After industrialization, workers’ tasks changed.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

The sewing machine increased the rate at which clothing was produced.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

Canals made shipping goods cheaper and faster

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

The increased number of canals and railways slowed down the transportation of

agriculture.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

After the invention of revolutionary farming methods, settlers left the Great Plains area.

Tru

e

Fal

se

50%50%A. True

B. False

In the 1840s the pride of the open seas were the

ste

am-p

ower

ed s

hips.

clip

per s

hips.

iron-h

ulle

d ship

s.

pra

irie

scho

oners.

25% 25%25%25%A. steam-powered ships.

B. clipper ships.

C. iron-hulled ships.

D. prairie schooners.

By 1860 the United States had almost 31,000

clip

per s

hips.

mile

s of t

eleg

raph

lines

.

can

als.

mile

s of r

ailro

ad tr

acks

.

25% 25%25%25%A. clipper ships.

B. miles of telegraph lines.

C. canals.

D. miles of railroad tracks.

Which invention filled the need for a method of communication that kept up with the industrial growth and fast-paced travel?

Mors

e co

de

tele

graph

ste

am e

ngine

railr

oads

25% 25%25%25%A. Morse code

B. telegraph

C. steam engine

D. railroads

What did John Deere invent in 1837?

the

tele

graph

the

clip

per s

hip

the

stee

l-tip

ped p

low

Mors

e co

de

25% 25%25%25%A. the telegraph

B. the clipper ship

C. the steel-tipped plow

D. Morse code

An invention that ensured that raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in

the Midwestern prairies was the

mec

hanic

al re

aper

.

mec

hanic

al h

orse

.

thre

sher

.

ste

el-ti

pped p

low

.

25% 25%25%25%A. mechanical reaper.

B. mechanical horse.

C. thresher.

D. steel-tipped plow.

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