standard test method for radiographic examination … · cp-189 qualiﬁcation and certiﬁcation...

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION OF METALLIC CASTINGS

SE-1030

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 1030-95)

1. Scope

1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedurefor radiographic examination of metallic castings usingradiographic film as the recording medium.

1.2 Due to the many complex geometries and partconfigurations inherent with cast products, it is necessaryto recognize potential limitations associated with ob-taining complete radiographic coverage on castings.Radiography of areas where geometry or part configura-tion does not allow achievement of complete coveragewith practical radiographic methods shall be subject tomutual agreements between purchaser and supplier. Theuse of alternative nondestructive methods for areas thatare not conducive to practical radiography shall alsobe specifically agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier.

1.3 The radiographic method is highly sensitive tovolumetric discontinuities that displace a detectablevolume of cast material. Discontinuities that do notdisplace an appreciable volume of material, however,such as cracks or other planar-type indications, maynot be detected with radiography unless the radiationbeam is coincidentally aligned with the planar orienta-tion of the discontinuity. In view of this limitation, itmay be considered appropriate to use the radiographicmethod in conjunction with additional nondestructivemethods that maintain reliable detection capabilities forthese types of discontinuities. The use of additionalmethods shall be specifically agreed upon between thepurchaser and supplier.

1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address allof the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.

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It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices anddetermine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:E 94 Guide for Radiographic TestingE 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic

TestingE 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Alumi-

num and Magnesium CastingsE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [2 to

41⁄2-in. (51 to 114-mm)] Steel CastingsE 192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Cast-

ings for Aerospace ApplicationsE 272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-

Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [41⁄2 to

12-in. (114 to 305-mm)] Steel CastingsE 310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to

2 in. (51 mm) in ThicknessE 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Alumi-

num and Magnesium Die CastingsE 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform

Nondestructive TestingE 689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsE 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Qual-

ity Response of Industrial Radiographic FilmE 747 Practice for the Design, Manufacture and Material

Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indica-tors (IQI) Used For Radiology

E 802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Upto 41⁄2 in. (114 mm) in Thickness

SE-1030ARTICLE 22 — RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS

E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of IndustrialRadiographic Film Processing

E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image QualityIndicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic Film

E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examination

2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards:Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A “Personnel

Qualification and Certification in NondestructiveTesting”

CP-189 Qualification and Certification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel

2.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Quali-

fication and Certification

3. Terminology

3.1 Definitions — For definitions of terms used inthis test method, see Terminology E 1316.

4. Significance and Use

4.1 The requirements expressed in this test methodare intended to control the quality of the radiographicimages, to produce satisfactory and consistent results,and are not intended for controlling the acceptabilityor quality of materials or products.

5. Basis of Application

5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon bythe purchaser and supplier:

5.1.1Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation—If specified in the contractual agreement, nondestructivetesting (NDT) agencies shall be qualified and evaluatedin accordance with Practice E 543. The applicableversion of Practice E 543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.

5.1.2 Personnel Qualification— NDT personnelshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally recog-nized NDT personnel qualification practice or standardsuch as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, MIL-STD-410 or a similar document. The practice or standardused and its applicable revision shall be specified inthe contractual agreement between the using parties.

5.1.3 Requirements— General requirements (see8.1, 8.2, 8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified.

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5.1.4 Procedure Requirements (see 9.1, 9.1.1, 9.3,and 9.7.7) shall be specified.

5.1.5Records— Record retention (see 12.1) shallbe specified.

6. Apparatus

6.1 Radiation Sources:

6.1.1 X Radiation Sources— Selection of appro-priate X-ray voltage and current levels is dependentupon variables regarding the specimen being examined(material type and thickness) and economically permissi-ble exposure time. The suitability of these X-ray parame-ters shall be demonstrated by attainment of requiredpenetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with allother requirements stipulated herein. Guide E 94 con-tains provisions concerning exposure calculations andcharts for the use of X-ray sources.

6.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources— Isotopesources, when used, shall be capable of demonstratingthe required radiographic sensitivity.

6.2 Film Holders and Cassettes— Film holders andcassettes shall be light-tight and shall be handled prop-erly to reduce the likelihood that they may be damaged.They may be flexible vinyl, plastic, or any durablematerial; or, they may be made from metallic materials.In the event that light leaks into the film holder andproduces images on the film extending into the areaof interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film holderexhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuseor discarded. Film holders and cassettes should beroutinely examined to minimize the likelihood oflight leaks.

6.3 Intensifying Screens:

6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:

6.3.1.1Intensifying screens of the lead-foil typeare generally used for all production radiography. Lead-foil screens shall be of the same approximate areadimensions as the film being used and they shall bein direct contact with the film during exposure.

6.3.1.2For X-ray voltages between 200 kV and1 MeV, front and rear screen thicknesses shall be aminimum of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) thick. Below 200kV, front screen thicknesses up to 0.005 in. (0.13 mm)and rear screen thicknesses of at least 0.005 in.(0.13 mm) should be used if they improve radiographicquality. For isotope and high-voltage X-radiography(greater than 1 MeV) increased thicknesses may be

SE-1030 2001 SECTION V

appropriate for improvements in radiographic qualityand should be used accordingly. Intermediate screens(between multiloaded film) may be used if desired.

6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing,used for screens should be visually examined for dust,dirt, oxidation, cracking or creasing, foreign materialor other conditions that could render undesirable nonrel-evant images on the film.

6.3.1 Fluorescent or Fluorometallic Screens:

6.3.2.1Fluorescent or fluorometallic screen maybe used. However, they must be capable of demonstra-ting the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity.

6.3.2.2 Screen Care— All screens should behandled carefully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, ordirt on active surfaces. Screens that render false indica-tions on radiographs shall be discarded or reworked toeliminate the artifact.

6.4 Filters — Filters shall be used whenever thecontrast reductions caused by low-energy scattered radi-ation or the extent of undercut and edge burn-offoccurring on production radiographs is of significantmagnitude so as to cause failure to meet the qualitylevel or radiographic coverage requirements stipulatedby the job order or contract (see Guide E 94).

6.5 Masking — Masking material may be used, asnecessary, to help reduce image degradation due toundercutting (see Guide E 94).

6.6Penetrameters (IQI)— Unless otherwise specifiedby the applicable job order or contract, only thosepenetrameters that comply with the design and identifi-cation requirements specified in Practice E 747 orPractice E 1025 shall be used.

6.7 Shims and Separate Blocks— Shims or separateblocks made of the same or radiographically similarmaterials (as defined in Method E 142) may be usedto facilitate penetrameter positioning. There is no restric-tion on shim or separate block thickness providedthe penetrameter and area-of-interest density tolerancerequirements of 9.7.6.2 are met.

6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification Mark-ers — Lead numbers and letters are used to designatethe part number and location number. The size andthickness of the markers shall depend on the abilityof the radiographic technique to image the markers onthe radiograph. As a general rule, markers1⁄16 in. (1.58mm) thick will suffice for most low energy (less than1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography; for higher

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energy radiography it may be necessary to use markersthat are1⁄8 in. (3.17 mm) or more thick.

6.9 Radiographic Density Measurement Apparatus—Either a transmission densitometer or a step-wedgecomparison film shall be used for judging film densityrequirements. Step wedge comparison films or densitom-eter calibration, or both, shall be verified by comparisonwith a calibrated step-wedge film traceable to theNational Institute of Standards and Technology.

7. Reagents and Materials

7.1 Films — Definite rules on selection of filmscannot be given since choice depends on such factors asthe required radiographic quality level and the maximumeconomically permissible exposure time. In any case,the films selected must be capable of demonstratingthe required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity.

NOTE — Test Method E 746 provides a method for determiningthe relative image quality response of industrial radiographic filmand may be used as the basis for film selection.

8. Requirements

8.1Procedure Requirement— Unless otherwise spec-ified by the applicable job order or contract, radiographicexamination shall be performed in accordance with awritten procedure. Specific requirements regarding thepreparation and approval of written procedures shallbe dictated by a purchaser and supplier agreement. Theprocedure details should include at least those itemsstipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, a radiographicstandard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shall beprepared similar to that shown in Appendix X1 andshall be available for review during interpretation ofthe film.

8.2Radiographic Coverage— Unless otherwise spec-ified by a purchaser and supplier agreement, the extentof radiographic coverage shall be the maximum practicalvolume of the casting. Areas that require radiographyshall be designated as illustrated in Fig. X1.2(a) and(b) of Appendix X1. When the shape or configurationof the casting is such that radiography is impractical,these areas shall be so designated on drawings orsketches that accompany the radiographs. Examplesof casting geometries and configurations that may beconsidered impractical to radiograph are illustrated inAppendix X2.

8.3 Radiographic Film Quality— All radiographsshall be free of mechanical, chemical, handling-related,or other blemishes which could mask or be confused


with the image of any discontinuity in the area ofinterest on the radiograph. If any doubt exists as tothe true nature of an indication exhibited by the film,the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.

8.4 Radiographic Quality Level— The applicablejob order or contract shall dictate the requirements forradiographic quality level. (See Practice E 1025 orPractice E 747 for guidance in selection of qualitylevel.)

8.5 Acceptance Level— Radiographic acceptancelevels and associated severity levels shall be stipulatedby the applicable contract, job order, drawing, or otherpurchaser and supplier agreement.

8.6 Radiographic Density Limitations— Radio-graphic density in the area of interest shall be within1.5 to 4.0 for either single or superimposed viewing.

8.7 Film Handling:

8.7.1 Darkroom Facilities— Darkroom facilitiesshould be kept clean and as dust-free as practical.Safelights should be those recommended by film manu-facturers for the radiographic materials used and shouldbe positioned in accordance with the manufacturer’srecommendations. All darkroom equipment and materi-als should be capable of producing radiographs thatare suitable for interpretation.

8.7.2 Film Processing— Radiographic film pro-cessing shall be controlled in accordance with GuideE 999.

8.7.3Film Viewing Facilities— Viewing facilitiesshall provide subdued background lighting of an inten-sity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows,or glare on the radiograph. The viewing light shall beof sufficient intensity to review densities up to 4.0 andbe appropriately controlled so that the optimum intensityfor single or superimposed viewing of radiographs maybe selected.

8.7.4 Storage of Radiographs— When storage isrequired by the applicable job order or contract, theradiographs should be stored in an area with sufficientenvironmental control to preclude image deteriorationor other damage. The radiograph storage duration andlocation after casting delivery shall be as agreed uponbetween purchaser and supplier. (See Guide E 1254for storage information.)

9. Procedure

9.1 Time of Examination— Unless otherwise speci-fied by the applicable job order or contract, radiography

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may be performed prior to heat treatment and in the as-cast, rough-machined, or finished-machined condition.

9.1.1Penetrameter (IQI) Selection— Unless other-wise specified in the applicable job order or contract,penetrameter (IQI) selection shall be based on thefollowing: if the thickness to be radiographed exceedsthe design thickness of the finished piece, the penetrame-ter (IQI) size shall be based on a thickness which doesnot exceed the design thickness of the finished pieceby more than 20% or1⁄4 in. (6.35 mm), whichever isgreater. In no case shall the penetrameter (IQI) sizebe based on a thickness greater than the thickness tobe radiographed.

9.2 Surface Preparation— The casting surfaces shallbe prepared as necessary to remove any conditionsthat could mask or be confused with internal castingdiscontinuities.

9.3 Source-to-Film Distance— Unless otherwisespecified in the applicable job order or contract, geomet-ric unsharpness (Ug) shall not be greater than onepercent of the maximum part thickness being interpretedon the radiograph, or 0.070 in. (1.8 mm), whicheveris less. Geometric unsharpness values shall be deter-mined as specified in Guide E 94.

9.4 Direction of Radiation— The direction of radia-tion shall be governed by the geometry of the castingand the radiographic coverage and quality requirementsstipulated by the applicable job order or contract.Whenever practicable, place the central beam of theradiation perpendicular to the surface of the film. Appen-dix X2 provides examples of preferred source and filmorientations and examples of casting geometries andconfigurations on which radiography is impractical orvery difficult.

9.5 Back-Scattered Radiation Protection:

9.5.1Back-Scattered Radiation— (secondary radi-ation emanating from surfaces behind the film, that is,walls, floors, etc.) serves to reduce radiographic contrastand may produce undesirable effects on radiographicquality. A 1⁄8-in. (3.17 mm) lead sheet placed behindthe film generally furnishes adequate protection againstback-scattered radiation.

9.5.2 To detect back-scattered radiation, positiona lead letter “B” [approximately1⁄8 in. (3.17 mm) thickby 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) high] on the rear side of the filmholder. If a light image (lower density) of the leadletter “B” appears on the radiograph, it indicates thatmore back-scatter protection is necessary. The appear-ance of a dark image of the lead letter “B” should be


disregarded unless the dark image could mask or beconfused with rejectable casting defects.

9.6 Penetrameter (IQI) Placement— Place all pene-trameters (IQI) being radiographed on the source sideof the casting. Place penetrameters (IQIs) in the radio-graphic area of interest, unless the use of a shim orseparate block is necessary, as specified in 9.7.6.

9.7 Number of Penetrameters (IQIs):

9.7.1 One penetrameter (IQI) shall represent anarea within which radiographic densities do not varymore than +30% to −15% from the density measuredthrough the body of the penetrameter (IQI).

9.7.2 When the film density varies more than−15% to +30%, two penetrameters (IQIs) used asfollows will be acceptable: if one penetrameter (IQI)shows acceptable sensitivity representing the most denseportion of the exposure, and the second penetrameter(IQI) shows acceptable sensitivity representing the leastdense portion of the exposure, then these two penetrame-ters (IQIs) shall qualify the exposure location withinthese densities, provided the density requirements stipu-lated in 8.6 are met.

9.7.3 For cylindrical or flat castings where morethan one film holder is used for an exposure, at leastone penetrameter (IQI) image shall appear on eachradiograph. For cylindrical shapes, where a panoramictype source of radiation is placed in the center of thecylinder and a complete or partial circumference isradiographed using at least four overlapped film holders,at least three penetrameters (IQIs) shall be used. Onpartial circumference exposures, a penetrameter (IQI)shall be placed at each end of the length of the imageto be evaluated on the radiograph with the intermediatepenetrameters (IQIs) placed at equal divisions of thelength covered. For full circumferential coverage, threepenetrameters (IQIs) spaced 120° apart shall be used,even when using a single length of roll film.

9.7.4 When an array of individual castings in acircle is radiographed, the requirements of 9.7.1 or9.7.2, or both, shall prevail for each casting.

9.7.5 If the required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivitydoes not show on any one film in a multiple filmtechnique (see 9.11), but does show in composite(superimposed) film viewing, interpretation shall bepermitted only by composite film viewing for therespective area.

9.7.6 When it is not practicable to place thepenetrameter(s) (IQI) on the casting, a shim or separate

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block conforming to the requirements of 6.7 maybe used.

9.7.6.1The penetrameter (IQI) shall be no closerto the film than the source side of that part of thecasting being radiographed in the current view.

9.7.6.2The radiographic density measured adja-cent to the penetrameter (IQI) through the body of theshim or separate block shall not exceed the densitymeasured in the area of interest by more than 15%.The density may be lighter than the area of interestdensity, provided acceptable quality level is obtainedand the density requirements of 8.6 are met.

9.7.6.3 The shim or separate block shall beplaced at the corner of the film holder or close to thatpart of the area of interest that is furthest from thecentral beam. This is the worst case position from abeam angle standpoint that a discontinuity would be in.

9.7.6.4The shim or separate block dimensionsshall exceed the penetrameter (IQI) dimensions suchthat the outline of at least three sides of the penetrameter(IQI) image shall be visible on the radiograph.

9.7.7Film Side Penetrameter (IQI)— In the casewhere the penetrameter (IQI) cannot be physicallyplaced on the source side and the use of a separateblock technique is not practical, penetrameters (IQIs)placed on the film side may be used. The applicablejob order or contract shall dictate the requirements forfilm side radiographic quality level (see 8.4).

9.8 Location Markers— The radiographic image ofthe location markers for the coordination of the castingwith the film shall appear on the film, without interferingwith the interpretation, in such an arrangement that itis evident that the required coverage was obtained.These marker positions shall be marked on the castingand the position of the markers shall be maintainedon the part during the complete radiographic cycle.The RSS shall show all marker locations.

9.9 Radiographic Identification— A system of posi-tive identification of the film shall be provided. As aminimum, the following shall appear on the radiograph:the name or symbol of the inspecting laboratory, thedate, the casting identification number, and whether itis an original or subsequent exposure.

9.10Subsequent Exposure Identification— All repairradiographs after the original (initial) shall have aninspection status designation that indicates the reason.Subsequent radiographs made by reason of a repairedarea shall be identified with the letter “R” followed


by the respective repair cycle (that is, R-1 for the firstrepair, R-2 for the second repair, etc.). Subsequentradiographs that are necessary as a result of additionalsurface preparation should be identified by the letters“REG.’’

9.11Multiple Film Techniques— Two or more filmsof equal or different speeds in the same cassette areallowed, provided prescribed quality level and densityrequirements are met (see 9.7.2 and 9.7.5).

9.12 Radiographic Techniques:

9.12.1 Single Wall Technique— Except as pro-vided in 9.12.2, radiography shall be performed usinga technique in which the radiation passes through onlyone wall.

9.12.2 Double Wall Technique— For castingswith an inside diameter of 4 in. or less, a techniquemay be used in which the radiation passes throughboth walls and both walls are viewed for acceptanceon the same film. An adequate number of exposuresshall be taken to ensure that required coverage hasbeen obtained.

9.13 Safety— Radiographic procedures shall complywith applicable city, state, and federal regulations.

10. Radiograph Evaluation

10.1 Film Quality — Verify that the radiographmeets the quality requirements specified in 8.3, 8.4,8.6, 9.5.2 and 9.7.

10.2 Film Evaluation — Determine the acceptanceor rejection of the casting by comparing the radiographicimage to the agreed upon acceptance criteria (see 8.5).

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11. Reference Radiographs

11.1 Reference Radiographs E 155, E 186, E 192,E 272, E 280, E 310, E 446, E 505, E 689, and E802 are graded radiographic illustrations of variouscasting discontinuities. These reference radiographs maybe used to help establish acceptance criteria and mayalso be useful as radiographic interpretation trainingaids.

12. Report

12.1 The following radiographic records shall bemaintained as agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier:

12.1.1 Radiographic standard shooting sketch,

12.1.2 Weld repair documentation,

12.1.3 Film,

12.1.4 Film interpretation record containing as aminimum:

12.1.4.1Disposition of each radiograph (accept-able or rejectable),

12.1.4.2If rejectable, cause for rejection (shrink,gas, etc.),

12.1.4.3 Surface indication verified by visualexamination (mold, marks, etc.), and

12.1.4.4Signature of the film interpreter.

13. Precision and Bias

13.1 No statement has been made about either theprecision or bias of this test method since the resultmerely states whether there is conformance to thecriteria for success specified in the procedure.

14. Keywords

14.1 castings; gamma-ray; nondestructive testing; ra-diographic; radiography; x-ray


APPENDICES(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTINGSKETCH (RSS)

X1.1 The radiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS)provides the radiographic operator and the radiographicinterpreter with pertinent information regarding the ex-amination of a casting. The RSS is designed to standard-ize radiographic methodologies associated with castinginspection; it may also provide a means of a purchaserand supplier agreement, prior to initiation of the inspec-tion on a production basis. The use of a RSS isadvantageous due to the many configurations associatedwith castings and the corresponding variations in tech-

FIG. X1.1 SAMPLE RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH (RSS)

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niques for inspection of any particular one. The RSSprovides a map of location marker placement, directionsfor source and film arrangement, and instructions forall other parameters associated with radiography of acasting. This information serves to provide the mostefficient method for controlling the quality and consist-ency of the resultant radiographic representations.

X1.2 The RSS usually consists of an instructionsheet and sketch(es) of the casting: the instruction sheetspecifies the radiographic equipment, materials, andtechnique-acceptance parameters for each location; the


FIG. X1.2 SAMPLES OF RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCHES (RSS)(a) VIEWS ILLUSTRATING LAYOUT AND SOURCE AND FILM PLACEMENT

sketch(es) illustrate(s) the location, orientation, and thesource and film arrangement for each location. FiguresX1.1 and X1.2(a) and (b) of this appendix provide atypical instruction sheet and sketch sheets. As a mini-mum, the RSS should provide the following information.All spaces shall be filled in unless not applicable; inthose cases, the space shall be marked NA.

X1.2.1 The instruction sheet should provide thefollowing:

X1.2.1.1 Company preparing RSS and activityperforming radiography.

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X1.2.1.2 Casting identification including:(a) Drawing number,(b) Casting identification number,(c) Descriptive name (for example, pump casting,

valve body, etc.),(d) Material type and material specification,(e) Heat number, and(f) Pattern number.

X1.2.1.3 Surface condition at time of radiogra-phy (as cast, rough machined, finished machined).


FIG. X1.2(b)(b) VIEWS ILLUSTRATING LAYOUT AND EXTENT OF COVERAGE

X1.2.1.4 Spaces for approval (as applicable).

X1.2.1.5 Radiographic Technique Parametersfor Each Location:

(a) Radiographic location designation,(b) Source type and size,(c) Finished thickness,(d) Thickness when radiographed,(e) Penetrameters,(f) Source to film distance,(g) Film type and quantity,(h) Film size,

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(i) Required penetrameter (IQI) quality level,(j) Radiographic acceptance standard, and(k) Applicable radiographic severity level.

X1.2.2 The sketch(es) should provide the fol-lowing:

X1.2.2.1 Location marker placement.

X1.2.2.2Location of foundry’s identification pador symbol on the casting.


X1.2.2.3Designation of areas that require radiog-raphy (as applicable).

X1.2.2.4Designation of areas that are consideredimpractical or very difficult to radiograph (see 1.2and 8.2).

X1.2.2.5Radiographic source and film arrange-ment and radiation beam direction for each location.

NOTE X1.1 — The RSS should designate the involved locationsand stipulate that the technique for those locations is typical, forsections of the casting on which a continuing series of locations areto be radiographed with the same basic source and film arrangementfor each location.

X1.2.3 Figure X1.1 of this appendix provides asample RSS that has been developed for a typicalproduction application, and Fig. X1.2(a) and (b) providesample RSS sketches that have been developed for atypical production application.

X1.2.4 The RSS may not provide what is consid-ered to be the most effective means of technique controlfor all radiographic activities, but, in any event, somemeans of technique standardization should be employed.As a general rule, it is a beneficial practice for thesupplier to solicit purchaser approval of the radiographicmethodology prior to performing production radiogra-phy. This generally entails the demonstration of theadequacy of the methodology by submitting the pro-posed technique parameters and a corresponding set of

FIG. X2.1 PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT

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pilot radiographs to the purchaser for review. Purchaserapproval of the technique shall be addressed in theapplicable job order or contract.

X2. PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILMALIGNMENT FOR FLANGERADIOGRAPHY AND EXAMPLES OFAREAS THAT ARE CONSIDEREDIMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH

X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment for FlangeRadiography — The effective use of radiography forassessing material soundness in casting areas where aflange joins a body is somewhat limited by the sourceand film alignment that the geometric configuration ofthese areas requires. The following figures describesource and film alignments that can be employed anddiscusses the limits and benefits of each.

X3. EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT ARECONSIDERED TO BE IMPRACTICAL TORADIOGRAPH

X3.1 Certain casting geometry configuration are inac-cessible for conventional source and film arrangementsthat will provide meaningful radiographic results. Theseareas generally involve the juncture of two castingsections. The following illustrations provide typicalexamples of such areas.


FIG. X2.2 PERMISSIBLE SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT WHEN FIG. X2.1 CANNOT BE APPLIED DUE TOCASTING GEOMETRY

FIG. X2.3 ALLOWABLE SOURCE FILM ALIGNMENT AS GOVERNED BYSOURCE ENERGY AND MULTI-FILM LOAD ACCEPTANCE DENSITY LATITUDE

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FIG. X3.1 AREAS INVOLVING FLANGES

FIG. X3.2 AREAS INVOLVING OTHER JUNCTURES

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