Chapter 2

States of States of MatterMatter

• Anything that takes up space and has mass is matter.

2-1 Matter2-1 Matter

All matter is made up of tiny particles such as _______, _______, or _____.

salt— NaCl

water—H2O

sodium— Na atoms

• What determines the state of matter?

__________________ and ___________________________ between the particles determine a material’s state of matter.

These particles _________ and are in ______________.

liquid

Three familiar states of matter: ______, _______ and _______.

gas solid

• ________, a fourth states, occurs only at ______________ and is not common on Earth.

eg: Plasma on sun. when T>100,000℃H2 H+ + H+ + 2e-

ionized hydrogen gas

Plasma is common in the universe.

Man-made plasmas on our planet.

Lighting

comet

aurora Plasma TV

plasma sphere

Neon light

I. SolidI. Solid

• Solid is matter with ___________ and __________.

eg: if you place a rock in a bucket, it doesn’t change shape or size.

• Why solids cannot change its shape and volume?

• A solid’s particles are _____________. They do not have enough energy to _________________

___________________.

Solids

• Particles in crystalline solids are arranged in_________________________________.

NaCl (table salt) diamond

carbon

Chlorine

sodium

• Particles in amorphous solids have a ________

____________.

Amorphous solid doesn’t have _____________. When it’s heated, it becomes _____________ until changes to liquid.

T(℃)

m.p.

Time

0

T(℃)

Time

0

Heating curve of crystalline solid and amorphous solid.

Rubberglass

Plastic bottles

II. LiquidII. Liquid

• Matter with ____ _________ but

_____________ is a liquid.

eg: if you pour juice from one container to another, it’ll take the shape of container.

Why liquids can change its shape but can not change its volume?

• A liquid’s particles have enough energy to ______________________________ but not enough to ________________.

• ________ • _____________

Properties of liquid

The slower a liquid flows, the ______its viscosity is.eg: water flow more easily than oil.

1. Viscosity

Viscosity is ____________________.

Viscosity: honey > water. Why?

Viscosity increases when _____________ __________________________.

“Slow as molasses”

Usually, viscosity increases as the liquid becomes ___________.

Attraction between _________________________

Fun fact: The Pitch Drop Experiment

Pitch, before and after being hit with a hammer

Professor Thomas Parnell heated a sample of pitch and poured it into glass funnel with a sealed stem.

It is so viscous that it takes 10 years for a drop to drip.

2. Surface Tension

Surface tension is ______________________________________________________.

non-zero net force—— Particles _________ pulled toward the center of the liquid and sideways along the surface.

zero net force— Particles ________________ are pulled in all directions

Surface tension causes the liquid to act as if __________________________________.

water spider

leaf on water

Soap bubble

Water bead on leaf

air

Surface tension will ________________________.

Tug of war

III.III. GasGas

• Matter that ____ ______________ _________.

eg: balloon filled with gas can be changed into different shapes.

You can change the volume of gas too.

They’re ___________!

Gas particles spread out evenly as far apart as possible.

• A gas’s particles have enough energy to ______ ____________ and enough energy to ______ ____________.

Think: How will the shape and volume of helium gas change when it escapes from a balloon?

Answer:

Vapor: matter that exists in the _______ but is generally ______________ at room temperature.

example: water vapor (steam) iodine vapor　　　　 mercury vapor……

The stateThe state characteristiccharacteristic Attraction Attraction forceforce

Motion of Motion of particlesparticles

1. Which description best describes a solid?A) It has a definite shape and volume.B) It has a definite shape but not a definite volume.C) It adjusts to the shape of its container.D) It can flow.

2. Which of these is a crystalline solid?A) glass B) sugar C) rubber D)

plastic

3. What property enables you to float a needle on water?

A) Viscosity C) surface tensionB) Temperature D) crystal

structure

Learning CheckLearning Check

A

B

C

Pick out the picture that is a good analogy for each of the three states of matter.