standard specification for roads and bridges works

7/26/2019 Standard Specification for Roads and Bridges Works

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Draft

Standard Specifications forRoad and

Bridge Works

September 1998(Reprinted July 2001)

Prepared by the Division of Roads and Transport Technology, CSIR


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Environmental Statement

Roads and transport routes, by their nature, are potentially intrusive to the environment. Numerousunnecessary scars have been left on landscapes, many still visible after a number of years. Publiccomplaints stemming from road development and the unsustainable practices associated with it as well

as the resultant increases in traffic are escalating. It is therefore important that Employers, Engineersand Contractors ensure that roads and related structures are constructed in a responsible andsustainable manner in order that negative impacts on the environment are minimised as far as possible,while positive impacts associated with the provision of the infrastructure are enhanced. Theimplementation of an integrated environmental management procedure during the project cycle willidentify environmental issues, either perceived or real, which can be addressed during the early stagesof the development. In new road projects, this will allow uninterrupted construction and could preventcostly time delays, resulting from disputes and actions involving affected parties. Incorporation of theprocedure into the maintenance and operation of existing transport routes can enhance rehabilitationand management programmes.

We have not inherited this earth from our parents, but are borrowing it

from our children


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STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS

CONTENTS Page

Section

SERIES 1000 : GENERAL

1100 Definitions and terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100-11200 General requirements and provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200-11300 Contractors establishment on site and general obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300-11400 Housing, offices and laboratories for the Engineers site personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1400-11500 Accommodation of traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500-11600 Overhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600-11700 Clearing and grubbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1700-1

SERIES 2000 : DRAINAGE

2100 Drains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2100-12200 Prefabricated culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2200-12300 Concrete kerbing, concrete channelling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete linings for open drains . . . . 2300-12400 Asphalt and concrete berms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2400-12500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2500-12600 Gabions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2600-1

SERIES 3000 : EARTHWORKS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS OF GRAVELOR CRUSHED STONE

3100 Borrow materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3100-13200 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down the material from borrow pits and cuttings,

and placing and compacting the gravel layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3200-13300 Mass earthworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3300-13400 Pavement layers of gravel material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3400-13500 Stabilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3500-13600 Crushed stone base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3600-13700 Waterbound macadam base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3700-13800 Breaking up existing pavement layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3800-1

SERIES 4000 : ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AND SEALS

4100 Prime coat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4100-14200 Asphalt base and surfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4200-14300 Materials and general requirements for seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4300-14400 Single seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4400-14500 Double seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4500-14600 Single seal with slurry (Cape seal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4600-14700 Sand seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4700-14800 Surfacing of bridgedecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4800-14900 Treatment of surface defects, patching, repairing edge breaks and crack sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4900-1

SERIES 5000 : ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

5100 Guide blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5100-15200 Guardrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5200-15300 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5300-15400 Road signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5400-15500 Road markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5500-15600 Cattle grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5600-15700 Landscaping and planting plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5700-15800 Finishing the road and road reserve and treating old roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5800-15900 Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5900-1


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SERIES 6000 : STRUCTURES

6100 Foundations for structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6100-16200 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6200-16300 Steel reinforcements for structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6300-16400 Concrete for structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6400-16500 Prestressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6500-16600 No-fines concrete, joints, bearings, bolt groups for electrification, parapets and drainage for structures . . . 6600-1

6700 Structural steelwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6700-16800 Construction tolerances for structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6800-1

SERIES 7000 : TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL

7100 Testing material and workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7100-17200 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7200-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST METHODS


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SERIES 1000

GENERAL

1100 Definition and terms

1200 General requirements and provisions1300 Contractors establishment on site and general obligations1400 Housing, offices and laboratories for the Engineers site personnel1500 Accommodation of traffic1600 Overhaul1700 Clearing and grubbing


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SECTION 1100 : DEFINITIONS AND TERMS

CONTENTS

1101 ASPHALT1102 ASPHALT SURFACING1103 BASE1104 BORROW AREA1105 BORROW MATERIAL1106 BRIDGE1107 CARRIAGEWAY1108 CATCHWATER DRAIN OR BANK1109 CULVERT1110 CUT1111 EXCESS OVERBURDEN1112 FILL1113 GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT1114 GRADE LINE1115 GRADING MODULUS (GM)1116 INLET AND OUTLET DRAINS1117 LANE1118 LOT1119 MEDIAN1120 MEDIAN DRAIN1121 MITRE DRAIN AND BANK1122 PAVEMENT LAYERS1123 PIONEER LAYER1124 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS1125 ROADBED1126 ROAD PRISM1127 ROAD RESERVE1128 ROLLER PASSES1129 SEAL1130 SELECTED LAYER1131 SERVICES1132 SIDE DRAIN1133 SHOULDER

1134 SHOULDER BREAKPOINT1135 STABILISATION1136 SLOPE1137 SPOIL (MATERIAL)1138 SUBBASE1139 SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM1140 TRAVELLED WAY1141 VERGE

Unless inconsistent with the context, in these Specifications,the following terms, words or expressions shall have themeanings hereby assigned to them. Figures 1 and 2 (at theend of the Section) detailing cross-sectional elements of aroad should be referred to when required.

1101 ASPHALT

A mixture to predetermined proportions of aggregate, fillerand bituminous binder material prepared off the road andusually placed by means of a paving machine.

1102 ASPHALT SURFACING

The layer or layers of asphalt constructed on top of thebase, and, in some cases, the shoulders.

1103 BASE

A layer of material constructed on top of the subbase, or inthe absence thereof, the selected layer. A base may extendto outside the travelled way.

1104 BORROW AREA

An area within designated boundaries, approved for thepurpose of obtaining borrow material. A borrow pit is theexcavated pit in a borrow area.

1105 BORROW MATERIAL

Any gravel, sand, soil, rock or ash obtained from borrowareas, dumps or sources other than cut within the roadprism and which is used in the construction of the Works. Itshall not include crushed stone or sand obtained fromcommercial sources.

1106 BRIDGE

A structure erected over a depression, river, watercourse,railway line, road or other obstacle for carrying motor,railway, pedestrian or other traffic or services and having alength of 6 m or more, measured between the abutmentfaces along the centre line of the road at girder-bed level,except that road-over-rail or rail-over-road structures arealways classed as bridges.

1107 CARRIAGEWAY

The surface normally traversed by vehicles and whichconsists of one or a number of contiguous traffic lanes,including auxiliary lanes and shoulders.

1108 CATCHWATER DRAIN OR BANK

A longitudinal drain or bank outside the road prism fordiverting water that would otherwise flow into the road prism.

1109 CULVERT

A structure other than a bridge, which provides an openingunder the carriageway or median for drainage or otherpurposes.

1110 CUT

Cut shall mean all excavations from the road prism,including side drains, excavations for cross-roads,interchanges, and, where classified as cut, excavations foropen drains.


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1111 EXCESS OVERBURDEN

Overburden within a borrow area which is not required or isunsuitable for use in construction.

1112 FILL

That portion of the road prism consisting of approvedimported material which lies above the roadbed and isbounded by the side slopes, shown on the typical cross-sections on the Drawings running downwards and outwardsfrom the outer shoulder breakpoint and on which theselected layer, subbase, base, shoulders and, in the case ofdual carriageways, the median, are to be constructed.Material imported to replace unsuitable material in theroadbed shall also be classified as fill.

1113 GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT

The appropriate edition of the General Conditions ofContract issued by the Road Authority for which the Contractis being executed, together with any Special Conditions ofContract forming part of the Contract.

1114 GRADE LINE

The grade line is a reference line in the Drawings of thelongitudinal sections of the road indicating at regularintervals the elevations according to which the road is to beconstructed. The grade line may refer to the level of thecompleted road, base or any other layer and may indicatethe elevations either along the carriageway centre line oralong any designated position on the road cross-section.

1115 GRADING MODULUS (GM)

The cumulative percentages by mass of material in arepresentative sample of aggregate, gravel or soil retainedon the 2.00 mm, 0.425 mm and 0.075 mm sieves, dividedby 100.

1116 INLET AND OUTLET DRAINS

Channels leading into or discharging from culverts,stormwater conduits and minor bridges.

1117 LANE

Part of a travelled way intended for a single stream of trafficin one direction, which has normally been demarcated assuch by road markings.

1118 LOT

A sizable portion of work or quantity of material which isassessed as a unit for the purpose of quality control and

selected to represent material or work produced byessentially the same process and materials.

1119 MEDIAN

The area between the two travelled ways of a dual

carriageway, excluding the inner shoulders.

1120 MEDIAN DRAIN

A longitudinal drain situated between the inner shoulders ofa dual carriageway.

1121 MITRE DRAIN AND BANK

A drain constructed at an angle to the centre line of the roadto divert water from a side drain. Mitre drains include mitrebanks placed across the side drains.

1122 PAVEMENT LAYERS

The upper layers of the road comprising the selected layers,subbase, base or gravel wearing course, and the shoulderlayers.

1123 PIONEER LAYER

An initial layer constructed over a weak roadbed whereselected material is used to provide a stable platform for theconstruction of subsequent layers.

1124 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS

The specifications relating to a specific project, which formpart of the Contract documents for such project, and whichcontain supplementary and/or amending specifications tothe Standard Specifications.

1125 ROADBED

The natural in situ material on which the fill, or in theabsence of fill, any pavement layers, are to be constructed.

1126 ROAD PRISM

That portion of the road construction included between theoriginal ground level and the outer boundaries of the slopesof cuttings, fills and side drains. It shall not include theselected layer, subbase, base, surfacing, shoulders orroadbed.


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1127 ROAD RESERVE

The entire area included by the boundaries of a road asproclaimed.

1128 ROLLER PASSES

Unless otherwise specified in the Specifications or theProject Specifications, an area will be taken to havereceived one roller pass when a roller has passed over sucharea once. Additional passes made only as a result ofnominal overlapping so as to ensure full coverage shall notbe taken into account.

1129 SEAL

The application of one or more layers of bituminous binderwith or without layers of crushed stone or sand insuccessive layers on the carriageway, shoulders or on any

other compacted layer on which movement of traffic takesplace.

1130 SELECTED LAYER

The lower layer or layers of the pavement which isconstructed direct onto the fill, or in some cases theroadbed. It may include roadbed material compacted in situ.

1131 SERVICES

Cables, pipes or other structures to provide, inter alia,conduits for electricity, telephone and telegraphconnections, water, sewage, etc.

1132 SIDE DRAIN

An open longitudinal drain situated adjacent to and at thebottom of cut or fill slopes.

1133 SHOULDER

(a) When referring to this as a surface: The areabetween the outside edge of the travelled way and theshoulder breakpoint.

(b) When referring to this as a pavement layer: Theupper pavement layer lying between the outside edge of thebase and the shoulder breakpoint.

1134 SHOULDER BREAKPOINT

The line along which the extended flat planes of the surfaceof the shoulder and the outside slope of the fill andpavement intersect. This edge is normally rounded to apredetermined radius.

1135 STABILISATION

The treatment of the materials used in the construction ofthe roadbed, fill or pavement layers by the addition of acementitious binder such as lime or Portland cement or themechanical modification of the material through the additionof a soil binder or a bituminous binder. Asphalt and concrete

shall not be considered as materials that have beenstabilised.

1136 SLOPE

Unless otherwise stated, slope is given in terms of the ratioof the vertical difference in elevation between any two pointsand the horizontal distance between them.

This ratio may also be expressed as a percentage.

1137 SPOIL (MATERIAL)

Material originating from construction operations and whichis not utilised for construction purposes.

1138 SUBBASE

The layer of material on top of the selected layers or fill andbelow the base and shoulders.

1139 SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

A system of subsoil drainage pipes (including anypermeable material) constructed to intercept and removesubsoil water.

1140 TRAVELLED WAY

That portion of the carriageway which includes the varioustraffic lanes and auxiliary lanes but excludes the shoulders.

1141 VERGE

The area between the outer edge of the road prism and theboundary of the road reserve.


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MEDIANCARRIAGEWAY CARRIAGEWAY

CARRIAGEWAY

TRAVELLED WAY

TRAVELLED WAYSHOULDER SHOULDER

SHOULDER SHOULDER

SHOULDERSHOULDERLANE LANE

VERGE

SIDE

DRAIN

ROADBED

ROADBED

ROADBED

MEDIAN DRAIN

CATCHW

CUT

FILL

SHOULDER BREAKPOINT

SEALBASESUBBASE

PAVEMENTLAYERS

SELECTEDLAYER

SHOULDERMATERIAL

SHOULDER MATERIAL

ROAD RESERVE

ROAD

RESERVE

BOUNDARY

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 1100: CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A ROADTHESE TWO DIAGRAMS ARE INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE THE DEFINITIONS OF SECTION 1100 ONLY, AND, W

DEFINITIONS SHALL PREVAIL

THE ROAD PRISM IN FIGURE 1: THE VOLUME EXCAVATED BETWEEN ABCDEFGHIA AND ANY FILL CON

THE ROAD PRISM IN FIGURE 2: THE VOLUME EXCAVATED BETWEEN BCDEFB AND THE FILL

SUBDRAINAGE SYS

A

A

B

B

C

D

E

F

F

G

G

H


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1200-1


SECTION 1200 : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ANDPROVISIONS

CONTENTS

1201 SCOPE1202 SERVICES1203 ROAD INTERSECTIONS AND JUNCTIONS1204 PROGRAMME OF WORK1205 WORKMANSHIP AND QUALITY CONTROL1206 THE SETTING-OUT OF WORK AND PROTECTION

OF BEACONS1207 NOTICES, SIGNS AND ADVERTISEMENTS1208 MEASUREMENTS1209 PAYMENT1210 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION OF THE WORKS1211 TRAFFIC OVER COMPLETED PAVEMENT

LAYERS1212 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS AND OFFERS1213 VARIATION FROM SPECIFIED NOMINAL RATES

OF APPLICATION OR NOMINAL MIXPROPORTIONS

1214 CONTRACTOR'S ACTIVITIES IN RESPECT OFPROPERTY OUTSIDE THE ROAD RESERVE ANDOF SERVICES MOVED, DAMAGED OR ALTERED

1215 EXTENSION OF TIME RESULTING FROMABNORMAL RAINFALL

1216 INFORMATION FURNISHED BY THE EMPLOYER1217 PROTECTION OF THE WORKS AND

REQUIREMENTS TO BE MET BEFORECONSTRUCTION OF NEW WORK ON TOP OFCOMPLETED WORK IS COMMENCED

1218 REMEDIAL WORK1219 WATER1220 AUTHORISED MEASUREMENTS AND

TOLERANCES1221 DRAWINGS PROVIDED BY THE CONTRACTOR1222 USE OF EXPLOSIVES1223 WORK ON, OVER, UNDER OR ADJACENT TO

RAILWAY LINES1224 THE HANDING-OVER OF THE ROAD RESERVE1225 HAUL ROADS1226 MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH OF TRENCHES AND

FOUNDATION EXCAVATIONS1227 MONTHLY SITE MEETINGS1228 LEGAL PROVISIONS1229 FINAL CLEARANCE

1201 SCOPE

This Section covers matters which relate to the Contract asa whole. Definitions, phrases or wording which wouldotherwise require repetition in other sections of theSpecifications are also covered by clauses in this Section.Matters covered by the General Conditions of Contract arenot repeated in this Section, except where necessary forproviding more detailed information.

1202 SERVICES

This Contract may include certain work relating to themoving and reinstating of existing services that may beaffected by the construction of the Works.

The Employer will, in the Contract documents, provideinformation regarding the location of existing utility services,but the Employer does not accept responsibility for theaccuracy of this information.

The Contractor shall check and determine on the site thepositions of any services shown on the Drawings. This shallbe done by visual inspections, using detecting apparatus,

and by making excavations to expose the position of theservice at critical points. This shall also be done where noservices are shown on the Drawings but where suchservices are nevertheless believed to be present. Thepositions of all services so detected shall be markedcarefully and then drawn in on the Drawings. Theseservices will then be defined as known services. TheContractor shall take all reasonable precautions not todamage the services during the search, when the onus shallrest with him to prove that, in the event of damage beingdone to such services during the search, it was not his faultthat they had been damaged.

The Contractor will be held responsible for any damagecaused by him to known services, unless he can prove thathe has taken all the above precautions and that the damage

has nevertheless been caused because the position of theknown service had deviated by more than one metre fromthe position as may reasonably have been deduced from theinvestigation made by him.

The Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions toprotect existing services during construction and during therelocation of such services. Where protective measuresinvolve the construction of permanent work, the Contractorshall execute the work in accordance with the Engineer'sinstructions, and payment shall be made as provided for inthe Project Specifications.

All pipes, cables, conduits or other known services of anynature whatsoever damaged as a result of the Contractor'soperations shall be repaired and reinstated forthwith by the

Contractor or by the Authority concerned, all at the expenseof the Contractor and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Where work is to be carried out in the vicinity of overheadpowerlines, the Contractor shall ensure that all personsworking in such areas are aware of the relatively largedistance that high voltage electricity can short to earthwhen cranes, or other large masses of steel, are in thevicinity of powerlines. The Contractor shall be required towork outside the clearances stated in BS162 which givessafe clearance for the various voltages.

It shall be clearly understood that, in certain instances,existing services can be relocated only after the Contractorhas advanced sufficiently on or has completed certainsections of earthworks or certain structures.

Whenever services are encountered which interfere with theexecution of the Works and which require to be moved andrelocated, the Contractor shall advise the Engineer, who willdetermine the extent of the work, if any, to be undertaken bythe Contractor in moving, relocating and reinstating orprotecting such services.

Any work required to be undertaken by the Contractor inprotecting, moving and relocating the services for which noprovision has been made in the Contract documents, or forwhich there are no appropriate tender rates, will be classedas extra work, as provided for in the General Conditions ofContract.

The Contractor shall work in close co-operation with private

Owners or public authorities controlling services which have


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to be protected, moved or relocated. Details regarding thestate of negotiations concluded between the Employer andthe Owner at the time of tendering in respect of the timewhen either the Owner is prepared to start moving suchservices or when the Contractor is required to or will beallowed to start moving the services, and the duration ofsuch operations, will either be stated in the tenderdocuments or be made available to tenderers. Should the

Owners of services refuse to co-operate with the Contractorin a reasonable manner in connection with the protection ormoving of services belonging to them, the Contractor shallrefer the matter to the Engineer.

When the Contractor details his programme of work asreferred to in the relevant clause of the General Conditionsof Contract, he shall, in consultation with the Engineer,clearly indicate as to when he proposes to start with andconclude the moving of each service or when he will requirethe Owner to start with and conclude the moving of eachservice. Should it thereafter, through delays on the part ofthe Employer or the Owner of the service to be moved, beimpossible to adhere to the programme of work, suchprogramme shall be suitably amended by the Contractor inconsultation with the Engineer so as to limit, in so far as is

possible, the extent of any damages or delays. Should it beimpossible to limit entirely the damages or delays resultingfrom the amendments necessary to the programme of work,the Contractor shall be reimbursed for any additional costsincurred or damages suffered by him.

1203 ROAD INTERSECTIONS AND JUNCTIONS

Except where otherwise specified, no additional paymentover and above payment for the various items of workincluded in this Contract will be made for the construction,in a confined space, of curves, tapers, bellmouths, trafficislands, farm accesses and other appurtenant Works inconnection with the construction and maintenance of road

intersections and junctions.

The Contractor shall be required to provide the safe andunrestricted flow of public traffic at all times during theconstruction and maintenance of such intersections andjunctions.

1204 PROGRAMME OF WORK

Should the Contractor fall behind with the programmesubmitted by him in terms of the relevant clause of theGeneral Conditions of Contract, which programme has beenapproved by the Engineer, the Employer may, withoutprejudice to his rights in terms of the relevant clause of the

General Conditions of Contract, require the Contractor tosubmit, within seven days of the date on which he hasreceived a notice to this effect, a revised programme interms of this Clause, which indicates the manner in whichthe Contractor undertakes to complete the Works within therequired time. Any proposal in the revised programme toaccelerate the rate of progress shall be accompanied bypositive steps to increase production by more and/or betterlabour and equipment being provided on the site or by theavailable labour and equipment being utilised moreeffectively.

The approval by the Engineer of any programme shall haveno contractual significance other than that the Engineerwould be satisfied if the work is carried out in accordancewith such programme and that the Contractor undertakes to

carry out the work in accordance with the programme.

Neither shall it limit the right of the Engineer to instruct theContractor to vary the programme should circumstances sorequire. The above shall not be taken to limit the right of theContractor to claim for damages or extension of time towhich he may be fairly entitled in terms of the GeneralConditions of Contract for delay or disruption of hisactivities.

Should the Employer request and the Contractor undertaketo finish the whole or part of the Works ahead of the timeoriginally required by the Contract, payment for acceleratingthe work shall be made only if agreed on beforehand, inwriting, and in terms of such agreement.

1205 WORKMANSHIP AND QUALITY CONTROL

The onus rests with the Contractor to produce work whichconforms in quality and accuracy of detail to all therequirements of the Specifications and Drawings, and theContractor shall, at his own expense, institute a quality-control system and provide experienced engineers, foremen,surveyors, materials technicians, other technicians and

other technical staff, together with all transport, instrumentsand equipment, to ensure adequate supervision and positivecontrol of the Works at all times.

The Contractor shall conduct tests or have them conductedcontinually on a regular basis, to check the properties ofnatural materials and processed natural materials and ofproducts manufactured on the site, such as concrete andasphalt. Although not a requirement for the Contractor toconduct regular tests on any commercially producedproducts such as cement, bitumen, steel and pipes, theContractor shall remain fully responsible for any defectivematerial or equipment provided by him. Similarly, the qualityof all elements of the Works shall be checked on a regularbasis so as to ensure compliance with the specifiedrequirements.

The intensity of control and of tests to be conducted by theContractor in terms of these obligations is not specified butshall be adequate to ensure that proper control is beingexercised.

Where any natural materials or products made from naturalmaterials are supplied, and upon completion of eachelement of the construction work, the Contractor shall testand check such materials, products and/or elements forcompliance with the specified requirements and shall submithis results to the Engineer for approval. Such submissionshall include all his measurements and test results and shallfurnish adequate proof of compliance with the specifiedrequirements.

No specific pay items are provided as compensation for theabove obligations, including the provision of all samplesdelivered to the Engineer, the repair of places from whichsamples were taken, and the provision of the necessarypersonnel and testing apparatus and facilities, for whichcompensation shall be included in the tendered rates of theContractor for the various items of work to which theseobligations apply.

The Contractor's attention is also drawn to the provisions ofClause 7208 in regard to instituting specific process-controlsystems.


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1206 THE SETTING-OUT OF WORK AND PROTECTION

OF BEACONS

The Contractors attention is drawn to the requirements ofthe relevant clause of the General Conditions of Contract,and he shall also comply with all legal provisions in regardto surveying and setting out work.

The Contractor shall check the condition of all reference andlevel beacons and shall satisfy himself that they have notbeen displaced and are true in regard to position and level.If beacons have been destroyed, displaced or damagedbefore the site is handed over to the Contractor, theEngineer will arrange to have new beacons installed. Abeacon which has been displaced shall not be used unlessits true position and level have been re-established and thenew values verified by the Engineer.

Where a beacon is likely to be displaced during constructionoperations, the Contractor shall establish suitable referencebeacons at locations where they will not be displaced duringconstruction. No beacon shall be covered over, displaced ordestroyed before accurate reference beacons have been

established and details of the positions and levels of suchbeacons have been submitted to and approved by theEngineer. The Contractors reference beacons shall be ofat least the same quality and durability as the existingbeacons.

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer the method ofsetting-out he proposes to employ. To ensure beyond alldoubt that the complex elements of the road, such as trafficinterchanges, structures and other important features arelocated truly and correctly, the Contractor shall check allsetting-out by a second method. The Engineer may at anytime request the Contractor to submit proof that his setting-out has been satisfactorily checked.

In cases where the displacement of or damage to property

beacons or trigonometrical-survey beacons is unavoidable,the Contractor shall notify the Engineer in good time so thathe may arrange to have such beacons suitably referencedand later on reinstated. The cost of such work, if paid for bythe Contractor, shall be reimbursable as extra work, asprovided for in the General Conditions of Contract.

For the purposes of this Clause and of the relevant clauseof the General Conditions of Contract, any beacon madefrom a metal peg cast in concrete and any boundarybeacon, whether or not cast in concrete, shall be regardedas a beacon. Centre-line pegs shall not be classified asbeacons.

To protect beacons, the boundary fences of the roadreserve shall be splayed at corners so as to avoid the use of

corner posts in the same position as property ortrigonometrical-survey beacons, all as shown on theDrawings.

Accurate control of line and level shall be provided by theContractor at all stages of construction. In respect of theroad itself, control shall be at 20 m intervals or such closerintervals as may be directed for horizontal and verticalcurves. Wherever necessary, but particularly on completionof the fill and the base, the Contractor shall re-establishstake-line pegs at sufficiently close intervals to determineaccurately the position of the edges of the base, surfacingand especially kerbing, guardrails and other road elementspermanently visible.

The setting-out of work will not be measured and paid for

directly, and compensation for the work involved in setting-

out will be deemed to be covered by the rates tendered andpaid for in the various items of work included in thisContract.

1207 NOTICES, SIGNS AND ADVERTISEMENTS

The Contractor and Subcontractors shall not erect anysigns, notices or advertisements on or along the Works orthe site of the Works without the written approval of theEngineer.

At each end of the Works the Contractor shall provide anderect, as part of his obligations under Section 1300, and onapproved locations, at the starting and ending points of theWorks, signboards of sound, weatherproof construction,painted by an approved firm of signwriters in accordancewith the details shown on the Drawings.

These signs are to be erected not later than one month afterthe Contractor has been given access to the site.

The Engineer shall have the right to have any sign, notice or

advertisement moved to a better position or to have itremoved from the site of the Works if it should in any wayprove unsatisfactory, inconvenient or dangerous to thegeneral public.

All advertisements, notices and signs shall be removed bythe Contractor upon issuance of the final certificate ofcompletion.

1208 MEASUREMENTS

(a) Units of measurements

All work shall be measured in accordance with the SISystem of metric units.

(b) Schedule of quantities

The quantities set out in the Schedule of Quantities areestimated quantities and are used for the comparison oftenders and for awarding the Contract. It must be clearlyunderstood that only the actual quantities of work done ormaterials supplied will be measured for payment, and thatthe scheduled quantities may be increased or decreased asprovided for in the General Conditions of Contract.

(c) Measurement of completed work

All distances along the centre line of the road as shown on

the Drawings are horizontal distances, which will be used incalculating the quantities of fill and pavement layers forpurposes of payment. All cross-sections shall be taken in avertical plane.

All materials which are specified to be measured in thevehicle shall be hauled in vehicles of such type and size thatthe actual volume may be readily and accuratelydetermined. Unless all vehicles are of uniform capacity,each vehicle shall bear a plainly legible identification markindicating its specific approved capacity.

The quantity of bituminous and similar materials to be paidby volume shall be measured at the temperature ofapplication.


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Structures shall be measured to the neat lines shown on theDrawings and shall include any changes ordered in writingby the Engineer and, for purposes of payment, thecalculated volume of concrete structures shall include thevolume of reinforcing steel, and minor ducts up to 150 mmin diameter.

1209 PAYMENT

(a) Contract rates

In computing the final Contract amount, payment shall bebased on the actual quantity of authorised work done inaccordance with the Specifications and Drawings. Thetendered rates shall apply, subject to the provisions of theGeneral Conditions of Contract, irrespective of whether theactual quantities are more or less than the scheduledquantities.

Where no rate or price has been entered against a pay itemin the Schedule of Quantities by a tenderer, it shall beunderstood that he does not require any compensation forsuch work. Where, however, a pay item described in these

Specifications or in the Project Specifications does notappear in the Schedule of Quantities, the Contractor willreceive reasonable compensation for such work if required,unless anything to the contrary has been determinedelsewhere.

(b) Rates to be inclusive

The Contractor shall accept the payment provided for in theContract and represented by the rates tendered by him inthe Schedule of Quantities, as payment in full for executingand completing the work as specified, for procuring,furnishing, placing and installing all materials, for procuringand providing labour, supervision, constructional plant, toolsand equipment, for wastage, transport, loading and off-

loading, handling, maintenance, temporary work, testing,quality control including process control, overheads, profit,risk and other obligations and for all other incidentalsnecessary for the completion of the work and maintenanceduring the period of maintenance.

The Contractor shall note that the cost of all Works andmaterials for minor construction details at bridges, forexample small quantities of caulking compound and jointfiller (other than expansion joints), anchor-bar covers, etc,not shown in the Schedule of Quantities, shall be includedin the tendered rates for concrete.

This Clause shall apply in full to all pay items except wherethese requirements may be specifically amended in eachcase.

(c) The meanings of certain phrases in paymentclauses

(i) Procuring and furnishing ... (material)

Where any of the words "supply", "procure", "provide","provision of" or "furnish (material)" are used in thedescription of a pay item, it shall mean the supply anddelivery to the point of use of all materials of any kindrequired for the work covered by the particular pay item,including all tax, purchase costs, claims, damages, royaltiesand transport costs involved, but excluding overhaul. In thecase of borrow materials, stone and sand, it shall alsoinclude all negotiations with the Owners concerned,

excavating, producing, preparing, processing, testing,

hauling and delivering the material to the point of use; theconstruction, repair, maintenance and making good aftercompletion of all access roads, and all work required inopening, using and finishing off borrow pits unless coveredby other pay items in the Schedule of Quantities.

(ii) Placing material

The phrase "placing material" shall mean the off-loading,spreading, blending, processing, watering, mixing, shapingand compacting (where specified) of the material in thepavement layers, fills and bypasses, as well as theprocuring, furnishing, applying and admixing of water; thebreaking-down of oversize material, the removing ofoversize material which cannot be broken down, correctingirregular or uneven surfaces or layers, the thickness ofwhich is not to specification, finishing-off to within thespecified tolerances, the refilling of test holes andmaintaining the completed work. In the case of asphaltcourses and bituminous seals, it shall also mean the heatingand spraying of binder, the spreading of aggregate orasphalt mixtures, rolling, compacting, finishing-off to withinthe specified tolerances, and maintaining the completedwork.

The phrase "procuring, furnishing and placing" shall meanprocuring and furnishing in addition to placing, all as definedherein.

(d) Pay items

The descriptions under the pay items in the various sectionsof the Specifications, indicating the work for which allowanceshall be made in the tendered rates for such pay items, arefor the guidance of the Contractor and do not necessarilyrepeat all the details of work and materials required by anddescribed in the Specifications.

These descriptions shall be read in conjunction with the

relevant Specifications and Drawings, and the Contractorshall, when tendering, bear in mind that his rates shall beinclusive as specified in Subclause (b) above.

(e) Materials on the site

Payment in terms of the relevant clause of the GeneralConditions of Contract for materials on the site, which havenot yet been incorporated in the Works, will be calculated at80% of their purchase price, or, in the case of crushed stonewhich has not been purchased but has been produced onthe site, at 80% of a fair valuation of such material.

The Engineer may at his sole discretion allow paymentunder "materials on the site" in respect of articles such as

precast beams manufactured and stored off site, subject totheir having been completed, to proof of their ownership asbeing that of the Contractor, and to the articles being clearlymarked with the Contractors name, the Contract numberand other particulars in accordance with the Engineer'sinstructions.

(f) Rate-only items

Against an item in the Schedule of Quantities where noquantity is given but a rate only is required, the Contractorshall fill in a rate or amount which will constitute payment forwork which may be done in terms of this item. Such rate-only item is used where it is estimated that little or no workwill be required under the item, or where the item is to be

considered as an alternative for another item where a


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quantity is given, or for variations in rates of application ormix proportions in terms of Clause 1213.

Work under rate-only items will be paid for only if it has beenexecuted in terms of a written instruction by the Engineer.

1210 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION OF THE WORKS

A certificate of completion of the Works in terms of therelevant clause of the General Conditions of Contract will beissued only if the following sections of the Works as may beapplicable have, inter alia, been duly completed:

(a) The gravel wearing course, seals, asphalt orconcrete pavement;

(b) all above-ground and subsoil drainage structures;(c) all fencing;(d) the finishing-off of medians and slopes of cuts and

fills;(e) all the necessary road signs and road-surface

markings;(f) all guardrails;

(g) all structures.

1211 TRAFFIC OVER COMPLETED PAVEMENT

LAYERS

Traffic over structures or pavement layers of anuncompleted road shall, in addition to other restrictionsspecified elsewhere, be restricted to equipment required forits construction, with the proviso that traffic for haulingmaterial over pavement layers, in so far as is possible, shallbe limited to a minimum by the use of construction roadsand diversions.

Traffic over structures or the completed road will be

restricted to the maximum axle load permitted in terms ofstatutory provisions. Any damage to structures orcompleted layers caused by the Contractors traffic shall berepaired at his own cost.

1212 ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS AND OFFERS

Unless anything to the contrary has been determinedelsewhere in the Contract documents, a tenderer may,together with his tender for the original designs contained inthe Contract documents, submit alternative designs andoffers for consideration. Such alternative designs and offersshall be subject to the following conditions andrequirements.

(a) Tenders

An alternative offer or design will be considered only if thetender for the original items has been fully priced andcompleted.

Unless the alternative offer stipulates to the contrary, it shallbe assumed that the period for completion of the Worksshall be the same as for the original design.

An alternative offer or design shall be submitted togetherwith the tender for the original items or design, otherwise itwill not be considered when tenders are adjudicated.

Calculations, drawings and a modified Schedule ofQuantities (as determined hereafter) in respect of eachalternative offer or design shall accompany the alternativetender offer.

(b) Design codes

Alternative designs shall be executed strictly in accordancewith the appropriate design codes and prescriptions of theEmployer. Copies of such codes and prescriptions will beavailable for perusal at the office of the Engineer, but theonus rests with the Contractor to ensure that he complieswith the design requirements of the Employer.

(c) Preliminary calculations

Preliminary calculations for an alternative design shall besubmitted with the tender. Such calculations shall giveadequate details so as to enable an assessment to be madeof the general efficacy of the design and of its principalelements, also of the degree to which the designprescriptions and codes of the Employer are being complied

with. The calculations shall be clear and in a logicalsequence and shall clearly reflect all the designassumptions.

(d) Preliminary drawings

Preliminary drawings of the alternative designs shall also besubmitted with the tender. These drawings shall compriseadequate layout plans, elevations and sections and shallclearly illustrate the general efficacy of the design and itsprincipal elements. Foundation depths and other elementsdepending on foundation conditions shall, in so far as maybe applicable, be in accordance with foundation particularsappearing in the Contract document.

Drawings for alternative designs shall be prepared inaccordance with the provisions of Clause 1221.

(e) Quantities

Each alternative offer shall be accompanied by a modifiedpriced Schedule of Quantities compiled in accordance withthe Standard Specifications, in so far as it is applicable,which clearly shows the manner in which the price for theoriginal Schedule of Quantities which fall away or are beingchanged. In addition to the Schedule of Quantities, a set ofcalculations shall be supplied to show how the quantitieshave been determined. All assumptions in regard tofoundation conditions or other factors which will determinequantities shall be clearly and conspicuously marked by

underlining or colouring, and shall indicate whether or notthe assumptions have been based on information furnishedin the Contract documents (with the necessary references).

(f) Further details

Should the Engineer find that the calculations and drawingssubmitted for alternative designs are not complete enoughfor proper adjudication of the alternative designs, it maymean that no further consideration will be given to suchalternative designs. The Employer, however, reserves theright to call on the tenderer to submit such furthercalculations and drawings as may be required. If suchfurther details are not submitted within ten days of havingbeen requested, the alternative designs may possibly not be

given further consideration.


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(g) Preliminary adjudication of alternative designs

The Engineer will undertake a preliminary scrutiny of anyalternative designs for compliance with the specifiedrequirements of the Employer. Should he find any mistakesor unsatisfactory aspects, he may afford the Contractor theopportunity to rectify them within a period to be determinedby the Engineer. However, it is emphasised that the

preliminary scrutiny of the design and tender by theEngineer, by its very nature, cannot be comprehensive, andno guarantee can be given in this regard that all themistakes made by the Contractor will in fact be detected.Any correction of such mistakes shall be made with thetender price of the Contractor being retained, and, wherevernecessary, the priced Schedule of Quantities for thealternative design shall be adjusted accordingly.

(h) Acceptance of alternative design

The Contractor shall note that the acceptance of a tenderwhich includes alternative designs shall mean that thealternative designs have been approved in principle only. I fthe final calculations, drawings and details do not comply

with the specified requirements, such alternative designsmay be rejected, unless they are suitably amended by theContractor so as to be acceptable to the Engineer.

(i) Final drawings and calculations and the pricedSchedule of Quantities

Where a tender with an alternative design has beenaccepted, the Contractor shall, not less than three monthsbefore he intends starting with the construction of suchdesign, submit to the Engineer a complete set of workingdrawings, detailed calculations and a complete Schedule ofQuantities, for approval. The Schedule of Quantities shall bebased on the preliminary Schedule of Quantities, but withthe necessary adjustments in quantities and prices and with

the tendered price for the alternative design being retained.

Within six weeks of having received the above, the Engineerwill indicate which drawings, calculations, quantities, pricesand other particulars are acceptable to him and which not,with reasons furnished. The Contractor shall then submit tothe Engineer in good time any modified drawings and otherparticulars for approval, for which he will require two weeks.Any delay arising from the fact that the amended particularsdo not meet the requirements shall be the responsibility ofthe Contractor.

No work which will be affected by an alternative design maybe commenced, unless the Drawings, Schedule ofQuantities and prices for such alternative design have beenapproved. Should the Contractor fail to modify any drawings,

calculations, quantities, prices or any other particulars to thesatisfaction of the Engineer, the alternative design will berejected and the original design shall be constructed for thesame amount as has been tendered for the alternativedesign.

(j) Responsibility for alternative design

The approval of a design by the Engineer shall in no wayrelieve the Contractor of his responsibility to produce adesign which conforms in all respects to all the specifiedrequirements and which will be suitable for the purposeenvisaged.

Should it appear later during construction or during the

maintenance period that the design does not conform to the

specified requirements, the Contractor only shall be liablefor any damage arising therefrom and he shall, at his ownexpense, do all the necessary work to ensure that thestructure conforms to all the specified requirements.

(k) Payments for alternative designs

Payments for alternative designs will be based on the finallyapproved Schedule of Quantities and rates for such designs.The lump sum for an alternative design will remain fixed andwill be the final amount payable to the Contractor in regardto such design, except only for deviations arising from:

(i) foundation conditions which differ from foundationconditions shown in the Contract documents, or in regard toassumptions regarding foundation conditions stated in histender by the Contractor and accepted by the Engineer;

(ii) changes not arising from any failure or fault of theContractor, but from modifications requested by theEngineer.

(l) Cost of checking alternative designs

The Contractor shall, in his tender for each alternativedesign, include an item to cover the cost for checking hisdesign. This item shall be 5% of the tendered amount of thedesign without any price adjustment in terms of the relevantclause of the General Conditions of Contract beingconsidered, and the amount will be payable to the Engineeronly upon an authorisation issued by the Employer.

(m) Alternative offers

Alternative offers in this context shall mean offers notrelating to a structure, such as a bridge, which requires acomprehensive structural analysis. It involves, in the main,

offers for the use of other materials, constructionprogrammes, alternative routes, etc. In this case theprovisions of Clause 1212 will still apply, except in the casewhere the Contractor, in consultation with the Employer,may agree to amend or delete certain of the provisions,depending on the nature of the offer, but subject to a writtenagreement beforehand with the Employer.

1213 VARIATION FROM SPECIFIED NOMINAL RATES

OF APPLICATION OR NOMINAL MIX

PROPORTIONS

The various sections of these Specifications specify nominalrates of application or nominal mix proportions for materials

such as bituminous materials, aggregates, fillers, stabilisingagents, paint and the like. Tenderers shall base theirtenders on these nominal rates of application and mixproportions.

Where such nominal rates of application or mix proportionsare specified, provision is made for deviations in thequantities of material in consequence of the rates ofapplication or mix proportions prescribed by the Engineer ineach particular case in consideration of the availablematerials and the conditions on the site.

Where the actual rates of application or mix proportionsused in the Works vary from the specified nominal rates andmix proportions, adjustment of compensation will be made:


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(a) as a payment to the Contractor in respect of anyauthorised increase in quantities which exceed thosespecified, where such increase has been ordered, in writing,by the Engineer;

or

(b) as a refund to the Employer in respect of the

decrease in quantities which are less than those specified,irrespective of whether such decrease results from anauthorised decrease in the rates of application or mixproportions, or from unauthorised reductions on the part ofthe Contractor.

Payment for a prescribed rate of application or mixproportion shall be based on the actual rate of application ormix proportion used, provided that this does not exceed theprescribed rate of application or mix proportion, plus anytolerance in the rate of application or mix proportion allowed.If the actual rate of application or mix proportion exceeds theprescribed rate or proportion, payment shall be based on theprescribed rate of application or mix proportion plus anytolerance allowed. If the actual rate of application or mixproportion is below the prescribed rate of application or mix

proportion ordered, payment shall be based on the actualrate of application or mix proportion regardless of anytolerance allowed. Notwithstanding the above, the Engineershall be fully entitled to reject work which has not beenconstructed in accordance with the Specifications or therates of application or mix proportions prescribed by him.

The Employer shall be refunded for any decrease in thespecified rates of application or mix proportions at the samerate per unit of measurement as that tendered by theContractor for additional materials required by an increasein the rates of application or mix proportions.

1214 CONTRACTOR'S ACTIVITIES IN RESPECT OF

PROPERTY OUTSIDE THE ROAD RESERVE AND

OF SERVICES MOVED, DAMAGED OR ALTERED

(a) The Contractor shall exercise any rights that may beceded to him by an Authority in terms of any statutoryprovisions for purposes of executing the Contract, oncondition that:

(i) the Contractor complies strictly with the requirementsof such statutory provisions, particularly in regard to thematters relating to serving notice on the Owner orconsultation with him;

(ii) in each case a written agreement is made with theEngineer regarding the details of the Contractors proposedactions before the rights of the Contractor in terms of the

statutory provisions are exercised.

(b) The Contractor shall put in writing all his agreementswith Owners of property outside the road reserve or ofservices inside or outside the road reserve in respect of thefollowing matters:

(i) The location, extent and use of borrow pits, haulroads, construction roads and bypasses outside the roadreserve.

(ii) Compensation, if applicable, for land or materialstaken or for land temporarily used or occupied.

(iii) The reinstatement of property occupied, used,damaged or destroyed, or compensation therefor in lieu of

reinstatement.

(iv) The procedure for the moving of services and detailsas to how and when this is to be done.

(v) Any similar matter directly related to the Contractorsactivities on or in respect of private property or services.

These agreements shall be signed by all the partiesconcerned and delivered to the Engineer.

Where the Contractor cannot obtain the Owner's agreementin writing, he shall refer the matter to the Engineer and shallfurnish him with details, in writing, of any verbal agreementmade.

(c) Where, in addition to any agreement with the Ownerof any property to be entered upon or temporarily occupiedor any service to be moved, it is understood or required thatthe Contractor shall serve notice on the Owner immediatelybefore actually entering upon or occupying the privateproperty or moving a service, and shall give proper noticethereof in writing, and the Engineer shall be supplied with acopy of such notice, together with acknowledgement ofreceipt.

(d) On completion of his operations, the Contractor shallobtain, from the Owner concerned, a written statement tothe effect:

(i) that the Contractor has fulfilled his obligations underany written agreement, or, in the absence of a writtenagreement,

(ii) that the Owner has received all the compensation heis entitled to and is also satisfied that all property occupied,including borrow pits, haul roads and construction roads,has been properly restored and is in a satisfactory condition.

In respect of services moved, altered, damaged or affectedin any way, the Contractor shall similarly obtain a writtenstatement from the Owner that the services have been taken

over in a satisfactory condition.

All such statements shall be signed, dated and delivered tothe Engineer.

(e) Should the Contractor wish to use land outside thearea provided by the Employer for storing or keepingmaterial or equipment required for the construction of thepermanent Works, it will be subject to the following:

(i) That the Engineer approve any area selected for thispurpose.

(ii) That such land be physically separated from anyproduction plant or activities and suitably fenced in.

(iii) That the area used for the aforesaid purpose besurveyed, and, where the land does not belong to theContractor, he shall enter into a contract of lease with theOwner of such land in respect of the full period for whichsuch land shall be used for such purpose, which contractshall stipulate that the Owner shall not have any rightwhatsoever to any material stockpiled on such land duringthe currency of the contract of lease.

(iv) That suitable, permanent reference beacons,approved by the Engineer, be placed next to the area, at thecost of the Contractor, for use by the Engineer with a viewto, if applicable, taking cross-sections for determiningquantities.

(v) That only material used for this contract shall be

stored on such land.


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1215 EXTENSION OF TIME RESULTING FROM

ABNORMAL RAINFALL

Extension of time in terms of the relevant clause of theGeneral Conditions of Contract in respect of abnormalrainfall shall be determined in terms of Method 1 below,unless the Project Specifications determine that Method 2shall be used.

The maximum extension of time which will be considered inrespect of a given period, will be the number of working daysin the period concerned on which work may be executed inaccordance with the provisions of the relevant clause of theGeneral Conditions of Contract.

(a) Method 1 (Rainfall formula)

Extension of time in accordance with this method shall becalculated separately for each calendar month or partthereof according to the formula below. It shall becalculated for the full period of completion of the Contract,including any extension thereof which may have been

granted:

V = (Nw - Nn) + (Rw - Rn) X

If any value of V is negative and its absolute value exceedsNn, then V shall be taken as equal to minus Nn.

The symbols shall have the following meanings:

V = Extension of time in calendar days in respect of thecalendar month under consideration.

Nw = Actual number of days during the calendar month onwhich a rainfall of Y mm or more has been recorded.

Rw = Actual rainfall in mm for the calendar month underconsideration.

Nn = Average number of days in the relevant calendarmonth, as derived from existing rainfall recordsprovided in the Project Specifications, on which arainfall of Y mm or more has been recorded.

Rn = Average rainfall in mm for the calendar month, asderived from the rainfall records supplied in theProject Specifications.

X = 20, unless otherwise provided in the ProjectSpecifications.

Y = 10, unless otherwise provided in the Project

Specifications.

The total extension of time shall be the algebraic sum of themonthly totals for the period under consideration. But if thegrand total is negative, the time for completion shall not bereduced on account of abnormal rainfall. Extension of timefor parts of a month shall be calculated by pro rata values ofNn and Rn being used.

The factor (Nw - Nn) shall be considered to represent a fairallowance for variations from the average number of daysduring which rainfall exceeds Y mm. The factor (Rw - Rn) X shall be considered to represent a fair allowance forvariations from the average for the number of days duringwhich rainfall does not exceed Y mm but when wetconditions prevented or disrupted work. This formula does

not take into account any flood damage, which could cause

further or concurrent delays and should be treatedseparately in so far as extension of time is concerned.

Accurate rain gaugings shall be taken at a suitable point onthe site, and the Contractor shall, at his own expense, takeall necessary precautions to ensure that the rain gaugescannot be interfered with by unauthorised persons.

Information regarding existing rainfall records, if availablefrom a suitable rainfall station near the site, will be suppliedin the Project Specifications, together with calculations ofextensions of time for previous years in accordance with theabove formula.

If no suitable rainfall records are available, the aboveformula will not apply.

(b) Method 2 (Critical-path method)

Where the critical-path method is specified in the ProjectSpecifications for determining extension of time resultingfrom abnormal rainfall, it shall be applied as follows:

(i) A delay caused by inclement weather conditions willbe regarded as a delay only if, in the opinion of theEngineer, all progress on an item or items of work on thecritical path of the working programme of the Contractor hasbeen brought to a halt. Delays on working days only (basedon a five-day working week) will be taken into account forthe extension of time, but the Contractor shall makeprovision in his programme of work for an expected delay of"n" working days caused by normal rainy weather, for whichhe will not receive any extension of time. The value of "n"shall be given in the Project Specifications.

(ii) Extension of time during working days will be grantedto the degree to which actual delays, as defined above,exceed the number of "n" workings days as mentioned in theProject Specifications.

1216 INFORMATION FURNISHED BY THE EMPLOYER

Certain information contained in these Contract documentsor provided separately is being offered in good faith but, inthe circumstances pertaining to the type of informationfurnished, no guarantee can be given that all the informationis necessarily correct or representative of the in situconditions.

This applies more specifically to all soil tests, soil mapping,drilling results, geophysical surveys, geological reports,borrow-pit information, material surveys and reports, andsimilar information, the accuracy of which is necessarily

subject to the limitations of testing, sampling, the naturalvariation of material or formations being investigated and themeasure of certainty with which conclusions can be drawnfrom any investigations made. It also applies to anymaterials-utilisation diagram provided, as the diagram maybe subject to major alterations during the progress of thework, depending on site conditions.

The Employer will not accept any liability for the correctnessor otherwise of the information furnished or for any resultingdamage, whether direct or consequential, should it appear,during the course of the Contract, that the informationsupplied is either incorrect or not representative.

Any reliance placed by the Contractor on this informationshall be at his own risk.


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Notwithstanding the above, the Employer will acceptresponsibility for the correctness of the following:

(a) Any rock cores purported to be recovered fromdesignated test-drill holes.

(b) Visual information apparent from the inspection ofopen trial pits.

(c) The results only of any centre-line, borrow-area orother soil tests given in the Drawings or schedules formingpart of the Contract documents.

1217 PROTECTION OF THE WORKS ANDREQUIREMENTS TO BE MET BEFORE

CONSTRUCTION OF NEW WORK ON TOP OF

COMPLETED WORK IS COMMENCED

The general obligations of the Contractor in terms of therelevant clause of the General Conditions of Contract, shall,inter alia, include the following:

(a) The provision of temporary drainage works such asdrains, open channels, banks, etc, and providing andoperating temporary pumps and such other equipment asmay be necessary for adequately protecting, draining anddewatering the Works and temporary Works. This will be inaddition to any permanent drainage works specified andinstalled, and in addition to any temporary drainage worksspecifically paid for separately as in the case of diversions.

(b) Material in borrow pits shall not be allowed tobecome excessively wet, all completed layers shall beproperly drained, dumps of material on completed layerwork shall not inhibit surface drainage or form wet spotsunder and around dumps, and all parts of the Works shallbe protected against erosion by floods and rain.

Material shall not be spread on a layer that is so wet as toresult in the danger of any damage being caused to thelayer during compaction of a subsequent layer, or whenopened to traffic.

When material is spread out on the road, the Contractorshall ensure that, during wet periods, it will have a goodcross-fall and a light compaction on the surface in order tofacilitate run-off during rainy weather.

(c) Fill and cut slopes shall be repaired immediatelywhenever damaged by surface water. Where erosionoccurs on high fills, the slopes shall be repaired by cuttingback to form benches and by compacting the backfillmechanically to the specified controlled densities, usingsuitable light equipment.

(d) Excavations for pipe drains, culverts, service ductsand similar structures shall be adequately protected againstthe possible ingress of water during rain-storms.

(e) All completed layer work shall be protected andmaintained until the following layer is constructed.Maintenance shall include immediate repairs to any damageor defects which may occur and shall be repeated as oftenas may be necessary to keep the layer continuously intactand in a good condition.

(f) Before any completed layer is primed or asucceeding layer is constructed thereon, any damage to theexisting layer shall be repaired, so that, after repair orreconstruction if necessary, it will conform in all respects to

the requirements specified for that layer. All repair work

other than minor surface damage repairs shall be submittedto the Engineer for inspection before it is covered up.

The previously constructed layer shall be thoroughly cleanedby the removal of all foreign material before construction ofa succeeding layer or application of a prime coat, surfacingor surface treatment. In the case of all bituminous work inparticular, the existing layer shall be thoroughly broomed

and all dung, clay, mud and other deleterious materialcompletely removed. Where necessary, the surface shallbe sprayed with water before, during and after brooming toremove all foreign material.

Work performed as part of the above obligations shall not bemeasured and paid for separately, and the cost thereof shallbe included in the rates tendered for the various items ofwork requiring protection and the items for the Contractorsestablishment on the site, as specified in Section 1300.

1218 REMEDIAL WORK

When any part of the Works or any equipment or material is

found, upon examination by the Engineer, not to conform tothe requirements or at any stage before final acceptance isdamaged so that it no longer conforms to the requirementsof the Specifications, the Engineer may order its completeremoval and replacement, at the Contractors expense, withsatisfactory work, equipment or material, or he may permitthe Contractor to apply remedial measures in order to makegood any such defects or damage. The actual remedialmeasures taken shall at all times be entirely at theContractors own initiative, risk and cost, but subject to theEngineer's approval regarding the details thereof.

In particular, remedial measures shall ensure fullcompliance with the requirements of the Specifications ofthe final product, shall not endanger or damage any otherpart of the Works, and shall be carefully controlled and

submitted to the Engineer for examination when completedor at any intermediate stage as may be required.

For the guidance of the Contractor, an indication is givenbelow of what would normally be required in the morecommon cases of defects or damage, but the Engineer willin no way be bound to accept or approve the measuresgiven below, as the actual remedial measures will bedictated by the circumstances of each particular case.

(a) Earthworks

(i) Where a cut slope has been over-excavated orundercut, backfilling will not normally be allowed and theentire slope may have to be retrimmed to obtain a uniform

slope.

(ii) Where the floor of a cutting has been taken toodeep, it will normally require backfilling and recompactionwith selected gravel in the case of soil or gravel excavation,and with crushed stone or suitably sized rock in the case ofhard excavations. All necessary measures shall be taken todrain away groundwater that may accumulate in backfilledsections.

(iii) Excess width of fills will have to be trimmed down.

(iv) Where erosion has damaged the surface of cuts orfills, the damage shall be made good by backfilling withsuitable material and retrimming. In more serious cases, theslopes may have to be cut back by benching, backfilled and


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compacted to the required standard of compaction withsuitable light equipment, and then retrimmed.

(b) Stabilising

Any sections failing to meet the requirements specified ordamaged to the extent that they require breaking-up and

recompaction will have to be restabilised with the type andquantity of stabilising agent ordered by the Engineer. TheEngineer may also order that the layer be removed entirelyand replaced with fresh material to be stabilised.

(c) Local defects in pavement layers

Where remedial measures are taken to make good localdefects, the width of the area to be repaired by machinesshall be such as will be necessary to accommodate the fullwidth of the machines used, and it shall be of a reasonablelength to ensure effective operation by the machinery. Thedepth to which material will have to be removed will dependon the type of material. Gravel will require breaking up to adepth of at least 75 mm and crushed stone will usually

require breaking up over its full depth. Asphalt material willnormally require removal over its full depth.

(d) Concrete

Concrete work will normally require the cutting-back andcomplete removal of any weak or honeycombed sectionsand making good by using special epoxy adhesives to bindfresh concrete to old concrete. Cracks, when permitted toremain, shall be injected with suitable epoxy compounds,and test cores shall then be drilled for testing the efficacy ofthe injection process.

1219 WATER

The Contractor himself shall make arrangements forprocuring, transporting, storing, distributing and applying thewater needed for construction of the Works and for allhouses, laboratories and workshops. He shall undertake allarrangements including pipelines and meters for connectingto local water mains and the provision of pumps, storagetanks and water conveyance where necessary, payment forall fees and water charges and the satisfactory removal ofall such arrangements and provisions on completion of theWorks. No direct payment will be made for providing water,the cost of which shall be included in the rates tendered forthe various items of work for which water is needed.

Only clean water, free from undesirable concentrations of

deleterious salts and other materials, shall be used. Watersupplied to all the offices, laboratories and houses shall bewholesome and potable to the satisfaction of the MedicalOfficers in the area. All water sources used shall beapproved by the Engineer. In discharging and divertingwater the Contractor shall avoid flooding or damaging otherWorks or services, causing erosion and polluting watercourses.

1220 AUTHORISED MEASUREMENTS AND

TOLERANCES

The work specified in the various sections of theseSpecifications shall comply with the various dimensional and

other tolerances specified in each case. Where notolerances are specified, the standard of workmanship shallbe in accordance with normal good practice. Norepresentation is made that the full specified tolerances willbe available independently of each other, and the Contractoris cautioned that the liberal or full use of any one or moretolerances may deprive him of the full or any use oftolerances relating to other aspects of the work. The latter

would apply particularly in respect of level tolerances onlayer work and the related requirements regarding layerthicknesses.

In the description of certain pay items, where it is stated thatquantities will be determined from the authoriseddimensions, this shall be taken to mean the dimensions asspecified or shown on the Drawings or, if changed, as finallyinstructed by the Engineer, without any allowance fortolerances being specified. If the work is thereforeconstructed in compliance with the authorised dimensions,plus or minus any tolerances allowed, quantities will bebased on the authorised dimensions regardless of the actualdimensions to which the work is constructed.

Where the work is not constructed in accordance with the

authorised dimensions, plus or minus any tolerancesallowed, the Engineer may nevertheless, in his solediscretion, accept the work for payment. In such cases nopayment will be made in respect of quantities of work ormaterial in excess of those calculated from the authoriseddimensions and where the actual dimensions are less thanthe authorised dimensions, minus any tolerance allowed,quantities for payment shall be based on the actualdimensions as constructed.

1221 DRAWINGS PROVIDED BY THE CONTRACTOR

Where the Contractor is required to prepare any drawingsfor the purpose of this Contract, they shall be prepared as

specified below and in accordance with any furtherrequirements specified by the Engineer.

The Contractor shall be provided with one transparentpolyester standard drawing sheet and one steel schedulesheet, which shall be used as masters for all drawingsprepared by him and submitted to the Engineer forconsideration.

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for hisadjudication one transparent polyester print, 0.05 mm thick,of each drawing prepared by him. The standard of detailingand quality of print shall be the same as those of theDrawings supplied to the Contractor under the Contract.

The Drawings shall be compiled in the official language of

the Contract and shall comply in all respects with therequirements of the Employer.

Accepted Drawings shall form an integral part of theContract documents, and any drawing not accepted andsigned will not be permitted on the site of the Works forconstruction purposes and/or used for the manufacture ofany item. Notwithstanding the approval and/or acceptanceand signing of the Drawings, the Contractor shall take fullresponsibility for all details, discrepancies, omissions,errors, etc, in respect of the said Drawings as well as for theconsequences thereof.

The Contractor shall submit only fully completed Drawingsin accordance with this specification and shall not be entitledto claim for delays resulting from the submission of

incomplete drawings. The Engineer will require a period of


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four to eight weeks, depending on circumstances, forreviewing the complete drawings.

No direct payment for design, preparation and submissionof Drawings will be made and all costs shall be included inthe rates tendered for the relevant pay items as provided inthe Schedule of Quantities. The cost of reviewing thedesign/drawings shall be for the Contractors account.

1222 USE OF EXPLOSIVES

Generally the Contractor will be permitted to use explosivesfor breaking up rock and hard material during excavation, fordemolishing existing structures, and for such other purposesfor which it may normally be required, subject to thefollowing conditions:

(a) The Engineer will have the right to prohibit the use ofexplosives in cases where, in his opinion, the risk of injuryto persons or damage to property or adjoining structures istoo high. Such action by the Engineer shall not entitle theContractor to any additional payment for having to resort to

other less economical methods of demolition unlessotherwise provided in the Project Specifications or theSchedule of Quantities.

(b) The provisions of Section 3300 shall be compliedwith.

(c) Legal provisions in regard to the use of explosivesand the requirements of the Inspector of Explosives orequivalent shall be strictly complied with.

(d) The Contractor shall, at his own cost, makearrangements for supplying, transporting, storing and usingexplosives.

(e) Before any blasting is undertaken, the Contractor,

together with the Engineer, shall examine and measure upany buildings, houses or structures in the vicinity of theproposed blasting and establish and record, together withthe Owner thereof, the extent of any cracks or damage thatmay exist before blasting operations are commenced. Itshall be the responsibility of the Contractor to make good,at his own expense, any further damage to such houses,buildings or structures which results from the blastingoperations.

(f) Where there is considerable danger of damage topower or telephone lines or underground or other servicesor any other property, the Contractor shall suitably adapt hismethod of blasting and the size of the charges, and shalltake adequate protective measures, such as cover blasting,in order to limit the risk of damage as far as possible.

(g) The Engineer shall, twenty-four hours before eachblasting operation is carried out, be advised thereof, inwriting, unless otherwise agreed on with the Engineer.

1223 WORK ON, OVER, UNDER OR ADJACENT TO

RAILWAY LINES

All work carried out on, over, under or adjacent to railwaylines shall be carried out strictly in accordance with thelatest edition of the Specifications of the relevant RailAuthority, a copy of which will normally be included in theProject Specifications. Where no such copy is included inthe Project Specifications or where the copy included in the

Project Specifications is amended or superseded by

another, the Contractor shall obtain the latest edition, whichshall be kept on the site before any work of this nature iscommenced.

Attention is drawn particularly to the requirements containedin the Specifications regarding the approval that must beobtained from the Rail Authority for a work permit oroccupation of its property and the approval of falsework and

formwork plans.

1224 THE HANDING-OVER OF THE ROAD RESERVE

The road reserve will be handed over to the Contractor forconstruction, subject to such conditions as may be specifiedin the Project Specifications regarding matters such as thesequence in which sections will be handed over and must becompleted, the maximum total length of bypasses that willbe allowed to be in operation at any time, and any othermatters relating to the Contractors use and occupation ofthe road reserve.

1225 HAUL ROADS

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval fulldetails of any haul and construction roads he proposes tobuild. Such details shall be submitted well in advance inorder to afford the Engineer sufficient time to investigatetheir implications. Haul roads may not be built without theEngineer's prior approval, and shall be kept to a minimum,particularly in areas where their impact on the environmentmay be serious.

1226 MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH OF TRENCHES AND

FOUNDATION EXCAVATIONS

Where trenches or foundation excavations are requiredbelow the level of mass excavations for the road prism, thedepth of excavation of the trenches or foundations shall bemeasured from ground level after completion of the massexcavation, unless the Engineer is satisfied that theexcavation of the trenches or foundations from the originalground level or any lower level was unavoidable. Wheretrenches are excavated in accordance with the fill method inthe completed or partly completed road prism, the depth ofexcavation shall be measured from the levels at which theEngineer instructed the Contractor to commence trenchexcavations. The Contractor shall ensure that he obtainssuch instructions in good time and, where required, shallsubmit proposals to the Engineer for approval.

1227 MONTHLY SITE MEETINGS

The Contractor or his authorised representative shall attendmonthly meetings on the site with representatives of theEmployer and the Engineer, at dates and times to bedetermined by the Employer. Such meetings will be held forevaluating the progress of the Contract and for discussingmatters pertaining to the Contract which any of the partiesrepresented may wish to raise. Such meetings are notintended for discussing matters concerning the normal day-to-day running of the Contract.


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Colour photographs showing the progress of the Works shallbe taken every month by the Contractor from positions to beselected by the Engineer.

The number of photographs required is given in the SpecialSpecifications. Prints 200x150 mm of each photographtogether with the negatives shall be handed to the Engineer.Each photograph shall be numbered and a statement shall

be submitted giving the locations, date when taken and abrief description or title.

1228 LEGAL PROVISIONS

The Contractor shall keep himself fully conversant with thelatest enactments, provisions and regulations of alllegislative and statutory bodies, and, in all respects and atall times, shall comply with such enactments, provisions andregulations in regard to executing the Contract.

1229 FINAL CLEARANCE

Upon completion of each section of the Works, theContractor shall cleanup the site, remove all temporarybuildings, plant and debris. He shall level off and fine gradeall excavated material which is surplus to requirements. Thewhole of the site shall be left in a clean and workmanlike

condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

No separate payment shall be made for any work includedin this clause and the costs shall be deemed to be includedin the rates of the relevant items entered

standard specification for roads and bridges works

Documents