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Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics

Ux|Ux|Ux|Ux|

Volume 1 Number 2 April 2012

TURING Was Right: On How the Leopard Got Its Spots

STEM


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Jagan Nath University STEM Bulletin Vol.1 No.2 April 2012 1

Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics

Ux|Ux|Ux|Ux|Vol. 1 No. 2 Quarterly Bulletin of Jagan Nath University, Jaipur April 2012

Contents:Page

No.Green Computing for Green Building: A Brief Analysis of the Measures & Prospects:Ms.

Meenu Dave & Prof. Y. S. Shishodia

4-9

Continuously Varying Transmission: M.P. Singh10-15

3-D without four eyes (3-D displays are trying to shed their spectacles): Sudhanshu Mathur 16-17

Go Green With Green Building And By Green Construction Materials:Bharat Nagar18-22

Blending Technology The Real Pinnacle For 21 Century Learning Environment: Suraj

Yadav23-28

Nano solar cells as an efficient source of renewable solar energy in green buildings: Pramod

Kumar

29-36

Difficulties in Teaching English in India and Importance of the Bilingual Method

Dr. Preeti Bala Sharma37-40

Our Biotech Future: Dr Vikas Bishnoi 41-445G Wirelesses - The Next Step in Internet Technology: Sudarshan Kumar Jain

45-46

Error control coding for next generation wireless system:M. L. Saini47-48

Physical characterizations of nano-materials by physical instrumentation: Pramod Kumar49-55

Energy consumption & performance improvements of Green cloud computing

Mithilesh Kumar Dubey & Navin Kumar56-62

STEM


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STEM NEWS

TURING Was Right: on How the Leopard Got Its Spots

Alan Turing, best known as the father of modern Computer science (for his Turing Machine, Turing Test for ArtificialIntelligence, Cryptography work during World War) in 1952 sketched out a biological model in which two chemicals an activator and an inhibitor could interact to form the basis for everything from the color patterns of a butterflyswings to the black and white stripes of a zebra, Spots on Leopards etc.

IN 1952, in one of the most important papers in theoretical biology, Turing postulated that a chemical hypothesis forgeneration of coat patterns. He suggested that biological form follows a pre-pattern in the concentration of chemicalshe called morphogenesis whose existence was not known at that time. Turing began with the assumption thatmorphogens can react with one another and diffuse through cells. He then employed a mathematical model to showthat if morphogens react and diffuse in an appropriate way, spatial patterns of morphogen concentrations can arisefrom an initial uniform distribution in an assemblage of cells. Turing's model has spawned an entire class of modelsthat are now referred to as reaction-diffusion models. In a typical reaction-diffusion model one starts with twomorphogens that can react with each other and diffuse at varying rates. In the absence of diffusionin a well-stirredreaction, for examplethe two morphogens would react and reach a steady uniform state. If the morphogens arenow allowed to diffuse at equal rates, any spatial variation from that steady state will be smoothed out. If, however,the diffusion rates are not equal, diffusion can be destabilizing: the reaction rates at any given point may not be ableto adjust quickly enough to reach equilibrium. If the conditions are right, a small spatial disturbance can becomeunstable and a pattern begins to grow. Such instability is said to be diffusion driven. in reaction-diffusion models it isassumed that one of the morphogens is an activator that causes the mela-nocytes to produce one kind of melanin,say black, and the other is an inhibitor that results in the pigment cells' producing no melanin. Suppose the reactions

are such that the activator increases its concentration locally and simultaneously generates the inhibitor. If theinhibitor diffuses faster than the activator, an island of high activator concentration will be created within a region ofhigh inhibitor concentration.One can understand this phenomenon by taking analogy of FIRE FOREST. In an attempt to minimize potentialdamage, a number of fire fighters with helicopters and fire-fighting equipment have been dispersed throughout theforest. Now imagine that a fire (the activator) breaks out. A fire front starts to propagate outward. Initially there are notenough fire fighters (theInhibitors) in the vicinity of the fire to put it out. Flying in their helicopters, however, the fire fighters can outrun the firefront and spray fire-resistant chemicals on trees; when the fire reaches the sprayed trees, it is extinguished. The frontis stopped .If fires break out spontaneously in random parts of the forest, over the course of time several fire fronts(activation waves) will propagate outward. Each front in turn causes the fire fighters in their helicopters (inhibitionwaves) to travel out faster and quench the front at some distance ahead of the fire. The final result of this scenario is

a forest with blackened patches of burned trees interspersed with patches of green, unburned trees. In effect, theoutcome mimics the outcome of reaction-diffusion mechanisms that are diffusion driven. The type of pattern thatresults depends on the various parameters of the model and can be obtained from mathematical analysis.

Harvard University researchers have now shown (2012) that Nodal and Lefty, the two proteins linked to regulation ofasymmetry in invertebrates fit the model described by Turing in 1952. They have shown that the activator proteinNodal moves through the tissue far more slowly than its inhibitor Lefty. These proteins are clear examples of TuringModel in vivo.


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This Bulletin is aquarterly publication fordissemination of didacticinformation on Science,Technology.Engineering andMathematics and relatedareas activities in JaganNath University andothers. Tell Us WhatYou Think: Please sendyour comments,observations andsuggestions to Editor byemail [email protected]

DISCLAIMER: Anyviews or opinionspresented in thisBulletin either asEditorial or throughArticles are solely those

of the author(s)including the Editor andJagan Nath Universityis in no way responsiblefor any infringement ofCopyright or IPR.Readers are free to usethe material included inthis Bulletin. Howeverthey are expected toacknowledge it andinform the Editor.

EDITORIAL :

EVERY ONE ENGINEER: ARE WE ENCOURIGING IT?

Children are born scientists and engineersthey are fascinated withbuilding things,with taking things apart, and try to understand in theirown way how things work. They also learn to assemble the things withtrial and error. They try to understand the various processes and

phenomena that they come across in their own way. These involveall the Motor Sensory activities that of Hand, Mind, Physical,Movement and Reflexes of the child. This helps a child acquire

key motor skills at the primary levels that form the foundation oftheir ability to navigate the world around them in a more holisticway. After sometime they become experts in doing these. They also usethe technique and knowledge so acquired, in handling deftly similarsituations. They are curious and try to satisfy their curiosity byinteracting with their friends, parents, relations and teachers. Now ofcourse though internet and various sites such as Wikipedia, How Stuff

Works etc.

However the present educational set up at undergraduate and graduatelevels have done little to develop the science, engineering and

technology literacy of their students. The educational institutions,barring a few, are following the industrial model of student mass

production. A broadcast is, by definition, the transmission ofinformation from transmitter (teacher or instructor) to receiver (student)in a one-way, linear fashion. This way of teaching and learning mayhave been appropriate for a previous economy and generation, butincreasingly it is failing to meet the needs for a new generation ofstudents who are about to enter the global knowledge economy.

I am sure many of you would have pondered seriously over thepresent state of technical skills of the students and what can bedone to make them better engineers and human beings who can

make significant contributions to their profession and the country.The Editor would appreciate your opinion on this matter.

Prof. Y S SHISHODIA


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Green Computing for Green Building: A Brief Analysis of the Measures & Prospects

Ms. Meenu Dave

1

& Prof. Y. S. Shishodia

2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur,

2Pro Vice-chancellors, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur

In the past few years, ecological and energy conservation issues have taken the center stage inthe global economic arena. The reality of escalating energy costs coupled with the growingconcern over the global warming and other environmental issues have shifted the social andeconomic focus of the business community. It is becoming more and more clear, that the way inwhich earthlings are behaving as a society is environmentally unsustainable, causing irreparabledamage to the planet. The widely accepted truth about green house gas emissions as the chief

contributing factor to global warming, governments and business corporations around the worldare now concentrating on tackling environmental issues through adopting environment friendlypractices.

There are large amounts of materials used and energy consumed during the construction andoperation of an average building. One of the growing areas of interest is the implementation ofgreen technologies when constructing new facilities in order to produce buildings that are moreenergy efficient and have less impact on the natural environmentally during operation. Abuilding which creates harmony with its environment and can function using an optimumamount of renewable energy, consume less water, conserve natural resources, generate less wasteand create spaces for healthy and comfortable living, as compared to conventional buildings, is a

Green Building.

A Green Building is one which

Uses maximum amount of natural lighting during day-time in order to reduce usageof conventional energy fuels.

Solar energy is conserved by using photo-voltaic panels

Passive light designs are used (with heat absorbing tiles and skylights)

Use of Smart lighting, which adjusts the electrical lights according to the availablenatural light, thus lowering electricity requirements. Motion-sensitive lights that turnthemselves off when the room is empty.

Wind energy is utilized to regulate the temperature of rooms.

Usage of low flow fixtures in bathrooms and kitchen to reduce the excess waterconsumption.

Usage of BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficient) star labelled electrical appliances.

Usage of locally found materials in the construction or as interior elements andoperation of the building. This not only reduces pollution related to transportation butalso helps the local economy

Usage of low Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) because these containformaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, and urethanes which are hazardous to generalhealth.


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These four steps can be further spanned in to number of activities and areas:

Efficient use of energy

Power saving

Server virtualization

Environmental sustainable designing

Responsible disposal and recycle

Risk mitigation

Use of renewable energy sources

Eco- labeling

Use of Green methodologies and assessment tools.

MEASURES OF GREEN COMPUTING

Lower Power HardwareWhen, in 2005, Intel announced the new computing mantra to be "performance per watt" (ratherthan processor speed) green computing in general and lower power hardware in particular startedto go mainstream. PCs can be made to use less electricity by using a lower power processor,opting for onboard graphics (rather than a separate graphics card), using passive cooling (ratherthan energy consuming fans), and either a solid state drive (SSD) in place of a spinning harddrive as the system disk, or else a 1.8" or 2.5" rather a than 3.5" conventional hard drive.

Virtualization

Virtualization enables the abstraction of computer resources so that two or more computersystems can run on one set of hardware. This capability enables organisations to realise

significant benefits including: reducing the number of servers required to support computing needs reducing hardware support costs reducing hardware costs for disaster recovery reducing data centre power and cooling costs

With a virtualized server consolidation a company can obtain a far more optimal use ofcomputing resources by removing the idle server capacity that is usually spread across a sprawlof physical servers. Very significant energy savings can also result. IBM, for example, iscurrently engaged in its Project Big Green. This involves the replacement of about 2,900individual servers with about 30 mainframes to achieve an expected 80 per cent energy saving

over five years.

To assist further with energy conservation, virtualization can take place at the level of files aswell as servers. To permit this, file virtualization software is already available that will allocatefiles across physical disks based on their utilization rates (rather than on their logical volumelocation). This enables frequently accessed files to be stored on high-performance, low-capacitydrives, whilst files in less common use are placed on more power-efficient, low-speed, largercapacity drives.


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Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is where software applications, processing power, data and potentially evenartificial intelligence are accessed over the Internet. Cloud computing has many benefits, one ofwhich is enabling anybody to obtain the environmental benefits of virtualization. Whilst mostservers in company data centres run at c.30 per cent capacity, most cloud vendor servers run at80 per cent capacity or more. By choosing to cloud compute -- and in particular by adoptingonline computer processing power in the form of PaaS or IaaS -- companies may thereforepotentially reduce their carbon footprint. The main advantage of cloud computing has a lot lessto do with the technology but rather with its implementation. Cloud systems by design aredecoupled from physical hardware, which offers the advantage of near instantaneous creationand destruction of a server (a virtual server, actually). Companies no longer have to scale to theiranticipated max load, but rather run exactly the right amount of hardware.

Energy Efficient Coding

The principle behind energy efficient coding is to save power by getting software to make lessuse of the hardware, rather than continuing to run the same code on hardware that uses lesspower. Of course combining these two approaches can lead to even greater energy savings.Energy efficient coding may involve improving computational efficiency so that data isprocessed as quickly as possible and the processor can go into a lower power "idle" state.Alternatively or in addition, energy efficient coding may also involve data efficiency measures toensure that thought is given in software design to where data is stored and how often it isaccessed.

Improved Repair, Re-Use, Recycling and DisposalEven better than more effective disposal is hardware repair, the recycling of old computerhardware into a second-use situation, the re-use of components from PCs beyond repair, and/orthe less frequent upgrading of computer equipment in the first place. Personal computers are oneof the most modular and hence the most repairable products purchased by individuals andorganizations. Recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present)should be made more effective by recycling computer parts separately with a option of reuse orresale.

Less Pollutant Manufacture

A great many hazardous chemicals - including lead, mercury, cadmium, beryllium, brominated

flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - are used to make computers. Byreducing the use of such substances, hardware manufacturers could prevent people beingexposed to them, as well as enabling more electronics waste to be safely recycled.

This objective can also be achieved by replacing petroleum-filled plastic with bio-plastics plant-based polymers which require less oil and energy to produce than traditional plastics with achallenge to keep these bio-plastic computers cool so that electronics won't melt them. Power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes. Use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper. Whilstless pollutant computer manufacture is something that clearly needs to be undertaken by those


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companies who make the hardware in the first place, individuals and organizations can play animportant role in their choice of new hardware. Both individuals and organizations are thereforein a position to influence the number of hazardous chemicals they purchase in the form of

computing equipment.

Computing and SustainabilityThere are three basic ways in which computer application can assist with reducing humanity'senvironmental impact. These comprise:

Increasing business efficiency

Dematerialization, and

Travel reduction

Microprocessors can increase business efficiency by enabling economies to scale in clean or atleast cleaner ways, and by reducing the wastage of natural resources (for example through betterlogistics co-ordination so that goods are shipped a minimum number of times). Whilst computingequipment may be far more environmentally unfriendly in its manufacture, use and disposal thanit could be, the productivity gains that it has allowed modern economies to make have already inpart off-set what would have been an even larger growth in emissions.

Dematerialization refers to the replacement of physical items or physically manipulativeservices with purely digital equivalents. Already music, video, computer software, tickets and arange of financial and business paperwork have started to become digital commodities. Theenvironmental benefits of such a transformation can also be significant. For example, as Intelnote, reading the news on a mobile computer results in the release of 32 to 140 times less carbondioxide and other gases (including nitrogen and sulphur oxides) than consuming a hardcopynewspaper.

People as well as goods can effectively also be dematerialized as and if computer applicationenables travel reduction. Most obviously, many face-to-face meetings (if granted not all face-to-face meetings) can now quite effectively be replaced with audio or video conferences. Withmany company resources (including e-mail, intranets and SaaS applications) now often availableanytime, anywhere online, teleworking is also a highly resource-efficient possibility.

Consumers haven't cared much about environmental impact when buying computers; their primeconcern is features, speed and price. But with passage of time, consumers will become pickierabout being green. Devices use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more

portable and effective. Research is carried out for developing new green materials every year,and many toxic ones are already being replaced by them. The greenest computer will notmiraculously fall from the sky one day; itll be the product of years of improvements. Thefeatures of a green computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials,recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends. Green computer will be one of themajor components of the green building which will be the future of a holistic green living.Adopting Green Computing Strategies is beneficial not only from an ecological stand-point, butalso from a commercial point-of-view. There are many economic benefits achievable through theimplementation of green computing such as cost savings, buoyancy, disaster recovery, businesscontinuity planning, etc. Given the all pervading nature of IT in today's economy, green


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computing can play a decisive role in the fight against global warming, whilst enhancing theeffectiveness and efficiency in the business operation. Thus it becomes the responsibility ofevery player in the IT field to work towards a green IT environment wholeheartedly and create a

more sustainable environment.

REFERENCES

[1] Rebecca Brownstone, Western Engineering Green Buildingwww.eng.uwo.ca/cmlp/Green_Build-ing_Draft_Report.pdf, July 2004

[2] B Krishnakumar Sharma, World Green Building Day, http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?-src=education.Science_and_Technology.World_Green_Building_Day, September 23,2011.

[3] The Green Grid (2010) Retrieved from

http://www.uh.edu/infotech/news/story.php?story_id=130.[4] Sarah Gingichashvili, "Green Computing",

http://thefutureofthings.com/articles/1003/green-computing.html, November 19, 2007[5] Priya Rana, Green Computing Saves Green, International Journal of Advanced Computer

and Mathematical Sciences, Vol 1, Issue 1, Dec, 2010, pp 45-51.[6] Green Computing, Retrieved from http://www.towardsgreen.blogspot.in/, April 22, 2010[7] Christopher Barnatt, Green Computing,

http://www.explainingcomputers.com/green.html, August 6, 2011[8] Ryan O Sullivan, Going green: The pros and cons of green computing, http://www.shoo-

smiths.co.uk/news/2289.asp, May 18, 2009[9] S.S. Verma, Green computing, Science Tech Entrepreneur, http://www.techno-

preneur.net/infor-mation-desk/sciencetech-magazine/2007/nov-07/Green%20Computing.pdf, November 2007

[10] John Basso, Cloud Computing is Green Computing, http://www.sdtimes.com/p/35070,December 13, 2010


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Continuously Varying Transmission

M.P.Singh

Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur

ABSTRACT

A CVT transmission operates by varying the working diameters of the two main

the pulleys have V-shaped grooves in which the connecting belt rides. One side of the pulley is fixed; the

other side is moveable, actuated by a hydraulic cylinder. When actuated, the cylinder can increase or

reduce the amount of space between the two sides of the pulley. This allows the belt to ride lower or

higher along the walls of the pulley, depending on driving conditions, thereby changing the gear ratio. If

you think about it, the action is similar to the way a mountain bike shifts gears, by "derailing" the chain

from one sprocket to the next except that, in the case of CVT, this action is infinitely variable, with no

"steps" between.

The "step less" nature of its design is CVT's biggest draw for automotive engineers. Because of

this, a CVT can work to keep the engine in its optimum power range, thereby increasing efficiency and

gas mileage. A CVT can convert every point on the engine's operating curve to a corresponding point on

its own operating curve.

With these advantages, it's easy to understand why manufacturers of high-mileage vehicles often

incorporate CVT technology into their drive trains.

Look for more CVTs in the coming years as the battle for improved gas mileage accelerates and

technological advances further widen their functionality.

CVT THEORY & DESIGNTodays automobiles almost exclusively use either a conventional manual or automatic transmission

with multiple planetary gear sets that use integral clutches and bands to achieve discrete gear

ratios . A typical automatic uses four or five such gears, while a manual normally employs five or

six. The continuously variable transmission replaces discrete gear ratios with infinitely adjustable

gearing through one of several basic CVT designs.

Push Belt

This most common type of CVT uses segmented steel blocks stacked on a steel ribbon, as shown in

Figure (1). This belt transmits power between two conical pulleys, or sheaves, one fixed and one

movable . With a belt drive:


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In essence, a sensor reads the engine output and then electronically increases or

decreases the distance between pulleys, and thus the tension of the drive belt. The

continuously changing distance between the pulleystheir ratio to one anotheris

analogous to shifting gears. Push-belt CVTs were first developed decades ago, but new

advances in belt design have recently drawn the attention of automakers worldwide.

Toroidal Traction-Drive

These transmissions use the high shear strength of viscous fluids to transmit torque

between an input torus and an output torus. As the movable torus slides linearly, the angle of

a roller changes relative to shaft position, as seen in Figure (2). This results in a change in

gear ratio .

Variable Diameter Elastomer Belt

This type of CVT, as represented in Figure (2), uses a flat, flexible belt mounted on

movable supports. These supports can change radius and thus gear ratio. However, the

supports separate at high gear ratios to form a discontinuous gear path, as seen in Figure (3).

This can lead to the problems with creep and slip that have plagued CVTs for years .

This inherent flaw has directed research and development toward push belt CVTs.

Other CVT Varieties

Several other types of CVTs have been developed over the course of automotive

history, but these have become less prominent than push belt and toroidal CVTs. A nutating

traction drive uses a pivoting, conical shaft to change gears in a CVT. As the cones change

angle, the inlet radius decreases while the outlet radius increases, or vice versa, resulting in

an infinitely variable gear ratio. A variable geometry CVT uses adjustable planetary gear-sets

to change gear ratios, but this is more akin to a flexible traditional transmission than a

conventional CVT.

Challenges & Limitations


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CVT development has progressed slowly for a variety of reasons, but much of the

delay in development can be attributed to a lack of demand: conventional manual and

automatic transmissions have long offered sufficient performance and fuel economy. Thus,

problems encountered in CVT development usually stopped said progress. Designers have

unsuccessfully tried to develop [a CVT] that can match the torque capacity, efficiency,

size, weight, and manufacturing cost of step-ratio transmissions. One of the major

complaints with previous CVTs has been slippage in the drive belt or rollers.

This is caused by the lack of discrete gear teeth, which form a rigid mechanical

connection between to gears; friction drives are inherently prone to slip, especially at high

torque. With early CVTs of the 1950s and 1960s, engines equipped with CVTs would run at

excessively high RPM trying to catch up to the slipping belt. This would occur any time the

vehicle was accelerated from a stop at peak torque: For compressive belts, in the process of

transmitting torque, micro slip occurs between the elements and the pulleys. This micro slip

tends to increase sharply once the transmitted torque exceeds a certain value For many years, the simple solution to this problem has been to use CVTs only in

cars with relatively low-torque engines. Another solution is to employ a torque converter

(such as those used in conventional automatics), but this reduces the CVTs efficiency.

Perhaps more than anything else, CVT development has been hindered by cost.

Low volume and a lack of infrastructure have driven up manufacturing costs, which

inevitably yield higher transmission prices. With increased development, most of these

problems can be addressed simply by improvements in manufacturing techniques and

materials processing. For example, Nissans Extroid is derived from a century-old concept,

perfected by modern technology, metallurgy, chemistry, electronics, engineering, and

precision manufacturing.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

While IC development has slowed in recent years as automobile manufacturers

devote more resources to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FEVs), CVT

research and development is expanding quickly. Even U.S. automakers, who have lagged in

CVT research until recently, are unveiling new designs:

The Japanese and Germans continue to lead the way in CVT development.

Nissan has taken a dramatic step with its Extroid CVT, offered in the home-market Cedric

and Gloria luxury sedans. This toroidal CVT costs more than a conventional belt-driven

CVT, but Nissan expects the extra cost to be absorbed by the luxury cars prices. The Extroid

uses a high viscosity fluid to transmit power between the disks and rollers, rather than metal-to-metal contact. Coupled with a torque converter, this yields exceptionally fast ratio

changes. Most importantly, though, the Extroid is available with a turbocharged version of

Nissans 3.0 liter V6 producing 285 lb-ft of torque; this is a new record for CVT torque

capacity.


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Many small cars have used CVTs in recent years, and many more will use them in

the near future. Nissan, Honda, and Subaru currently use belt-drive CVTs developed with

Dutch company Van Doorne Transmissie (VDT) in some of their smaller cars. Suzuki and

Daihatsu are jointly developing CVTs with Japanese company Aichi Machine, using an

aluminum/plastic composite belt reinforced with Aramid fibers. Their CVT uses an auxiliary

transmission for starts to avoid low-speed slip. After about 6 mph, the CVT engages and

operates as it normally would. The auxiliary gear trains direct coupling ensures sufficiently

brisk takeoff and initial acceleration. However, Aichis CVT can only handle 52 lb-ft of

torque. This alone effectively negates its potential for the U.S. market. Still, there are far

more CVTs in production for 2000 than for 1999, and each major automobile show brings

more announcements for new CVTs.

New CVT ResearchAs recently as 1997, CVT research focused on the basic issues of drive belt design

and power transmission. Now, as belts by VDT and other companies become sufficiently

efficient, research focuses primarily on control and implementation of CVTs.

Nissan Motor Co. has been a leader in CVT research since the 1970s. A recent

study analyzing the slip characteristics of a metal belt CVT resulted in a simulation method

for slip limits and torque capabilities of CVTs. This has led to a dramatic improvement in

drive belt technology, since CVTs can now be modeled and analyzed with computer

simulations, resulting in faster development and more 8 efficient design. Nissans research on

the torque limits of belt-drive CVTs has also led to the use of torque converters, which

several companies have since implemented. The torque converter is designed to allow

creep, the slow speed at which automatic transmission cars drive without driver-induced

acceleration. The torque converter adds improved creep capability during idling for

improved drive ability at very low speeds and easy launch on uphill grades. Nissans Extroid

uses such a torque converter for smooth starting, vibration suppression, and creep

characteristics.

CVT control has recently come to the forefront of research; even a mechanically

perfect CVT is worthless without an intelligent active control algorithm. Optimal CVT

performance demands integrated control, such as the system developed by Nissan to obtain

the demanded drive torque with optimum fuel economy. The control system determines the


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necessary CVT ratio based on a target torque, vehicle speed, and desired fuel economy.

Honda has also developed an integrated control algorithm for its CVTs, considering not only

the engines thermal efficiency but also work loss from drive train accessories and the

transmission itself. Testing of Hondas algorithm with a prototype vehicle resulted in a one

percent fuel economy increase compared to a conventional algorithm. While not a dramatic

increase, Honda claims that its algorithm is fundamentally sound, and thus will it become

one of the basic technologies for the next generations power plant control.

Although CVTs are currently in production, many control issues still amount to a

tremendous number of trials and errors . One study focusing on numerical representation of

power transmission showed that both block tilting and pulley deformation meaningfully

effected the pulley thrust ratio between the driving and the driven pulleys . Thus, the

resultant model of CVT performance can be used in future applications for transmission

optimization. As more studies are conducted, fundamental research such as this will become

the legacy of CVT design, and research can become more specialized as CVTs become morerefined.

As CVTs move from research and development to assembly line, manufacturing

research becomes more important. CVTs require several crucial, high-tolerance components

in order to function efficiently; Honda studied one of these, the pulley piston, in 1998. Honda

found that prototype pistons experienced a drastic thickness reduction (32% at maximum)

due to the conventional stretch forming method. A four-step forming process was developed

to ensure a greater and more uniform thickness increase and thus greater efficiency and

performance. Moreover, work-hardening during the forming process further increased the

pulley pistons strength .

Future Prospects for CVTs

Much of the existing literature is quick to admit that the automotive industry lacks

a broad knowledge base regarding CVTs. Where as conventional transmissions have been

continuously refined and improved since the very start of the 20th century, CVT development

is only just beginning. As infrastructure is built up along with said knowledge base, CVTs

will become ever-more prominent in the automotive landscape. Even todays CVTs, which

represent first-generation designs at best, outperform conventional transmissions.

Automakers who fail to develop CVTs now, while the field is still in its infancy, risk being

left behind as CVT development and implementation continues its exponential growth.

CVTs & Hybrid Electric Vehicles

While CVTs will help to prolong the viability of internal combustion engines,

CVTs themselves will certainly not fade if and when IC does. Several companies arecurrently studying implementation of CVTs with HEVs. Nissan recently developed an HEV

with fuel efficiency more than double that of existing vehicles in the same class of

driving performance. The electric motor avoids the low speed/ high torque problems often

associated with CVTs, through an innovative double-motor system. At low speeds:

A low-power traction motor is used as a substitute mechanism to accomplish the

functions of launch and forward/reverse shift. This has made it possible to discontinue use of

a torque converter as the launch element and a planetary gear set and wet multi plate clutches

as the shift mechanism.


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Thus use of a CVT in a HEV is optimal: the electric portion of the power system

avoids the low-speed problems of CVTs, while still retaining the fuel efficiency and power

transmission benefits at high speeds. Moreover, the use of a CVT capable of handling high

engine torque allows the system to be applied to more powerful vehicles. Obviously,

automakers cannot develop individual transmissions for each car they sell; rather, a few

robust, versatile CVTs must be able to handle a wide range of vehicles.

CONCLUSION

Today, only a handful of cars worldwide make use of CVTs, but the applications

and benefits of continuously variable transmissions can only increase based on todays

research and development. As automakers continue to develop CVTs, more and more vehicle

lines will begin to use them. As development continues, fuel efficiency and performance

benefits will inevitably increase; this will lead to increased sales of CVT-equipped vehicles.

Increased sales will prompt further development and implementation, and the cycle willrepeat ad infinitum. Moreover, increasing development will foster competition among

manufacturersautomakers from Japan, Europe, and the U.S. are already either using or

developing CVTswhich will in turn lower manufacturing costs. Any technology with

inherent benefits will eventually reach fruition; the CVT has only just begun to blossom.


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3-D without four eyes (3-D displays are trying to shed their spectacles)

Sudhanshu Mathur

Assistant Professor in Electronics Engineering, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur

New glasses free 3-D devices are about to hit the market, and their backers are hoping theyll make 3-D

spectacles as obsolete as smell-o-vision. These gadgets are called as autostereo. This autostereo will

include not only 3D game consoles, but also cameras, cell phones, and tablet computers. Among the first

will be autostereo 3D-TVs, just now hitting stores in Japan, and Nintendos 3DS handheld games

console, due for release worldwide early 2012.

This technique is very necessary because according to an American survey, a quarter of gamers got

headaches from 3-D, few of them complained of eyestrain and remaining felt disoriented or dizzy afterplaying. In a similar survey of 2000 Americans by the market research firm NPD Group, over half said

that having to wear glasses would discourage them from upgrading to 3D altogether. Moreover, the

glasses arent cheap. High-tech 3-D specs cost US$100 or more.

Now let us understand the concept of autostereo. To perceive three dimensions, a persons eye must see

different, slightly unaligned images. In the real world, spacing between the eyes makes that happen

naturally. On a video screen, its not so simple; one display somehow has to present a different and

separate view to each eye. Some systems handle this challenge by interspersing the left and right views.

This is called as Multiplexing. Some of them use alternate left and right view, called sequencing.

Whatever the approach, the displays then use optical or technological tricks to direct the correct view to


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the correct eye.

For example, the glasses used with currently available 3-D TVs are active shutter glasses. They contain a

set of miniature LCD panels that synchronize with the large LCD screen in the TV. When the main screen

is showing an image destined for your right eye, a liquid-crystal shutter in the left lens of the glasses make

that lens opaque, and vice-versa. This sequential system switches between images meant for each eye

dozens of times a second, creating a smooth 3-D effect.

The first to swear off glasses was Nintendo by announcing the 3DS console, an autostereo handheld

gaming device. It has two in-built screens: one touch-sensitive but limited to 2-D, the other a 3.5-inch

display with the 3-D effect. The Nintendo 3DSs autostereo screen, made by Sharp, uses a multiplexed

parallax barrier technology. This method lays a second layer of liquid crystals next to a traditional LCD

and its backlight. This extra layer creates thin vertical strips that block some of the light and direct the

remaining light alternately to the left and right eyes, creating a 3-D effect for a single viewer at a set

distance, usually around 30cm.

Researchers have also experimented with autostereo displays that generate multiple set of 3-D images,

either to accommodate several viewers simultaneously or to reduce flip-flopping effect when your head

moves relative to the screen. Today, the Nintendo 3DS and its high profile games are hatching chickens

and laying eggs simultaneously; the industry could finally be gearing up for a handheld 3-D revolution.Glasses-free (and headache-free) 3-D could be the new must-have upgrade for cell phones- like GPS

location, digital photography, and music playing before it. Industry research association predicts that by

2018, mobile devices will have leapfrogged televisions to become the most popular 3-D gadgets.


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Go Green with Green Building and By Green Construction Materials

Bharat Nagar

Astt. Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur.

WHAT IS A GREEN BUILDING?

Green building refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource

efficient throughout a buildings life cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance,

renovation, and demolition. This practice expands and complements the classical building design

concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. A green building, also known as a sustainable

building, is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and

resource-efficient manner. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting

occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other resources more

efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the environment.

The concepts about green architecture can generally be organized into several areas of

application. These areas include sustainability, materials, energy efficiency, land use, and waste

reduction. Green buildings are not only be designed for a present use, but consideration is also be given to

future uses as well. An adaptable structure can be "recycled" many times over the course of its useful life.

If specific technical issues prevent use of the building for a new function, then the materials used in its

construction are designed to facilitate ease of recycling and reprocessing of materials.

Green technology is an approach to building which has become more prevalent in the last 25 to 30 years.

Also known as sustainable design, green architecture is simply a method of design that minimizes the

impact of building on the environment. Once thought of as unconventional and nonstandard, green

architecture is quickly becoming accepted by both regulatory agencies and the public alike as a socially

responsible and logical means of construction


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There are three main areas in green building:

MATERIALS

REDUCED ENERGY USE AND

REDUCED WASTE.

WHAT IS THE NEED OF GREEN BUILDING

Here are ten things (in no particular order) that green buildings are needed in different parts of the

world:1. Green buildings can command rents as much as 10% above the norm.

Niche markets are already turning mainstream, demanding low-impact buildings. In Australia, only a few

short years after introduction of the Green Star rating system for buildings, virtually every new office

built achieves a Green Star rating. The definition of 'Class A' office space has been redefined, entirely on

the strength of a voluntary transformation of the building industry in response to tenant demand.

2. Green buildings improve productivity.

Studies in the US have shown this to be true in a number of different ways. Not only do office workers

enjoy their working environment more - taking fewer sick days and reporting fewer minor ailments - but

green factories show fewer injuries, green retailers sell more products, and green hospitals discharge

patients sooner.

3. Green buildings show respect for the people who use them.

Probably nowhere is this more important than in schools. If the education system provides children with

healthier, more pleasant schools, pupils will understand that they are valued and will be more open to

treating their environment with respect. Whether it's because of this, or just because they feel better in a

healthy environment, studies have shown that children can achieve better results at green schools.

4. Green buildings raise the quality and standard of buildings generally.

In many countries, the typical office building is not built in compliance with standard building codes. A


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green building rating forces a developer to show that the new building not only meets, but exceeds

municipal codes. And as green buildings become more common, this places pressure on others to

compete at this higher level.

5. Green buildings inspire innovation.

Rating systems generally don't prescribe what technology should be incorporated in a building, they set

performance standards with regard to reduced environmental impact, and leave it up to the developer to

decide how to meet these standards.

The best first step is to design buildings so that they meet requirements - especially for air quality and

energy consumption - through passive systems that don't require mechanical equipment. Only then should

equipment be used to achieve what the passive design cannot, by using efficient systems. And significant

efficiency demands consideration of the building as a whole, and the impact of the various design

decisions on each other. A building is very unlikely to achieve the highest green rating if design is not

approached holistically; and when the professional team starts to think this way, innovations often

emerge.

Interestingly, while big buildings can benefit from economies of scale with green systems, small

buildings are sometimes the more innovative, as they are sometimes able to do things like recycling all of

their construction waste. Innovation takes the industry forward, raising the bar for the next wave of

developers.

6. Green buildings encourage learning about what works and what doesn't.

The evolution of the building industry has been slow in the past, but the green revolution is accelerating

change in design approach, building methods, the choice of materials, and the manufacture of building

materials.

Mistakes will be made, but presenters at the conference hammered home the point: the industry must

publish performance results so that we move in the right direction. The same is true of the industries that

supply the building industry. Just as a bottle of milk might be certified 'organic', so too the materials that

go into a building need to be rated for their performance on measures such as water and energy

consumption, and carbon emissions.

Rating systems by their nature steadily push the industry to its limits (Green Star deliberately targets the

top 25% of new buildings). And an important part of a green building is the incorporation of systems that

monitor performance, so that the information is there as a tool for building managers to ensure optimum

performance. This same information can show us what strategies will achieve positive results. It's a braveowner of a green building who admits having made mistakes, but such honesty is made easier by the

knowledge that earlier buildings inevitably will not perform as well as later buildings.

7. Green buildings can help electricity utilities by reducing peak demand.

Energy-efficient buildings don't only reduce emissions overall (in both their operation and initial

construction), they also help smooth the peaks in demand. And in a growing number of cases in Australia

and the US, they are net exporters of electricity using co-generation and tri-generation. We will know that

the building industry is really making a significant impact when the need for a new coal-fired power

station is removed.


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8. Green buildings raise awareness of what constitutes a high quality environment.

By setting out very specific performance targets, green building rating systems make it clear how the

indoor environment can be improved over standard-issue buildings. People who choose to buy or rent

buildings often can't articulate what it is that they value in a building, or what qualities they look for.

Indeed, in the early stages of the transformation of the industry, this is a challenge for creating acceptance

that green buildings are worth paying extra for. But the rating systems provide that articulation, and it's

just a matter of raising awareness.

9. Green buildings can trade energy.

The idea has been suggested - even here in South Africa - that as buildings begin to develop new ways of

saving and generating energy, there may be scope for an energy market, similar to a carbon market but on

a more local scale. Some buildings will never be able to be self-reliant in energy terms, while others may

generate a surplus. Trading is the logical response in an environment where energy savings are an

imperative, as they are in South Africa right now. If a particular building owner is unable to meet anexternally-set target of 10% reduction in electricity consumption, he or she could trade electricity 'credits'.

10. Green buildings present exciting new challenges for environmental stewardship.

Is it enough to be 'efficient', or even 'sustainable'?

If we really think about it, that sounds like a low target to be setting ourselves. People who are working

towards the next generation of rating tools are thinking about how to take buildings to a new level. Terms

like 'restorative' and 'living buildings' are starting to emerge, suggesting that buildings could do better

than just zero environmental damage. They could begin to compensate for damage caused in other

sectors, by being 'carbon negative' or making a positive contribution to the environment, rather than being

merely benign

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALSGreen building materials are composed of renewable, rather than non-renewable resources. Green

materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are considered over the life of the product.

Green building materials offer specific benefits to the building owner and building occupants:

Reduced maintenance/replacement costs over the life of the building.

Energy conservation.

Improved occupant health and productivity.

Lower costs associated with changing space configurations.

Greater design flexibility.


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LIST OF GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS:-

1. Bamboo, Bamboo Based Particle Board & Ply Board, Bamboo Matting,

2. Bricks sun dried,

3. Precast cement concrete blocks, lintels, slab. Structural and non-structural modular elements,

4. Calcined Phospho Gypsum Wall Panels,

5. Calcium silicate boards and Tiles,

6. Cellular Light Weight Concrete Blocks

7. Cement Paint

8. Clay roofing tiles

9. Water, polyurethane and acrylic based chemical admixtures for corrosion removal, rustprevention, water proofing

10.Epoxy Resin System, Flooring, sealants, adhesives and admixtures

11.Ferro-cement boards for door and window shutters

12.Ferro-cement Roofing Channels

13.Fly-ash Sand Lime Bricks and Paver Blocks

14.Gypsum Board, Tiles, Plaster, Blocks, gypsum plaster fibrejute/sisal and glass fibre composites

15.Laminated Wood Plastic Components

16.Marble Mosaic Tiles

17.MDF Boards and Mouldings

18.Micro Concrete Roofing Tiles

19.Partical Board

20.Polymerised water proof compound


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Blending Technology The Real Pinnacle For 21 Century Learning Environment

Suraj Yadav

Department of Computer Science / Information Technology, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur

AbstractThe educational technology based on computer network becoming popular worldwide because

of new inventions in network. E-learning has altered, and will continue to affect teaching and learning

contexts in tertiary education. E-learning is one of the fastest growing areas of the high technology sector.

A blended learning is a new idea and method for teaching and learning reform. Blended learning is

replacing e-learning as the next big thing. Blended learning solves the problem of speed, scale, and

impact and leverages e-learning where its most appropriate, without forcing e-learning into places it

does not fit.

I.INTRODUCTION OF E-LEARNINGNowadays, web2.0-typified Internet has been increasingly effect people's work, study and lives,

especially for younger generation called Digital Natives, who use computing terminals almost every day,

such as computers, smart phones, and conduct interpersonal interaction in a virtual world with e-mail and

instant message. Web2.0.is majorly a kind of Internet application form featuring users creating contents,

paying attention to gathering collective wisdoms and users experience, with technologies of

RSS(Atom/Jason), Tag and Ajax as basis and BIog, Wiki, Social Networks and Social Bookmarking.

Internet representative digital experience has become an important part of young people's lives.

Instructors need to change teaching from respects of teaching methods, resource publishing and the

learning supporting services, utilize the ubiquitous resources in digital lives to enhance learners' learningefficiency.

E-learning is one of the fastest growing areas of high technology sector. It involves the use of ICT such as

e-mail, the internet, audios/videos, CD-ROMS,DVDs, videoconferencing, mobile, television, and

satellite broadcasting. The use of ICT can remove time and place constraints on teaching and learning to

provide the flexibility that many tertiary students are now demanding.

II. CHALLENGES OF E-LEARNINGAs E-learning is one of the fastest growing areas but it has some disadvantages and challenges that affect

growth of the E-learning.

An easy way to comply with the conference paper formatting requirements is to use this document as a

template and simply type your text into it.

Lack of customization to students interest (also length instead of modules), Lack of student motivation,

Lack of personal community and connection (not blended learning), Its a banking model of education

(which is partially inevitable), Not experientially basedits simulation based at best, Not necessary based

on the best science regarding, Lack of quality assessment and feedback, which hinders learning., Mostly

disconnected to the needs of employers, which means its disconnected from the desires of students and

parents. (This may be the largest criticism), some self-directed learners is sometimes too random and has

no process (its too loosely joinedsometimes you need a bridge or a path). Also, some is subject to quality

issues. The learner has to self-analyze content without requisite knowledge or criteria (its authority 2.0),


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Lack of certification (or assessment) for self-directed learning, Tech, toys, and teaching over learning,

Focus on memorization over learning core competencies, Time resources at a minimum (Tradeoff w/

NCLB on the high school level. And NCLB cuts into the arts in time, funding, and resources.) But some

teachers dont know how much time they have, Lack of mentorship for self-learners and even some just

the facts maam distance learning, Lack of adoption to learning style of learners. (e-learning just

textbooks in drag), Better aligning of incentives of teachers and learners (?), Downtime + mobile as well

as play are issues to consider as well, Lack of digital literacy and keeping up with the pace of change

and many more are also present as per desire to one.

III. INTRODUCTION OF BLENDED TECHNOLOGY

Blended Learning is really the natural evolution of e-learning into an integrated program of multiple

media types, applied toward a business problem in an optimum way, to solve a business problem.

Blended Learning can be described as a learning program where more than one delivery mode is beingused with the objective of optimizing the learning outcome and cost of program delivery. However, it is

not the mixing and matching of different learning delivery modes by itself that is of significance, but the

focus on the learning and business outcome.

Blended learning focuses on optimizing achievement of learning objectives by applying the right

learning technologies to match the right personal learning style to transfer the right skills to the

right person at the right time.

Embedded in this definition are the following principles:

We are focusing on the learning objective rather than the method of delivery.

Many different personal learning styles need to be supported to reach broad audiences.

Each of us brings different knowledge into the learning experience. In many cases, the most effective learning strategy is just-what-I-need, just-in-time

The experience of pioneers in blended learning shows that putting these principles into practice can result

in radical improvements in the effectiveness, reach and cost-effectiveness of learning programs relative to

traditional approaches. These improvements are so profound that they have the potential to change the

overall competitiveness of entire organizations.

IV. BLESS MODEL

The Blended Learning Systems Structure (BLESS) model addresses both of these dimensions by

considering their reciprocal influences: On the one hand, learning technology provides new, enhanced

means of learningsupport, while on the other hand didactics have to bereconsidered accordingly to make

situated and targeteduse of learning technology.


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Figure 1 THE BLESS MODEL

As depicted in Figure 1, the gap between these two worlds is closed by a conceptual system of layers and

their respective transitions: In brief, concrete blended learning courses (layer 1) are visualized and

modeled conceptually as UML activity diagrams (layer 2). These diagrams are decomposed into (or

expressed in terms of) self-contained, reusable didactical scenarios the blended learning patterns (layer

3). Subsequently, the Web template layer (layer 4) shows how to support these patterns on learning

technology systems. Here starts the learning-platform dependent part of the BLESS model, as the

transition to the technology layer has to define how the Web templates are instantiated and implemented

on top of a concrete learning platform (layer 5).

V. DIMENSIONS OF BLENDThe original use of the phrase Blended Learning was often associated with simply linking traditionalclassroom training to eLearning activities. However, the term has evolved to encompass a much richer set

of learning strategy dimensions. Today a blended learning program may combine one or more of the

following dimensions, although many of these have over-lapping attributes.

1) Blending Offline and Online Learning

At the simplest level, a blended leaning experien combines offline and online forms of learning where

the online learning usually means over the Internet or intranet, and offline learning happens in a more

traditional classroom setting. We assume that even the offline learning offerings are managed through an

online learning system. An example of this type of blending may include a learning program that provides


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study materials and research resources over the Web while providing instructor-led, classroom training

sessions as the main medium of instruction.

2) Blending Self-Paced and Live, Collaborative LearningSelf-paced learning implies solitary, on-demand learning at a pace that is managed or controlled by the

learner. Collaborative learning on the other hand implies a more dynamic communication among many

learners that brings about knowledge sharing. The blending of self-paced and collaborative learning may

include review of important literature on a regulatory change or new product followed by a moderated;

live online, peer-to-peer discussion of the materials application to the learners job and customers.

3) Blending Structured and Unstructured Learning

Not all forms of learning imply a pre-meditated, structured or formal learning program with organized

content in specific sequence like chapters in a text book. In fact, most learning in the workplace occurs in

an unstructured form such as meetings, hallway conversations, and e-mail. A blended program design

may look to capture active conversations and documents from unstructured learning events intoknowledge repositories available on-demand, supporting the way knowledge-workers collaborate and

work.

4) Blending Custom Content with Off-the-Shelf Content

Off-the-shelf content is by definition generic unaware of your organizations unique context and

requirements. However, generic content is much less expensive to buy and frequently has higher

production values than custom content you build yourself. Generic, self-paced content can be customized

today with a blend of live experiences (classroom or online) or through content customization. Industry

standards such as SCORM (Shareable Courseware Object Reference Model) open the door to greater

flexibility in blending off-the-shelf and custom content improving the user experience while minimizing

cost.

5) Blending Work and Learning

Ultimately, the true success and effectiveness of learning in organizations is believed to be associated

with the paradigm where work (such as business applications) and learning are inseparable, and where

learning is embedded in business processes such as hiring, sales, or product development. Work becomes

a source of learning content to be shared and more learning content becomes accessible on-demand and in

the context of the users workplace need.

VI. HOW TO SELECT BLEND

To make blended learning more powerful, you can start looking at all the media as options: classroomtraining, web-based training, webinars, CD-ROM courses, video, EPSS systems, and simulations. Other

media which is less exciting but just as important includes books, job aids, conference calls, documents,

and PowerPoint slides. The highest impact programs blend a more complex media with one or more of

the simpler media. A web-based course for introduction followed by a real hands-on interactive class is

an obvious mix.


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Blended Learning: What Works Checklist page 3 Bersin & Associates, 2003 www.bersin.com

Media Type Instructional

Value

Scalability Time to

Develop

Cost to

Develop

Cost to

Deploy

Assessment

Capable

Trackable

Classroom

based training

High Low 3-6 weeks Medium High Medium Low

WBT Course-ware

High High 4-20 weeks High Low High High

CD ROMCourseware

High High 6-20 weeks High Medium High Low

ConferenceCalls

Low Medium 0-2 weeks Low Low No No

Webinars Medium Medium 3-6 weeks Low Medium Low Low

Software /Online Simu-

lations

Very High Medium 8-20 weeks High Medium High High

Lab-basedSimulations

Very High Low 3-6 weeks High High Medium Medium

Job Aids Low High 0-3 weeks Low Low None None

Web Pages Low High 1-8 weeks Low Low None None

Web Sites Low High 1-8 weeks Low Low None None

Mentors Medium Low 2-3 weeks High High Low Low

Chat-Discussion-

CommunityServices

Medium Low Medium 4-6 weeks Medium Medium None Low

Video (VCRor Online)

High Medium 6-20 weeks High High None Low

EPSS Medium Medium 8-20 weeks Medium Medium None Medium

How to

DesignandArchitectyour

Blended

LearningProgram

Media

Selection

Guide

VII.BENEFITS OF BLENDINGThe concept of Blended Learning is rooted in the idea that learning is not just a one-time event but that

learning is a continuous process. Blending provides various benefits over using any single learning

delivery type alone:

1) Improved Learning Effectiveness

Recent studies at the University of Tennessee and Stanford give us evidence that a blended learning

strategy actually improves learning outcomes by providing a better match between how a learner wants to

learn and the learning program that is offered.

2) Extending the Reach

A single delivery mode inevitably limits the reach of a learning program or critical knowledge transfer in

some form or fashion. For example, a physical classroom-training program limits access to only those

who can participate at a fixed time and location, whereas a virtual classroom event is inclusive of a

remote audience, and when followed up with recorded knowledge objects (ability to playback a recorded

live event), can extend the reach to those who could not attend at a specific time.


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3) Optimizing Development Cost and Time

Combining different delivery modes has the potential to balance out and optimize the learning program

development and deployment cost and time. A hundred percent online, self-paced, media-rich, Web-basedtraining content may be too expensive to produce (requiring multiple resources and skills), but combining

virtual collaborative learning forums and coaching sessions with simpler self-paced materials such as

generic off-the-shelf WBT, documents, case studies, recorded live eLearning events, text assignments,

and PowerPoint presentations (requiring quicker turn-around time and lower skill to produce), may be just

as effective or more effective.

4) Optimizing Business Results

Organizations report exceptional results from their initial blended learning initiatives. Learning objectives

can be obtained in 50 % less class time than traditional strategies. Travel costs and time have been

reduced by up to 85%. Acceleration of mission-critical knowledge to channels and customers can have a

profound impact on the organizations top line.

VIII. CONCLUSIONSOrganizations are rapidly discovering that blended learning is not only more time and cost effective, but

provides a more natural way to learn and work. Organizations that are in the forefront of this next

generation of learning will have more productive staffs, be more agile in implementing change, and be

more successful in achieving their goals. Organizations must look beyond the traditional boundaries of

classroom instruction by augmenting their current best practices with new advances in learning and

collaboration technologies to maximize results. More importantly, organizations must seek to empower

every individual in the organization to become an active participant in the learning and collaboration

process.


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Nano solar cells as an efficient source of renewable solar energy in green buildings

Pramod Kumar

Dept, of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Jagan Nath University,

Abstract:

As we know that Green building requires efficient use of energy, water and other sources. Solar

cells are providing efficient energy to buildings since long back. The Sun is a massive reservoir

of clean energy. This energy can be harnessed by solar cells. Conventional solar cells are very

popular since long back. This energy is also known as renewable solar energy. But in recent

days, A very prominent technology in solar cells has been emerged known as nanosolar

technology. Today, solar cell technology is in limited use due to the relatively high

manufacturing cost of silicon based technology, and the low power efficiency of organic polymer

based solar cells technology. However, research is being done solar cells based comprised of

Nanomaterials are most efficient than conventional solar cells. These cells known as nano solar

cells, with improved efficiency. This paper will explore about the nanosolar cells and

conventional solar cells. From this it can be concluded that nono solar cells will be very effective

for the energy requirement of the green buildings.

Introduction:

Humanitys top ten problems for next 100 years will be energy, water, food, environment,

poverty, terrorism & war, disease, education, democracy and population. Increased population

will put extra thrust on many issues of social and economics. The demand of safe, clean energy

and better rehabilitation is continuously increasing. The demand of energy will increase 25 TW

by 2050 ( Source: EIA Intel energy outlook 2004) . This demand cannot be fulfilled by the

present sources of energy. In this critical situation, new types of research become very important

for the energy, fooding and safe living.

The concept of green building has evolved for solving safe living and energy problem of the

humanities. A green building as shown in the figure 1, also known as a sustainable building, is a

structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-

efficient manner. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting

occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other resources


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more efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the environment [1]. The common objective

is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on

human health and the natural environment by Efficiently using energy, water, and other

resources; Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity ,Reducing waste,

pollution and environmental degradation [2].

Figure 1. Green Building

For the energy requirements in the green buildings, solar energy is one the best non conventional

energy source. As we know that solar energy is the most readily available source of energy. It

does not belong to anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also the most important of the non-

conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the

greenhouse effect. The next few years it is expected that millions of households in the world will

be using solar energy as the trends in USA and Japan show. In India too, the Indian Renewable

Energy Development Agency and the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources are

formulating a programme to have solar energy in more than a million households in the next few

years. India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more

than the total energy consumption of the country [3]. India is one of the few countries with long


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days and plenty of sunshine, especially in the desert region. This zone, having abundant solar

energy available, is suitable for harnessing solar energy for a number of applications. In areas

with similar intensity of solar radiation, solar energy could be easily harnessed. Solar thermal

energy is being used in India for heating water for both industrial and domestic purposes [3].

The solar energy can be converted in to electricity by photovoltaic cells or general ranking cycle

of power plant. In homes photovoltaic cells are used for electricity conversion. Current solar

power technology has little chance to compete with fossil fuels or large electric grids. Todays

solar cells are simply not efficient enough and are currently too expensive to manufacture for

large-scale electricity generation [4]. However, potential advancements in nanotechnology may

open the door to the production of cheaper and slightly more efficient solar cells. First, I would

like to examine the current solar cell technologies available and then look at their drawbacks.

Then I will explore the research field of nano solar cells, and the science behind them.

Conventional Solar Cells:

The solar cells, is also known as Photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is A device that converts light energy

(solar energy) directly to electricity. The term solar cell is designated to capture energy from

sunlight, whereas PV cell is referred to an unspecified light source. It is like a battery because it

supplies DC power. It is not like a battery because the voltage supplied by the cell changes with

changes in the resistance of the load [5]. These cells are made out of semiconducting material,

usually silicon. A conventional solar cell is shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Conventional solar cell


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When light hits the cells, they absorb energy though photons. This absorbed energy knocks out

electrons in the silicon, allowing them to flow. By adding different impurities to the silicon such

as phosphorus or boron, an electric field can be established. This electric field acts as a diode,

because it only allows electrons to flow in one direction consequently, the end result is a current

of electrons, better known to us as electricity [6]. Conventional solar cells have two main

drawbacks: they can only achieve efficiencies around ten percent and they are expensive to

manufacture. The first drawback, inefficiency, is almost unavoidable with silicon cells. This is

because the incoming photons, or light, must have the right energy, called the band gap energy,

to knock out an electron. If the photon has less energy than the band gap energy then it will pass

through. If it has more energy than the band gap, then that extra energy will be wasted as heat.Scott Aldous, an engineer for the North Carolina Solar Center explains that, These two effects

alone account for the loss of around 70 percent of the radiation energy incident on the cell[6].

Consequently, according to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the maximum

efficiency achieved today is only around 25 percent [7]. Mass-produced solar cells are much less

efficient than this, and usually achieve only ten percent efficiency.

Nano Solar Cells:

Nanotechnology might be able to increase the efficiency of solar cells, but the most promising

application of nanotechnology is the reduction of manufacturing cost. Chemists at the University

of California, Berkeley, have discovered a way to make cheap plastic solar cells that could be

painted on almost any surface. These new plastic solar cells achieve efficiencies of only 1.7

percent; however, Paul Alivisatos, a professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley states, "This

technology has the potential to do a lot better. There is a pretty clear path for us to take to make

this perform much better[8]. These new plastic solar cells utilize tiny nanorods dispersed

Diagram of a nano solar cell within in a polymer. The diagram of a nanosolar cells is shown in

figure 3.


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Figure 3. Nano Solar Cells

Despite the many potential uses and ways to include nanostructures in photovoltaic devices,

these solar cells share several issues and challenges. The most basic issue is that the device

design rules for nanostructure solar cells do not exist, and thus many choices or design

parameters do not have sufficient theoretical or experimental guidance [9]. The major problems

are shown in the figure 4.

Figure 4. Design problems in nanosolar sells

Working of a Nano Solar Cells:

The nanorods behave as wires because when they absorb light of a specific wavelength they

generate electrons. These electrons flow through the nanorods until they reach the aluminum


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electrode where they are combined to form a current and are used as electricity this type of cell is

cheaper to manufacture than conventional ones for two main reasons. First, these plastic cells are

not made from silicon, which can be very expensive. Second, manufacturing of these cells does

not require expensive equipment such as clean rooms or vacuum chambers like conventional

silicon based solar cells. Instead, these plastic cells can be manufactured in a beaker [10]. A

schematic of working of nanosolar cells having quantum dots is shown in figure 4.

Figure 4. working of nano solar cells

UC Berkeley graduate student Wendy Huynh says, We use a much dirtier process, and that

makes it cheap[8]. Another potential feature of these solar cells is that the nanorods could be

tuned to absorb various wavelengths of light. This could significantly increase the efficiency of

the solar cell because more of the incident light could be utilized. According to a 2001 report,

The Societal Implications of Nanoscience andNanotechnology, by the National Science

Foundation, if the efficiency of photovoltaic cells was improved by a factor of two uses

nanotechnology, The role of solar energy would grow substantially. In addition to the

University of California Berkeley, a well-known company named Konarka Technologies is also

pursuing the use of nanotechnology to improve solar energy. In fact, they are already

manufacturing a product called, Power Plastic which absorbs both sunlight and indoor light

and converts it into electricity. For patent reasons, their technology is kept secret, but the basic


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concept is that Power Plastic is made using nanoscale titanium dioxide particles coated in

photovoltaic dyes, which generate electricity when they absorb light. According to Engineer

Magazine, Konarka has already, built fully functional solar cells that have achieved efficiencies

of around 8%. Future designs are already underway which includes tuning the nanorods to

absorb certain wavelengths of light in order to exploit a greater range of the color spectrum.

Improvements such as this could make it possible to manufacture inexpensive solar cells with the

same efficiency as current technology.

Uses of Nano Solar Cells:

Since the manufacturing cost of conventional solar cells is one of the biggest drawbacks, thisnew technology could have some impressive effects on our daily lives. It would help preserve the

environment, decrease soldiers carrying loads, provide electricity for rural areas, and have a wide

array of commercial applications due to its wireless capabilities. Inexpensive solar cells, which

would utilize nanotechnology, would help preserve the environment. According to Engineer

Magazine, Konarka Technologies is already proposing, coating existing roofing materials with

its plastic photovoltaic cells. If it were inexpensive enough to cover a homes entire roof with

solar cells, then enough energy could be captured to power almost the entire house [9]. If many

houses did this then our dependence on the electric grid (fossil fuels) would decrease and help

reduce pollution. Some people have even proposed covering cars with solar cells or making solar

cell windows. Even though their efficiency is not very great, if solar cells were inexpensive, then

enough of them could be used to generate sufficient electricity.

Inexpensive solar cells would also help provide electricity for rural areas or third world

countries. Since the electricity demand in these areas is not high, and the areas are so distantly

spaced out, it is not practical to connect them to an electrical grid. However, this is an ideal

situation for solar energy. If it were inexpensive enough, it could be used for lighting, hot water,

medical devices, and even cooking It would greatly improve the standard of living for millions,

possibly even billions of people! Finally, inexpensive solar cells could also revolutionize the

electronics industry.


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Consequently, even though conventional solar cells are expensive and cannot yet achieve high

efficiency, it may be possible to lower the manufacturing costs using nanotechnology.

Institutions such as the University of California Berkeley and Konarka Technologies are actively

pursuing ways to make this happen. Although solar cells are not efficient enough to replace

large-scale electric grids, there are many opportunities for them to be used for low power

devices. The effects that a low cost, reasonably efficient (low power) solar cell would have on

society are tremendous. It would help preserve the environment, protect soldiers, provide rural

areas with electricity, and transform the electronics industry.

Conclusion:

Nanotechnology changed many areas of technology. Development of new Nanomaterialschanged many electronics materials. The new electronic semiconductor devices altered by

nanotechnologies are showing better applications compare to conventional one. The nanosolar

devices, which developed by using nonmaterials, are more efficient and cheaper. In green

building, the use of conventional solar cells for harnessing solar energy can be replaced by Nano

solar cells. By this way we can achieve the target of most efficient energy in Green buildings.

Acknowledgement:

I am very thanking full of the Civil Engineering Dept. of Jagan Nath University, Jaipur who is

going to organize a national level conference on Green buildings in may 2012. This review paper

I wrote as an introductory paper on nanosolar cells for the use in green buildings.

References:

1. http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/basics.htm

2. http://www.wikipedia.org

3. http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/solar.htm

4. http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/solar1.htm

5. http://www.nanosolar.com/technology

6. Aldous, Scott. How Solar Cells Work. How Stuff Works. 22 May 20057. Power Plastic. Engineer Magazine. March 8, 20058. Choi, Charles. Nanotech Improving Energy Options. Space Daily. New York: May9. Nanostructured Solar Cells For High Efficiency Photovoltaics,Christiana B. Honsberg,

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark,DE, USA

10.http://science.howstuffworks.com/solar-cell1.htm


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Difficulties in Teaching English in India and Importance of the Bilingual Method

Dr. Preeti Bala Sharma

Assit. Prof., Dept. of English, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur.

A Teacher affects eternity, he can never tell where his influence stops

- Henry Brooks Adams

As we all know now the world has been reduced to the size of a global village and English is the most

important and effective language having communicative and educative value. Speaking effectively,

articulating and expressing ourselves clearly are the vital competencies especially in todays global

landscape where English remains the Lingua Franca for exchanging ideas in business, science and

technology.

In India, according to recent surveys approximately 35 million speakers use English. It means there arevery few countries in the world where English is taught on such a massive scale as in India. But English is

still considered to be a foreign language in India and it is quite difficult for students to learn it for various

reasons. So, teaching English is a challenge before us. There are various factors that affect teaching

learning English as a foreign language in India. The Major factors among them are:

English language teaching is not distinguished from teaching a subject like history. History is

essentially an information-based subject and the number of students in a class does not matter

when merely information is to be transmitted. On the other hand English is skill-based and it

should be best imparted through individual effort and attention. But in

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