staff incharge hod/ece principal
TRANSCRIPT
QUESTION BANK
TELEVISION AND VIDEO ENGINEERING
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION
UNIT II: TELEVISION STANDARDS AND STUDIO EQUIPMENTS
UNIT III: TELEVISION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS
UNIT IV: TELEVISION RECEIVER SYSTEM
UNIT V:ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS
BRANCH: ECE YEAR/SEMESTER: IV/VII
Staff Incharge HoD/ECE Principal
M.P.NACHIMUTHU M.JAGANATHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGEAn ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified institution
CHENNIMALAI, ERODE – 638 112, TAMILNADU.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SYLLABUS
TELEVISION AND VIDEO ENGINEERING 3 1 0 100
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION 9Television System and scanning Principles: Sound and picture transmission- scanning process, video signals,characteristics of human eye, brightness perception and Photometric qualities, Aspect ratio and Rectangular scanning, persistence of vision and flicker, vertical resolution, Kell factor, Horizontal Resolution and video bandwidth, Interlaced scanning. Camera tubes- camera lenses- auto focus systems, camera pick up devices,Image orthicon- vidicon - plumbicon- silicon diode array vidicon –CCD-solid state image scanners - Comparison of Camera tubes- camera tube deflection unit- video processing of camera signals- color television signals and systems
UNIT II TELEVISION STANDARDS AND STUDIO EQUIPMENTS 9Composite video signal, scanning standards- Horizontal and vertical syn- blanking standards, video modulation and video signal standard- sound modulation and Inter carrier system- standard channel characteristics – Reception of VSB signals, TV Broadcast channels- CCIR-B standards-various TV broadcast systems- NTSC, PAL and SECAM system- comparison –Television studio system- production and master control Rooms- Tele cine equipments- Helical and AST system
UNIT III TELEVISION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS
9REQUIREMENTS OF TV Broadcast Transmission, Design principle of TV Transmitters, IF Modulation, power output stages- Block diagram of TV transmitters, visual exciter,- Aural Exciter- Diplexer- Transmitting antennas-Radio wave Characteristics- propagation phenomena-space wave propagation- Line of sight range- space wave reception over smooth terrain- distance reception- Shadow zones- co channel interference- Ghost imagesinterference problems. Receiving antenna requirements, characteristics and types- parasitic elements- Yagi aerials-Feeders- matching- booster amplifiers.
UNIT IV TELEVISION RECEIVER SYSTEM 9Block diagrams for monochrome and colour receivers-Specifications- VHF/UHF tuner with AFT, Digital tuning- Video If amplifier requirements- trap circuit- IF amplifier design SAW filter- video amplifier requirements- design of sound IF Takeoff – Sound If amplifier- FM discriminators.- Picture Tube- Electron Gun-Deflection systemcharacteristics- colour picture tubes- shadow mask- Trinitron- PIL picture tubes- purity- convergence- automatic degaussing, pincushion correction- flat panel displays- plasma- displays-LCD- Horizontal vertical deflectionsystems- requirements- EHT generation and regulation- synch separators- SMPS- colour killer-colour decoders- CCD techniques.
UNIT V ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS ( Qualitative treatment only) 9Remote control of TV receivers, Wobbuloscope, pattern generators- Cam corders-Cable TV –Types, processors, scrambling and conditional access systems- Satellite Television system –Tele text of video text systems- digital TV system- HDTV- 3DTV –VCR-Videodisc system.
TOTAL: 45TUTORIAL: 15
REFERENCES:1. A-M-Dhake-" Television and video Engineering” second Edition TMH 20032. R-R-Gulati-"Modern Television Practice -Technology and servicing -second edition –New age International publishes -20043. Bernard Grob,“ Basic Television Principles and servicing”- second edition, New age InternationalPublisher -2004.4. R.G.Gupta, “Television Engineering and Video systems,” First Edition, TMH India 2007.5. S-P-Bali-" Colour Television -Theory and practice "- TMH 1994
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTALS OF TELEVISION
PART-A1. Mention the major function of the camera tube.The major function of the camera tube is to convert an optical image into electrical signals.
2. Define visual acuity.Visual acuity can be defined as the ability of human eye to resolve finer details in a picture
3. What do you refer by persistence of eye?The persistence of eye refers to the storage capability of the human eye
4. Define luminous intensity?It is the measure of light intensity responsible for stimulating visual sensation.
5. Define aspect ratio.Aspect ratio can be defined as the ratio of width to height of the picture frame. For television, it is standardized as 4:3.
6. Define luminous flux.Luminous flux can be defined as the radiated luminous power or power of visible light expressed interms of its effect on the average or normal human eye.
7. Define luminance.Luminance can be defined as the quantity of light intensity emitted per square centimeter of an illuminated area.
8. What do you understand by illuminance? Illuminance is the average luminous flux incident on to a surface.
9. What do you mean by resolving power or resolution?It is the ability of the image reproducing system to represent the fine structure of an object.
10. Mention some important characteristics of human eye.Visual acuity, persistence of vision, brightness and colour sensation are some of the important characteristics of human eye.
11. What are rods and cones?The retina of the human eye consists of light sensitive cellular structures of two kinds namely rods and cones. The rods sense primarily the brightness levels including very faint impressions. The cones are mainly responsible for colour perception. There are 65 lakhs cones and about 10 crores rods connected to the brain through 8 lakhs optic nerve fibres.
12. Give the relationship between eye parameters.The eye parameters are related by the following equation:B=constant / c2a02Where,c- the constant ratio
b-the scene brightnessa0 - the minimum resolvable angle
13. Why is scanning necessary in television system?Scanning is the important process carried out in a television system inorder to obtain continuous frames and provides motion of picture. The scene is scanned both in the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously in a rabid rate. As a result sufficient number of complete picture of rames per second is obtained to give the illusion of continuous motion.
14. What do you understand by flicker?The result of 24 pictures per second in motion pictures and that of scanning 25 frames per second in television pictures is enough to make an illusion of continuity. But, they are not rapid enough to permit the brightness of one picture or frame to blend smoothly in the next through the time when the screen is blanked between successive frames. This develops in a definite flicker of light that is very irritating to the observer when the screen is made alternately bright and dark.
15. How will you solve the flickering problem?The flickering problem is solved in motion pictures by showing each picture twice. Hence 48 views of the scene are shown per second although they are still the same 24 pictures frames per second. As a result of the increased blanking rate, flicker is removed. In TV, Interlaced scaning is used to avoid flicker
16. What do you mean by interlaced scanning?When the scanning beam reaches the bottom of the picture frame, it quickly returns to the top to scan those lines that were missed in the previous scanning. Hence the total number of lines are divided into two groups called fields. Each field is scanned alternately. This way of scanning is called interlaced scanning.
17. Define vertical resolution.The capability of resolving picture details in the vertical direction is called vertical resolution.
18. What is horizontal resolution?The ability of the system to resolve maximum number of picture elements along the scanning lines determines horizontal resolution.
19. Differentiate monochrome and colour camera tube?
In black and white camera only one pickup tube is needed but three such tubes or its equivalent is necessary in color cameras to develop separate signals for red, green and blue information present in the scene.
20. Define Focal length.The focal length of the lens is the distance between the centre of the lens and the image formed by it of an object at infinity.
21. Define Field of view.This describe the width and height of the scene viewed and is determined by the focal length, lens to object distance and the width and height of the scanned area
Field of view = scanned width x (lens to object distance/focal length)
22. What is circle of confusion?A point object observed at a distance may be defocused without noticeable distortion or blurring. This limiting area over which the image of the object may be blurred or diffused without being noticed is called the circle of confusion of the human eye.
23. What is CFF?CFF is the critical flicker frequency. It is the repetition rate of the flashes at and above which the flicker effect disappears.
24. Define contrast ratio of the eye.It is the ratio of the differential brightness of a small gray object to its surrounding background brightness level.
25. Define Lens speed.It is defined as the ratio between the aperture ie the lens opening ‘d’ and the focal length ‘F’ .
26. State grass man’s law.
The brightness impression produced by the three primaries that constitute the single light. This
property of the eye of generating a response which depends on the algebraic sum of the blue ,red
and green inputs is called grass man’s law.
27. What is additive mixing?
All light sensations to the eye are splitter in to three main color groups namely red, blue
and green. The optic nerve system integrates the different colour impressions in accordance with
the curve to perceive the actual color of the object.
28. List any three requirements to be satisfied for compatibility in television systems.
a. It should has the same bandwidth as the corresponding monochrome signal.
b. The colour signal should have the same brightness information as that of monochrome signal.
c. The location and spacing of the picture and sound carrier frequencies should remain the same.
29. What do you mean by saturation?
Saturation refers to the spectral purity of the colour light.It indicates the degree by Which
the colour is diluted by white.
30. What is scanning? The brightness information at the picture elements in the picture is converted into electrical signals at a photosensitive surface exposed to the optical image on one side and scanned by an electron beam on the other side.
31. What is video signal? The time varying electrical signal voltage obtained from the TV camera tube circuit representing the special distribution of brightness information in the image is called the picture signal or the video signal.32. Define aspect ratio?
Aspect ratio can be defined as the ratio of width to height of the picture frame. For
television, it is standardized as 4:3.
33. Mention the major function of the camera tube?
The major function of the camera tube is to convert an optical image into electrical
signals.
34. What do you understand by Hue?
Hue or tint can be defined as the predominant spectral colour of the received light. The
colour of any object is distinguished by its hue or tint.
35. Define Brightness.
Brightness can be defined as the amount of light intensity as perceived by the eye
regardless of the colour.
36. What do you mean by saturation?
Saturation refers to the spectral purity of the colour light.It indicates the degree by Which
the colour is diluted by white.
PART-B
1. Describe how the flicker is solved by interlaced scanning?
HINTS:
Interlaced Scanning Effective rate of 50 vertical scans per second is utilized to reduce the flicker.
Increase the downward rate of travel of the scanning electron beam.
Every alternate line gets scanned instead of every successive line. Scanning Periods
Duration of one horizontal line is 64μs
Duration of one vertical trace is 20ms
2. Explain the structure and the generation of video output from a vidicon camera.
HINTS:
It functions on the principle of photo conductivity
In photoconductive method where the conductivity or resistivity of the Photoconductive
surface varies with in proportion to the intensity of light focused on it.
With a b+ source of 40v ,an area with high illumination may attain a Potential of about
+39v on the beam side.
Dark areas may attain a potential of about +35 on the beam side.
As the beam scans the target plate, it encounters different positive Potentials on the side
of photo layer that faces the gun.
Number of electrons from the beam is then deposited on the photo layer Surface to
reduce to reduce the potential of each element.
Sudden change in potential on each element causes a current flow in the Signal electrode
circuit producing a varying voltage across the load Resistance.
3. Give the constructional details of a monochrome picture tube and explain the beam landingHINTS:
_ Employs electrostatic focusing and electro magnetic deflection_ Composite video signal that is injected either at the grid or cathode of the tube
Electron Gun:-emits the electron beam with proper energy to cause it to fluoresce, another anode called final anode is included within the tube.
Low Voltage Focusing:It needs less voltage at the focusing electrodes.
High Voltage Focusing:It requires high voltage at the focusing electrode. This focus system is called ‘unipotential lens’ system.
Picture Tube Screen:Screen phosphor: -light metals such as zinc and cadmium in the form of sulphide, sulphate, and phosphor compounds are used. Screen Brightness:-picture tubes employ a very thin coating of aluminium on the back surface of the screen .This improves the screen brightness.
4. Explain in detail the silicon diode array vidicon camera tube.HINTS:
It uses photovoltaic type where the target is prepared from a thin n-type silicon wafer instead of deposited layers on the glass faceplate.
Oxidation:-to form a film of silicon dioxide(Sio2)which is an insulator. Photomasking and etching: - an array of fine openings is made in the Oxide layer. Boron is vapourized through the array of holes. Thin layer of gold is deposited on each p type opening to form contacts for signal output. The silicon target plate thus formed is typically 0.003cm thick,1.5 cm square having an
array of 540x540 photodiodes. The Target plate is mounted in a vidicon type of camera tube.
5. Explain the terms photoemission and photoconductivity. State which materials display these properties and which camera tubes are based on these.
i) Explain the scanning process and Camera pickup devicesii) Write the photoelectric conversion and give the short notes on photo emissive surfaces and photoconductive coating.
6. Compare the photoelectric conversion and scanning process in an Iconoscope and in a CCD solid state image sensor.
7. Discuss the visual characteristics of a human eye. Explain how these affect the television system standards for scanning.
i) Working of colour televisionii) Characterisic of Human eye.iii) Resolutioniv) Field of visionv) Brightness perception and photometric quantities.vi) Aspect ratiovii) Persistance of vision and flicker.
8. Write short notes on
i) Kell factorii) Persistence of Vision iii) Field of Vision.
9. Why is an odd number of lines used for scanning? How does interlaces scanning help reduce the bandwidth of the video signal.
10. State the advantage and disadvantages of VSB modulation. Explain how the VSB reception of TV signal is compensated for its frequency response.
11. Explain briefly the Construction and working of VIDICON.
HINTS:
i) Introduction ii) Constructioniii) Working principle.
12. Explain briefly the Construction and working of PLUMBICON.
HINTS:
i) Introduction ii) Constructioniii) Working principle.
13. Explain the construction of a CCD imager. What are the methods of charge transfers? Explain one in detail.
14. Give the construction of the deflection unit for a camera tube and discuss the action of the focusing coils in it .How is the beam scan centered.HINTS:
i) Principleii) Diagramiii) Construction and working.
15. Short notes on :i) Aperture Correctionii) Gamma Correction iii) Shading Correction
16. Explian the followingi) Antihalation discii) Diode Guniii) Light pipeiv) ACT gun.
17. Discuss the processing of the video signal from the camera tube to obtain a composite video signal from the camera tube.
18. Explain the following phenomena occurring in the camera tubes:i)I.O ghostii)Halo effectiii)Photoconductive lagiv)Beam lagv)Discharge lag in plumbicon
19. Discuss in detail the lag phenomena in photoconductive camera tubes and the ways and means of reducing the lag.
UNIT II: TELEVISION STANDARDS AND STUDIO EQUIPMENTS
PART-A
1. List the contents of a composite video signal?Composite video signal consists of a camera signal, blanking pulses and synchronizing pulses.
2. What do you mean by pedestal?The difference between the black level and blanking level is known as the pedestal.
3. Define peak-white level?The peak-white level is defined as the level of the video signal when the picture detail being transmitted corresponds to the maximum whiteness to be handled
4. Define pedestal height?Pedestal height is the distance between the pedestal level and the average value axis of the video signal.
5. What is the main function of the blanking pulses?The composite video signal consist of blanking pulses to make the retrace lines invisible by increasing the signal amplitude little above the black level of 75percent during the time scanning the circuits develop retrace.
6. What are per the post equalizing pulses?To rectify the drawback which occurs on account of half-line discrepancy five narrow pulses are added on either side of the vertical sync pulse. These are called pre-equalising and post-equalizing pulses.
7. What are the sources of television programs?i) TV cameraii) Video Tape Recorderiii) Telcineiv) External signal.
8. What is High key lighting and Low key lighting?High key lighting is the lighting that gives picture having graduations falling between
gray and white shades,confiningdark gray an dblack to few areas as in news reading,panal discussions etc.
Low key lighting is the lighting that gives picture having gradation falling from gray to black with few areas of light gray or white.
9. What is the use of vision mixer?It is also called as video switcher,enables the program producer to select the desired
sources or a combination of the sources in order to compose the program.10. Give the types of video switcher?
a) Mechanical pushbutton switcherb) Relay switcherc) Vertical interval switcher or electronic cross bar.
11. What are the equipments for converting the flim images into video signals?
a) Projector telecineb) Flying spot scannerc) Digital CCD telecine.
12. Define field blanking period?This the period during which the picture information is entirely suppressed, the fly back retrace of the field tiembase initiated and completed, while the beam is cut off by the black level. The duration of the field by vertical blanking period is equal to 20 line periods.
VB=20H=1280 micro sec
13. Define pre-emphasis?At the transmitter, the higher frequencies are given a boosted characteristic in order to
enhance the SNR at higher frequencies at which the audio power is much less, making them more susceptible to noise interference. This boost is given to high frequencies prior to modulation is called the pre-emphasis. It is given to the signal by a high pass RC filter of a time constant of 50micro sec.
14. Define De-emphasis?At the receiver, the demodulated audio signal is provided de-emphasis by a low-pass filter of the same time constant of 50 microsecond in order to bring down the boost at the high frequencies.
15. Define Line periodThis the total duration of one complete line. The line frequency is 625 x 25=15,625 lines
per sec,so that period is given by
H=1/line frequency = 64 microsec.
16. What is positive modulation? In this the increase of brightness towards white causes increase of the carrier amplitude.
The peak white has 100% modulation while the black and sync levels have lower and min modulation respectively.17. Explain the significance of generating colour difference signals.
Colors difference signals are generated to avoid the separate transmission of R,G,B signals.
18. Why is (G-y) not suitable for transmission?
The proportion of G is large in luminance signal, hence magnitude of (GY) is relatively
small so it requires amplifiers at the receiving end.
It affect the signal to noise ratio at the transmitting end.
19. What is gamma correction?
A colors camera is used develop three voltages proportional to red, green and blue
colour contents of the picture. These voltages are represented as R, G, B. A correction is applied
to these voltages to compensate for any nonlinearity of the system and that of the picture tube.
This is called gamma correction .i.e. the camera tube output voltage amplitudes are normalized
to I V p-p level.
20. What do you mean by compatibility?
Compatibility means that a colour TV signal can produce a black and white picture on a
monochrome receiver and signals from a black and white system can provide a monochrome
picture on a colour receiver.
21. What do you mean by colour burst?
In PAL system the two carrier components are suppressed in the balanced Quadrature
modulator it is necessary to regenerate at the receiver for
De-modulation .For this ,8 to 10 cycles of the colour sub carrier oscillator output at the encoder
are transmitted along with other sync pulses. This sample of the
colour sub carrier called colour burst ,is placed at the back porch of each horizontal blanking
pulse pedestal.
22. What is swinging burst?
The PAL burst phase actually swings 45 about the –U axis from line to line and indicates the
same sign as that of the V signal thus the switching mode information is the swinging burst. this
is known as swinging burst.
23. Merits of SECAM system.
SECAM system has several advantages because of frequency modulation of the sub
carrier and transmission of one line at a time.
SECAM receivers are immune to phase distortion.
Both the luminance and chrominance signals are not present at the same time ,there is no
possibility of cross talk between the colour difference signals.
There is no need for the use of QAM at the transmitter and synchronous detectors at the
receiver.
The receiver does not need Automatic tuning control and Automatic color control
24. Demerits of SECAM system.
In SECAM system luminance is represented by the amplitude of voltage but hue and
saturation are represented by deviation of the sub carrier. when a composite signal involving
luminance and chrominance is faded out in studio operation,it is the luminance signal that is
readily attenuated and not6 the chrominance. This makes the color more saturated during fade to
black.
25. Limitations of the NTSC system.
The NTSC system is sensitive to transmission path differences which introduces phase
errors that result in colour changes in the picture. At the transmitter, phase changes in the chroma
signal take place when change over between programmes of local and television network
systems takes place and when video tape recorders are switched on .The phase angle is also
affected by the level of the signal while passing through various circuits .In addition cross talk
between demodulator outputs at the receiver causes colour distortion.
26. Mention some features of PAL system.
a. The weighted (B-Y) and (R-Y) signals are modulated without being given a phase shift of 33
as is done in the NTSC system.
b. On modulation both the color difference signals are allowed the same bandwidth of about
1.3MHz.
c. The color subcarrier frequency is chosen to be 4.43MHz.
d. The weighted color difference signals are quadrature modulated with the sub-carrier.
27. Write notes on NTSC system.
NTSC system is compatible with 525 line American system. In order to maintain
compatibility two new colour difference signals are generated and they are represented as I and
Q. Since eye is capable of resolving finer details in the regions around I, it is allowed to have a
maximum bandwidth of 1.5MHz.The bandwidth of Q signal is restricted to 0.5MHz.
28. What is the difference between NTSC,PAL and SECAM?
The difference between the SECAM system on one hand and NTSC and PAL on the other is
that the later transmit and receive two chrominance signals simultaneously while in the SECAM
system only one of the two color difference signal is transmitted at a time.
29. What do you mean by high frequency pre emphasis?
In SECAM system, the chrominance signals are pre-emphasized before Modulation. After
modulating the carrier with the pre-emphasized and weighted color difference signals, another
form of pre emphasis is carried out on the signals. This takes the form of increasing amplitude of
the sub carrier as its deviation increases. Such a pre emphasis is called high frequency pre
emphasis.
30. What is the use of line identification pulses?
In SECAM system ,the switching of Dr and Db signals line by line takes place during
the line sync pulse period. The sequence of switching continues without interruption from one
field to the next and is maintained through the field blanking interval. However it is necessary
for the receiver to be able to deduce as to which line is being transmitted. Such an identification
of the proper sequence of color lines in each field is accomplished by identification pulses.
31. Write notes on luminance channel.
The video amplifier in the luminance channel is Dc coupled and has the same bandwidth as
in the monochrome receiver. It is followed by a delay line to compensate for the additional delay
the color signal suffers because of limited band pass of the chrominance amplifier .This ensures
time coincidence of the luminance and chrominance signals. The channel also includes a notch
filter which attenuates the sub carrier by about 10db.This helps to suppress the appearance of any
dot structure on the screen along with the color picture.
32. What is the use of chrominance band pass amplifier?
The chroma band pass amplifier selects the chrominance signal and rejects other unwanted
components of the composite signal.
33. What do you mean by automatic color control?
The ACC circuit is similar to the AGC circuit used for automatic gain control of RF and IF
stages of the receiver. It develops a dc control voltage that is proportional to the amplitude of the
color burst.
34. Write short notes on color killer circuit.
When a monochrome transmission is received there is no input to the color killer and no
positive voltage is developed. Therefore no input is given to the second chroma amplifier from
the color killer circuit, it blocks the second chroma amplifier. Thus it prevents the color noise on
black and white picture.
35. Merits of PAL system.
The problem of differential phase errors has been successfully overcome in the PAL
system.
36. Demerits of PAL system.
The use of phase alteration by line technique and associated control circuitry together with
the need of a delay line in the receiver makes the PAL system more complicated and expensive
.The receiver cost is higher for the PAL colour system.
PART-B
1. Explain in detail the NTSC color receiver system.
HINTS:
NTSC system is compatible with 525 line American system.In order to maintain compatibility two new colour difference signals are generated and they are represented as I and Q. Since eye is capable of resolving finer details in the regions around I,it is allowed to have a maximum bandwidth of 1.5MHz.The bandwidth of Q signal is restricted to 0.5MHz.
Limitations of the NTSC system.The NTSC system is sensitive to transmission path differences which introduces phase errors that result in colour changes in the picture. At the transmitter,phase changes in the chroma signal take place when change over between programmes of local and television network systems takes place and when video tape recorders are switched on .The phase angle is also affected by the level of the signal while passing through various circuits .In addition cross talk between demodulator outputs at the receiver causes colour distortion.
2. Explain working of a pAL system.
HINTS;
The weighted (B-Y) and (R-Y) signals are modulated without being given a phase shift of 33 as is done in the NTSC system.
On modulation both the color difference signals are allowed the same bandwidth of about 1.3MHz.
The color subcarrier frequency is chosen to be 4.43MHz. The weighted color difference signals are quadrature modulated with the subcarrier.
3.Describe with necessary diagrams the encoding of color difference signal.
HINTS;
Quadrature modulation:It is used to combine two colour difference signals in to a single variable.
Frequency interleaving:The technique of combining two distinct signal within the same bandwidth is known as frequency interleaving.
Colour burst:Sample of colour subcarrier output at the encoder are transmitted along with other sync pulses.
4.Describe the generation of Y signal and color difference signals.Find the value for cyan. In a color camera ,the luminance or Y signal is obtained by adding R,Gand B in the following proportions Y=0.30R+0.59G+0.11B.
5.Explain in detail about SECAM system.
HINTS;
SECAM color system is compatible wit819 line monochrome system. The difference between the SECAM system on one hand and NTSC and PAL on the other is that the later transmit and receive two chrominance signals simultaneously while in the SECAM system only one of the two color difference signal is transmitted at a time. In SECAM system, the chrominance signals are pre-emphasized before modulation. After modulating the carrier with the pre-emphasized andweighted color difference signals, another form of preemphasis is carried out on the signals. This takes the form of increasing amplitude of the sub carrier as its deviation increases. Such a preemphasis is called high frequency preemphasis
6. Briefly explain the NTSC system.i) Basis of color fundamentalsii) Different colour systemsiii) NTSC encoderiv) NTSC decoder
7. Explain the basis of the SECAM color television systems bringing out its features distinct from the NTSC systems
i) Basis of color fundamentalsii) Different colour systemsiii) NTSC encoderiv) NTSC decoder
8. Briefly explain the PAL system.9. Give the block diagram to explain the working of
i) SECAM encoder and decoderii) PAL encoder and decoder
10. Explain the telecine equipments in details?
HINTS:i) Projector cameraii) Flying spot scanneriii) CCD flim scanner
11. Briefly explain the Television recording systems?HINTS:
i) Holographic recording systemii) Helical recording system
12. Write Short notes i) Automatic scan tracking (AST)ii) Drop-out compensation
13. Define and explain the following terms: Pedestal,Gamma,Pre-emphasis and De-emphasisAnd intercarrier sound signal.
14. State the advantages and disadvantages of VSB modulation. Explain how the VSB reception of TV signal is compensated for its frequency response.
15. Explain the Horizontal sync and blanking standards in detail.
UNIT III: TELEVISION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM, PROPAGATION AND ANTENNAS
PART-A
1. Why do we prefer horizontal polarization for television receiving antenna?We prefer horizontal polarization for television receiver antenna because it results in more signal strength, less reflection and reduced ghost images.
2.Where can you employ indoor receiver antennas?In strong signal areas it is sometimes feasible to use indoor antennas provided the receiver is sufficiently sensitive.
3.What do you understand by diplexer?The outputs of both the video and the audio transmitter are combined by the diplexer circuit and given to a common broadcast transmitting antenna.
4.Define Cochannel interference.If two stations are operating at the same carrier frequency and located nearby then they will
interface with each other. This is called co-cannel interference and it is common in fringe areas. It is the interference due to stations located nearby and allocated as adjacent channels.
5.Define guard band.Guard band can be defined as a small frequency band introduced between two consecutive channels inorder to reduce interference .
6. What is ghost intertfernce?Ghost interference arises as a result of discrete reflections of the signal from the surface of hills, bridges, buildings, towers etc.
7.Mention the requirements of high level modulation.In high level modulation, the video signal has to be modulated by the picture carrier in the final power amplifier which has a high power level. Grid bias modulation is employed.
8.What do you understand by ground waves?Vertically polarized electromagnetic waves are radiated at zero or small angles with ground. They are guided by the conducting surface of the ground along which they are propagated. Such waves are known as ground or surface waves. As the ground waves travel along the surface ofthe earth, their attenuation is proportional to frequency. The attenuation is reasonably low below 1500KHz.Therefore, all medium wave broadcast and long wave telegraph and telephone communication is carried out by ground wave propagation.
9.What are sky waves?In ground wave propagation ,frequencies above 1600 KHz does not serve any useful purpose as the signal gets very much attenuated within a short distance of its transmission .Therefore ,most radio communication in short wave bands upto 30MHz is carried out by sky waves.When these waves are transmitted high up in the sky , they travel in the straight line until the ionosphere is reached. This region begins about 120Km above the surface of the earth. The region consists of
large concentrations of charge gaseous ions, free electrons and neutral molecules. The ions and free electrons cause to band all passing electromagnetic waves.
10.Describe briefly about space wave propagation.Propagation of radio waves above about 40MHz is not possible through either sky wave or surface wave propagation .Therefore ,the only alternative for transmission in the VHF and UHF bands, despite large attenuation is by radio waves which travel in a straight line from transmitter to receiver. This called space wave propagation.
11. Why is AM preferred over FM broadcasting the picture signal?If FM is adopted for picture transmission ,the changing beat frequency between the multiple paths delayed with respect to each other would develop a bar interference in the image with a shimmering effect as the bars continuously changes as the beat frequency changes therefore ,no study picture is produced. Apart from that ,circuit complexity and BW requirements are much less in AM than FM.Hence AM is preferred to FM for broadcasting the picture signal.
12. What is Dipole array?Dipole antenna is used for band I&III transmitters. It consists of dipole panels mounted on the four sides at the top of the antenna tower. Each panel has an array of full wave dipoles mounted in front of reflectors. To get an unidirectional pattern, the four panels mounted on the four sides of the tower are so fed that the current in each lags behind the previous by 90 degree . This is done by changing the field cable length by l/4 to the two alternate panels and by reversal of polarity of the current.
13. Define Image rejection ratio.Image rejection ratio is defined as the output due to desired station divided by output due to image signal.
14. What do you refer by Yagi uda Antenna?This is a widely used antenna for television receivers .Generally ,for locations within 40 to 60Km from the transmitter is the folded dipole with one reflector and one director. This is commonly called Yagi antenna or Yagi-Uda antenna.
15. Name the essential parts of TV transmitter.The essential parts of TV tranmitter includes a video processing unit . A visual modulator which is a diode bridge modulator, phase compensator or delay equalizer and frequency converter.
16.What are the propagation phenomena? a) Reflection b) Refraction c) Diffraction.
17. What are types of interference ?a) Man-made impulsive interferenceb) RF interferencec) Co-channel interferenced) Atmospheric noise interference
18.What are the functions that an antenna to perform?i) It must pick up the desired signal and develop a maximum signal voltage from the
available field strength.ii)It must discriminate against unwanted signalsiii)If it is to receive more channels or bands,it must be capable of wideband operation and
must be rotatable if the stations are located in different directions.
19. Define Directive gain.It is defined as the ratio of power received by an antenna in a particular direction to the
power that would be received by an isotropic antenna.
20.Define Antenna gain.The increase in the signal received by an antenna with respect to a reference
antenna,usually the �/2 dipole antenna,is termed the antenna gain.The term is generally used to indicate the gain o directional antenna system like a multielement dipole array,and is usually expressed in dB,
Antenna gain = 20 log (Vant.system/Vref.antenna)
21. What is MATV system?MATV is Master Antenna Television Systems. These system employ very efficient high
gain antenna systems of robust mechanical design to be shared by a number of receivers in high rise apartment buildings, hotels or group of houses.22. What is adjacent channel interference?
It is the interference due to stations located nearby and allocated as Adjacent channels.
23. How does Ghost interference arises?
Ghost interference arises as a result of discrete reflections of the signal from the surface of
hills, bridges, buildings, towers etc.
PART-B1. Compare the design features of television transmitters employing high level modulation and low level modulation.2. Describe,giving the block diagrams, the operation of a television transmitter using a) High level modulation and IF modulation
3. Explain the working od the followingi) Diode bridge modulatorii) Diplexer.
4. Write short notes on i) Aural exciterii) Diplexer.
5. Explain the following i) Ghost imagesii) Leading ghostiii)Airpalne flutteriv)Offset operation.
6. Explain how a parasitic element beside a dipole acts as a director or a reflector. 7. Explain the purpose of Antenna feeder and the factors that decide the choce of the feeder,?
HINTS:
i) Purposeii) Choice of a Feederiii) Twin wire feederiv) Coaxial cable feederv) Impedance matching.
8. Describe the problems occur during the television reception
HINTS:
i) Signal combining ii) Signal splitting.
9. Explain the following terms with respect to antenna:a) Directivity b) Beam width c) Front to back ratio d)Directive
gain e)Antenna gain and f)Velocity gain.10. Explain the television booster amplifiers?
HINTS:
i) Purpose of Booster amplifierii) Introduction of Noiseiii) Noise figureiv) Noise temperaturev) SNRvi) Antenna Noise temperaturevii) Booster amplifier circuit.
UNIT IV: TELEVISION RECEIVER SYSTEM
PART-A
1. Write short notes on AGC circuit.AGC circuit is used to control the gain of RF and IF amplifiers .The change in gain is achieved by shifting the operating point of transistors used in the amplifiers.The operating point is changed by a bias voltage that is developed in the AGC circuit.
2. What do you mean by Peak AGC system?The system based on sampling the sync tip levels is known as “peak” AGC system.The Peak AGC system is also called as non-keyed AGC sytem.
3. What are the two types of AGC control?Forward AGC controlReverse AGC control
4. What is Forward AGC control?In any transistor amplifier ,gain is varied by shifting the operating point either towards collector current cutoff or saturation. This actually varies beta of the transistor and hence the stage gain changes.When gain is changed by shifting the operating point towards current cutoff ,then it is called “Reverse AGC”.
5. List the draw backs of non keyed AGC.The AGC voltage developed across the peak rectifier load tends to increase during vertical sync pulse periods because the video signal amplitude remains almost at the peak value every time vertical sync pulses occur. This result in a 50Hz ripple over the negative AGC voltage and reduces gain of the receiver during these intervals.The reduced gain results in weak vertical sync pulse which in turn can put the vertical deflection oscillator out of synchronism causing rolling of the picture.
6. Merits of Keyed AGC system.AGC voltage developed is a true representation of the peak of fixedsync level and thus
corresponds to the actual incoming signal strength.Noise effects are minimized because conduction is restricted to a small fraction of the
total line period.
7. Define TRAP circuit?In the video IF amplifier it is necessary to suppress the unwanted frequencies like the
nearby adjacent channel carriers and the sound carrier of the tuned channel to an adjacent level by means of trap that absorbs energy at these frequencies.Basically these are high QLC resonant circuits tuned to the frequency and coupled to the amplifier circuit or placed in the IF signal path.Various types of traps are used
i) Shunt trapsii) Series Trapsiii) Absorption Trapsiv) Bridged –T Trap.
8. Give the purpose of Video detector?A diode detector is commonly used to demodulate the amplitude modulated video IF
signal by the rectification process.The IF component in the rectified output is eliminated by a LPF .The general purpose of detection require that the detection efficiency should be max and the distortion due to clipping be avoided.
9.Define Max.Detector efficiency?It is the ratio of Peak to Peak detector output to the peak to peak signal in the modulated
envelope.Rf>>rf and Cs >> Cd
10.Define electron optics?The production and focusing of an electron beam in a cathode ray tube to obtain a thin
scanning beam is referred to as ‘electron optics’.
11. What is Pin cushion distortion ?This is also caused by the flatness of screen and its rectangular shape .The distance
between the gun and the screen goes on increasing as the beam moves towars the corners of the screen.The deflection is no more proportional to sin � in both directions , but to tan � and hence both deflection are present the corner deflections are greater giving a pincushion appearance to the rectangular raster.
12. What is Barrel distortion?This is opposite in nature to the pincushion distortion and may be caused by nonuniform
fields in both directions.13. What is forward AGC?In any transistor amplifier ,gain is varied by shifting the operating point either towards collector current cutoff or saturation. This actually varies beta of the transistor and hence the stage gain changes.When gain is changed by shifting the operating point towards collector current saturation ,then it is called “Forward AGC”.
14. What is the main purpose of using VHF tuner?
The purpose tuner unit is to amplify both picture and sound signals picked up the antenna
and to convert the carrier frequencies and their associated side bands into intermediate
frequencies.
15. Name the essential components of RF section.
RF tuner section consists of RF amplifier, mixer and local oscillator and is Normally
mounted on a separate subclass called the front end.
16. What are the major tasks to be done by detector?
The video detector is designed to recover composite video signal and to transform the
sound signal to another lower carrier frequency.
17. Why is video amplifier required?
The amplitude of the composite video signal at the output of video detector is not enough
to drive the picture tube directly. Therefore further amplification is required. This is done by
video amplifier.
18. What are Sync pulses?
The Synchronizing pulses called ‘Sync’ are part of the composite video signal as the top
25% of the signal amplitude. The sync pulses include horizontal, vertical and equalizing pulses.
Sync separator separates these signals from the video signal.
19. Define frequency Distortion.
The inequality in gain at different frequency components of the received signal is called
frequency distortion.
20. List out the advantages of IF sections.
The main function of this section is to amplify modulated IF signal over its entire
bandwidth with an input of about 0.5mV signal from the mixer to deliver about 4V into
the video detector.
IF section is used to equalize amplitudes of sideband components ,because of vestigial
side band transmission.
IF section is used to reject the signals from adjacent channels.
21. What do you mean by automatic frequency tuning?
AFT is used to improve the stability of the oscillator circuit ,some drift does occur on account of
ambient temperature changes ,component aging ,power supply voltage fluctuation and so on. The
fine tuning control is adjusted to get a sharp picture.
22. Write short notes on burst seperator.
The burst seperator circuit has the function of extracting 8 to 10 cycles of reference color burst
which are transmitted on the back porch of every horizontal pulse .the circuit is tuned to the sub
carrier frequency and is keyed on during the fly back time by pulses derived from the horizontal
output stage.
23. What is the use of color sub carrier oscillator?
The function of sub carrier oscillator is to generate a carrier wave output at 3.57MHz and feed
it to the demodulators. The sub carrier frequency is maintained at its correct value and phase by
the APC circuit.
24. How the phase error is cancelled in the PAL system?
In PAL system phase shift error is cancelled by reversing the phase angle of v signal on alternate
lines.
25. Give the abbreviation for NTSC, SECAM ,and PAL.
NTSC -National Television systems committee
SECAM –Sequential –a- Me moire
PAL - Phase Alteration by Line
26. What do you understand by PAL –D Colour system?
The use of eye as the averaging mechanism for the correct hue is the basic concept of simple
‘PAL’ system. Beyond a certain limit , the human eye see the effect of colour changes on
alternate lines hence the system needs modification. Considerable improvement found in the
system of a delay line is used to do the averaging first and then present the color to the eye. This
is called PAL-D or delay line PAL method and is most commonly employe in PAL receivers.
27. Write short notes on colour sub carrier frequency of PAL D system.
The color sub carrier frequency of 4.43MHz is produced with a crystal controlled oscillator
.To accomplish minimum raster disturbance through the color subcarrier it is important to
maintain correct frequency relationship between the scanning frequencies and subcarrier
frequency .Therefore ,it is usual to count down from the subcarrier frequency to twice the line
frequency pulses .
PART-B
1.Derive the expression for relative gain and for phase shift angle for a shunt peaked amplifier in the normalized forms.
2. Draw the circuit of a transistor video output amplifier. How is the effect of contrast variation on brightness minimized in direct coupled circuits?
3. Explain with the help of circuits, the methods for i) Beam current limiting ii) Supression of switch off transient spot in a picture tube.
4. Give the various methods for contrast control,brightness control and stabilization in the video output circuits.
5. Discuss the operating conditions of a limiter IF amplifier.
6. Explain the following terms i) De-emphasis ii) Slope detection iii) AM rejection iv)Electric attenuator.
7. Write notes on the following;
a) Ion trapb) Screen filtersc) Implosion protection.
8. Explain the construction of a black and white picture tube , indicating the function of each electrode.
9.Give the construction of shadow mask tube.Explain the operation and give reasons for its low efficiency.Describe the convergence technique employed.
10.What is degegaussing?why it is necessary in a TV receiver .Describe the automatic degaussing technique used in modern receivers.When is external degaussing is necessary.
11.Give the construction,Limitations,Principle of LCD
12.Describe the construction and working of one of the following a) Trinitronb) Precision-in-line colour tubesc) LCD projectord) TFT LCD colour flat panel display.
13. Discuss the working of a basic drive circuit for a horizontal deflection coil using i) a pentodeii) a transistor
14. What is Blooming? what are the cause and cures of blooming?
15. Explain briefly the operation of IF subsystem.
HINTS:
The IF subsystem includes IF section ,AGC circuit and video detector.The IF section provides large amplification to the weak IF signals and the video detector that follows IF amplifiers produces composite video and intercarrier FM sound signals. The factors that influence the choice of intermediate frequencies in TV receivers are:_ Image Rejection Ratio:Image rejection ratio is defined as the output due to desired stationdivided by output due to image signal._ Pickup due to local oscillator radiation from TV receivers_ Image Frequencies should not lie in the FM band_ Interference or direct pickup from bands assigned for other services
16. Explain the working of U and V demodulators.
HINTS:
_ The chrominance available at the output of delay line circuitry consists of two suppressed carrier amplitude modulated components designated as U and V._ These correspond to the two color difference signal and bear information about their amplitude and polarity_ Because of quadrature modulation ,the two modulation product signals have a phase difference of 90 at any instant with respect to each other._ Thus when one is passing through its positive or negative peak, the other is passing through Zero._ The demodulating devices are normally biased to cutoff and conduct only at positive peaks of the externally fed subcarrier which is large in amplitude.
17.Describe with a circuit Burst phase discriminator.HINTS:
The burst seperator circuit has the function of extracting 8 to 10 cycles of reference color burst which are transmitted on the back porch of every horizontal pulse. The circuit is tuned to the subcarrier frequency and is keyed on during the flyback time by pulses derived from the horizontal output stage.
18. Write the need and working of Automatic Gain control Circuit.
HINTS:AGC circuit controls the gain of RF and IF stage to enable almost constant signal voltage at the output of video detector, despite changes in the signal picked up by the antenna. The change in gain is achieved by shifting the operating point of transistors used in the amplifiers. The operating point is changed by a bias voltage that is developed in the bias circuit.
19. Write Short notes on color killer circuit.
When a monochrome transmission is received there is no input to the color killer and no positive voltage is developed . Therefore no input is given to the second chroma amplifier from the color killer circuit ,it blocks the second chroma amplifier.Thus it prevents the color noise on black and white picture.
UNIT V:ADVANCED TELEVISION SYSTEMS
PART-A
1. Write short notes on CATV.
CATV stands for community antenna television systems. The CATV system is a cable system distributes good quality television signal to a very large number of receivers throughout an entire community. Generally this system gives increased TV programmes to subscribers who pay a fee for this service. A cable system may have many more active VHF and UHF channels than a receiver tuner can directly select.
2. What do you understand by satellite TV?
Satellite TV is a TV from space. Broadcasters from earth transmit their programmes to specified satellites. Then, the transmissions are returned to receiving equipment on the ground. Therefore, the better the receiving equipment ,the higher the quality of the reception.
3. List some of the applications of satellite TV?
The shear range of programmes currently available on satellite channel is very much impressive such as 24-hour music videos, news, and feature films. A variety of general entertainment programmes, sports ,children’s programmes , foreign language broadcasts and cultural programmes are all available for the keyboard dish owner. Some of these come through subscription channels and others by free to watch channels which are sponsored by advertising.
4. State the merits of satellite TV.
The picture quality from satellite systems is surprisingly good and compares well with conventional land based TV transmissions. In addition unlike terrestrial broadcasts it is free from the spectrum of picture ghosting.
5. Mention the limitations of satellite TV.
The limitation of the satellite TV is varying picture and audio quality .By adopting de-emphasis circuits we can avoid the variations.
6. Give the applications of video tape recorders.
Smaller and lower priced video tape recorders using ½ inch tape are available for closed type circuit TV or for use in the home. They can record and playback programs on a television receiver in color and monochrome. In addition to that small portable cameras are provided for a complete television system with the recorder. These portable systems are also employed for taping television programs from a remote are also employed for taping television programs from a remote location for away from the TV broadcast studio.
7. List some merits of high definition television. Improvement in both vertical and horizontal resolution of the reproduced picyure by approximately 2:1 over existing standards. Much improved colour rendition Higher aspect ratio of atleast 5:3 Stereophonic sound
8. What do you mean by Longitudinal video recording?
A method in which video signals are recorded on atleast several tracks along the length of the tape.
9. What do you mean by Quadruplex (Transverse) scan recording?
In transverse scan recording ,four recording heads are spaced 90 apart and are mounted on a rotating drum and the tape moves past it,transversely.Each head comes in contact with the tape as the previous one leaves it.
10. What do you mean by helical scan recording?
In helical scan recording ,the two recording heads ‘look at ‘ the tape surface as it is drawn past them through two tiny rectangular slits mounted on opposite sides of the drum.The heads thus trace out diagonal tracks across the tape,one track per head.
11. What are two types of video disc system?
Laser or optical disc system Capacitance disc system
12. List the fundamental components of DVD player.
A drive motor to spin the disc. A laser and lens system to focus in on the bumps and read them. Tracking mechanism that can move the laser assembly so that the lasers beam can follow
the spiral track. Electronic circuitry
13. What are the advantages of DVD players over VCR’s.
The quality of picture and sound in a DVD is better than on a video tape,and DVD’s maintain their high quality over time,because there is no physical contact with the disc as it revolves.
14. List 4 merits of digital TV receivers. Reduced Ghosts Reduction of 50Hz flicker High resolution pictures Slow motion action
PART-B
1. Write short notes on Video disc system
HINTS:
The video disc is essentially a gramophone record with pictures on it.Thefirst video disc was the laser optical and the second video disc system is based onthe capacitance principle.
2.Write short notes on High definition Television.HINTS:
It aims at_ Improvement in both vertical and horizontal resolution of the reproducedpicyure by approximately 2:1 over existing standards._ Much improved colour rendition_ Higher aspect ratio of atleast 5:3_ Stereophonic sound
3. Briefly explain CATV system.4. Briefly explain Digital TV transmission and reception.5. Explain the modern methods of video recording on a disc.What are the factors that have not given it an edge over the VCRs.
6. Discuss the different design variations in the construction of industrial or educational CCTV systems.
7. Discuss the different types of cable distribution networks,the various frequency bands and relative merits and limitations.What are the special features of fibre optic cable systems.
8. How are digitized video signals structured for transmission in the digital services network?Explain the different levels of digital transmission
9. Explain the following i) Aliasing effectsii) Sub nyquist sampling frequency