ss nanotechnology issue 10

Issue 10 | August/September 2015

THE EVOLUTION OFNANOTECHNOLOGY

SCIENCESTARS

2 Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

3Science Stars Magazine Nanotechnology Issue | www.sciencestars.co.za

CO

NT

EN

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FEATURES

26 Make your own nano product

37 visualising a future with vanadium

42 solving nano problems

44 opportunities in nanotechnology

45 wall of fame

REGULARS

6 editor's note

20 science news

27 careers

40 facts

46 activity

CONTENTSCONTENTS


theFOREWORD

cine, electronics, biomaterials, energy production and consumer

products.

Because of the variety of potential applications, governments

around the world have invested large sums of money into

Nanotechnology research in their countries. This is very much

the case in South Africa.

In this issue of Science Stars magazine you will learn more

about what Nanotechnology is, how it is studied as well as the

history behind it. You will also learn about some of the appli-

cations of Nanotechnology and exciting degrees you need to

obtain in order to pursue a career in Nanotechnology.

Enjoy this issue of Science Stars magazine and appreciate the

wonders of Nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at an atomic or

molecular scale. In terms of size, Nanotechnology is the manipula-

tion of matter at 1-100 nanometers. Nanotechnology includes a

diverse range of Science fields such as organic chemistry, molecu-

lar biology and semiconductor Physics, for example. The concepts

of Nanotechnology were first alluded to in 1959 by renewed

Physicist Richard Feynman in his talk ‘There’s Plenty of Room at

the Bottom’. In this talk, Feynman described the possibility of syn-

thesis via direct manipulation of atoms.

With powerful accelerator machines we will one day be able

to use Femntotechnology to manipulate matter on the scale of

femtometer for a vast amount of applications. This scale is much

smaller in comparison to Nanotechnology and Picotechnology.

With Nanotechnology we may be able to create many new materi-

als and devices with a vast range of applications, such as medi-Prof. Azwinndini Muronga, Professor of Physics - University of Johannesburg

Manipulation of matter

FEATUREFOREWORD


I recall a time where beauty prod-ucts served a simple purpose – to make women more attractive. Nowadays, Nanotechnology has transformed this to include 3D printing of the perfect shade of eye shadow. Technology has gone beyond our basic needs and has introduced us to new and simpler ways of living.

Technology develops at a pace that is difficult to keep up with. Products are constantly being updated and improved, leaving little time for us to appreciate what we already have. We are con-stantly anticipating the next big thing. This is both the beauty and

curse of Science, Technology and Innovation.

If we stop for a minute and take a deeper look into Nanotechnology, you will undoubtedly be amazed by this advanced study and its results. The world as we know it is being reinvented by tiny materials that we cannot see. In a sense, Nanotechnology has taken us back to the basics of innovation – using small particles to create a larger product. Science Stars has compiled an issue dedicated to Nanotechnology - its past, present and unimaginable future. Read the cover story on pages 8 – 11 to understand Nanotechnology a little better, then move on to page 33 where our quiz will test your knowledge. We also provide aspiring scientists with the basic information that leads to a career in Nanotechnology from page 27 – 29.

Now, now, Technology… allow us to enjoy your magic for just a minute before you carry us away to your next destination. Aspiring scientists, have fun shaping the future.

Now, now, Technology.

Shani Rhoda

Managing Editor • Evans [email protected]

Deputy Editor • Shani Rhoda

Graphic Designers • Cinzia-Joey Swartz • Stacey Okkers Project Manager • Renata Williams

Contributing writers • Oswald Kucherera • Cherri-Lee Rhode • Leandra Taylor • MJ Schwartz Chairman • Madambi Rambuda

Public Relations • Bongeka Mnotoza

Ambassador • Prof. Azwindinni Muronga

Subscriptions • [email protected]

Copyright 2015 Roswika Media. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, without prior permission.

Science Stars is published by Roswika Media

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LetteR FROMTHE DEPUTY EDITOR

teamScience Stars

Deputy Editor

ED’S NOTE


FROM CLASSROOM TO BOARDROOM

From building schools to supporting black entrepreneurs, from making university study possible for disadvantaged students to providing work experience for young work seekers, Shanduka Foundation strives to develop South Africa’s human potential.

Over the last decade, Shanduka Foundation has created opportunities for educational development, career growth and entrepreneurial advancement.

Thanks to the ongoing support of many partners in business, government and civil society, Shanduka Foundation is making a significant impact in the lives of young South Africans.

www.shanduka.co.za/shanduka-foundation

• Adopt-a-School Foundation mobilises companies and individuals to invest in education by adopting disadvantaged schools throughout South Africa. Through its model of Whole School Development, the foundation aims to improve the academic, infrastructural, social and security environment in schools, enabling sustainable excellence in teaching and learning. The foundation creates opportunities for temporary employment of community members and for local businesses to get involved in improving schools. It works closely with communities and maintains strong relationships with all stakeholders.

• Kagiso Shanduka Trust (KST) is a collaboration between the Free State Department of Education, Kagiso Trust and Shanduka Foundation to develop and implement a district-wide school development model. It is a five-year programme that will work in over 400 schools, in two districts, utilising

a combination of the best practices of both the Kagiso Trust and the Shanduka Foundation.

• Shanduka Black Umbrellas (SBU) develops qualifying 100% black-owned businesses to a level where they may gain meaningful access to markets, networks and finance. This is conducted via enterprise and supplier development activities within its small business incubators where members are provided with a working environment and support services that will enable them to thrive, and Shanduka Blackpages, an online enterprise and supplier development portal.

• The Cyril Ramaphosa Education Trust provides bursaries to disadvantaged students and organises holistic holiday work programmes for all its students.

• The Shanduka experiential work programme provides opportunities for selected graduates and job seekers within the Shanduka Group and across its partner network.

A DECADE OF EMPOWERMENT

COVER STORY

The next big thing in Science

ALL ABOUT NANOTECHNOLOGY

COVER STORY

Science is all about discovery.

Qualified researchers spend hours

in labs, manipulating chemicals and

materials to create objects and products

that can improve the quality of life for the

general public. To realise the great extent

to which Science influences our lives,

rewind to the 1990s when mobile phones

were the size of a landline and a single

colour lit up the small screen. Now, a few

years later, our mobile phones can filter

images we capture and a voice directs us to

our destination.

A lot has changed in Science and

Technology over the years and these

changes will continue to evolve in the

years to come. The latest phenomenon,

Nanotechnology, is the centre of amaze-

ment. As it advances, it creates solutions to

everyday problems by working with materi-

als that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

What is Nanotechnology?The word ‘nano’ derives from the Greek

word ‘Nanos’ which means dwarf.

Here is a dictionary definition of Nanotechnology (noun): The branch of technology that deals with

dimensions and tolerances of less than 100

nanometres, especially the manipulation of

individual atoms and molecules.

But what is Nanotechnology in simple terms?Nanotechnology, according to profession-

als, involves the manipulation of atoms and

molecules conducted at nanoscale which is

one billionth of a metre.

Each atom and molecule that exists pos-

sesses specific properties that can be

manipulated to perform a particular duty.

Properties include strength, lighter weight,

increased control of light spectrum and

chemical reactivity.

Nanotechnology is displayed in objects and

products that we use every day, such as

mobile phones, sunscreen and cosmetics.

Tennis rackets and golf clubs are examples

of Nanotechnology in commercial markets.

Nanotechnology also occurs naturally in

the form of windborne sea salt and oceanic

plankton.

How big is Nano?When one hears that a nanometre is equiv-

alent to one billionth of a metre, it is diffi-

cult to imagine how big that really is.


Written by : Shani Rhoda

COVER STORY

Tiny things that are still bigger than a nanometre: How can we see a nanometre?

The first electron microscope was designed

by two German engineers, Max Knoll and

Ernst Ruska, in the 1930s. This microscope

could magnify objects up to a million times

by using electron beams.

From this discovery, more research was put

into finding new ways of magnification

that would allow the human eye to view

materials that cannot be seen using an

average microscope. From this research, a

new instrument was created, The Scanning

Tunneling Microscope (STM). STM won its

inventors the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics

due to its ability to view objects at the

nanoscale. The STM functions by running a

sharp stylus over the sample being viewed

and then sending electron signals. The final

view can be seen on a computer screen.

Further research then resulted in what

scientists use today – the Atomic Force

Microscope (AFM). Although the process of

magnification remains similar to the STM,

the AFM replaces the stylus with a laser.

The history of NanotechnologyWe know that Nanotechnology has a long

future ahead of it, but when did it begin?

Richard Feynman, a Nobel Prize-winning

physicist, first came up with the concept

When dealing with measurements, a nano-metre is one billionth of a meter

1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm)

1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm)

1 mm = 1 000 micrometres (micron)

1 micron = 1 000 nanometres (nm)

Thickness of a book’s pageBacterial cells

Sugar

Ants

Sand

Metric prefixes and Scientific notationprefixes:

Deci- (1/10)

Centi- (1/100)

Milli- (1/1000)

Micro- (1/1,000,000)

Nano- (1/1,000,000,000)


COVER STORY

of Nanotechnology in 1959. Feynman did

research using normal-sized robots that

continued to replicate themselves until

they reached the molecular scale.

Artists made use of Nanotechnology hun-

dreds of years ago (between the 9th and

17th centuries), without even being aware

of it. The colours that can be seen in the

stained glass of medieval churches and

European cathedrals today were created

by nanoparticles of gold and silver.

From the 13th to the 18th century, the

Damascus saber blades were created

using carbon nanotubes and cementite

nanowires. The use of this carbon steel

formulation added to the strength and

resilience of the sword.

Way before then, Nanotechnology also

existed but without its current name.

During the 4th century, craftsmen made

use of high heat to create objects that

possesses novel properties. The Lycurgus

Cup created in Rome was made of

dichronic glass. This glass enabled the

cup to change colour depending on which

direction the light would shine through

it. Nanoparticles of gold and silver were

manipulated by exposing them to heat,

allowing this colour-changing property.

How Nanotechnology is improving our livesThis multidisciplinary field of research

includes research performed by Materials

Scientists, Mechanical and Electronic

Engineers and Medical Researchers. This

research is then put into practice by profes-

sional biologists, physicists and chemists.

Currently Nanotechnology is being used to

produce medical devices, sensors for secu-

rity systems, displays for mobile phones

and hand-held computer games, as well as

cinema screens.

If Nanotechnology continues at the pace it

is currently evolving, we can expect to see

great advancements in the near future. It is

predicted that research in Nanotechnology

will aid doctors in identifying and curing

diseases, assist power generation by tak-

ing advantage of environmentally-friendly

renewable energy sources and drastically

increasing the speed of mobile telecom-

munications.

What can we expect in the future?Nanotechnology is rapidly approaching, and

overtaking, the future. Scientists are coming

up with ideas that we cannot even begin

to imagine. Apart from all the uncertainties

that come along with scientific research,

one thing is certain – Nanotechnology will

be recreating the world for a long time.

4th century: Lycurgus Cup 9th century: Stained glass 13th century: Damascus sword 1959: Richard Feynman


Research that can change

the world

Impact is at the core of the CSIR's mandate. In improving its research focus and ensuring that it achieves maximum impact in industry and society, the organisation has identi�ed six research impact areas:

• Energy - with the focus on alternative and renewable energy. • Health - with the aim of improving health care delivery and addressing the burden of disease. • Natural Environment - with an emphasis on protecting our environment and natural resources. • Built Environment - with a focus on improved infrastructure and creation of sustainable human settlements. • Defence and security - contributing to national e�orts to build a safer country. • Industry - in support of an e�cient, competitive and responsive economic infrastructure.

www.csir.co.za

NANO CLOTHING

Clothing is one of the most basic and essential

needs. It covers us up and keeps our bodies warm.

Nanotechnology is the designer of brand-new outfits

that serve a purpose far greater than making us look good.

Nanoparticles can be used to render clothing safe from

harmful or unpleasant factors such as harsh

sunlight, excessive rain and even the outbreak of fires.

Nanoparticles to the rescue

Silica is used to protect clothing from water and

stain-producing liquids. Coating clothing in silica creates

surface tension which turns liquid into beads that roll off

the material instead of soaking into it. Petroleum Engineers

can be protected from stains and cyclists will be free from

the burden of rain or excessive perspiration.

Africa is known for its picture-perfect sunsets but the same

sun can also be a hazard to our health. Nanoparticles of

titanium dioxide or zinc have been used in the production

of clothing to protect the human skin from sunburn. The

nanoparticles are able to protect the skin by scattering

the ultraviolet light in sunlight. For example, engineers

who spend hours working outdoors will be protected from

sunburn.

Bacteria and fungi are normal in the lives of doctors,

veterinarians, paramedics and others working in the medical

field. When silver nanoparticles are used in the production

of clothing, they reduce any strong odours by releasing

positively charged ions which prevent bacterial cells from

functioning.

BACk TO BAsICs

Cyclists in Cape Town

Nanotechnology creates a new wardrobe


Nano products in sport THE BEsT OF NANO

Written by : Cherri-Lee Rhode

Over the past two decades, the com-

mercial use of Nanotechnology in

consumer products has increased.

Nanotechnology is quite commonly

used in sport equipment, skincare and

sportswear. Nano innovations bring some

complexities to sport but promote the

performance of athletes and reduce the

chances of injury and as a result, the game

becomes more exciting to watch.

All that racquetCarbon nanotubes, nanoclay, silica

nanoparticles and nano-titanium are used

to make tennis equipment. These materi-

als increase stiffness, consistency, durabil-

ity, resilience, power and vibration control.

It comes as no surprise that former world

number-one tennis player, Roger Federer,

has won many grand slams using nano-

enhanced rackets. Federer is renowned for

his speed, fluidity and powerful backhand

that he evokes with his Wilson Prostaff

RF97 Autograph. Many other tennis heroes

also use these rackets for a more powerful

hit and performance.

air and contracts the body to increase

buoyancy. New balls, pleaseTennis balls and football balls that are

enhanced with nano-clay lining as a bar-

rier material increase the uphold pressure

and gameplay for these sports. Basic tennis

balls are pressurized for bounce and the

aim was to create balls that maintain their

bounce throughout the game. Wilson Sports

Equipment manufactured a double-core

tennis ball coated with nanoparticles, which

prevents air from escaping from these balls.

The nanomaterials in these balls enhance

the bounciness of the balls and the balls no

longer have to be replaced as often.

Hole-in-oneScientists are using a nano-complex mate-

rial to substitute titanium crowns on the

Wilson Staff Driver golf club. The aim is

to make the top part of the driver lighter

in order to help the golfer achieve more

precision and a more accurate shot. The

golf clubs are not the only golfing equip-

ment that received a Nano makeover. The

NDMX Golf balls were the first of its kind,

that features a higher momentum and 432

All in the suitThe Speedo LZR Bodysuit has been worn

by approximately 90% of Olympic Gold

Medalists at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

After hundreds of world records were bro-

ken by competitive swimmers who wore

this swimsuit, the Federation Internationale

de Natation (Fina) banned the non-textile

swimsuit in 2010 for giving competitors an

unfair advantage. The fabric of the suit is

finished with water-resistant nanoparticles

and integrates polyurethane panels, traps

PRODUCTS


PRODUCTS

lift-optimising dimples that provides sym-

metrical flight for a longer distance. The

nanoparticles in the balls allow the ball

to redistribute its weight and, as a result,

change direction in mid-air.

Nano cycleThe use of carbon nanotubes instead of

traditional carbon fiber in bike frames

has increased over the years. Bike

manufacturers such as BMC, Bianchi and

Easton have designed more advanced

bicycles that are more lightweight and

stronger than the ones made of carbon

fiber.

The carbon nanotube bikes are stronger

than steel but are more likely to chip and

crush at angles vertical to the fibers.

SunscreenZinc oxide and titanium dioxide based

sunscreens are often the better choice as

they provide strong sun protection with

lower health concerns and zinc oxide has

good protection from UV rays. Both of

these components can be found in sun-

screen that makes use of nanoparticles

and these sunscreens do not penetrate

the skin.


iThemba LABS

Let’s go solar

POWER UP THE NATURAL WAY

In the quest for a solar energy environ-

ment, the following questions can be

raised; Why use solar absorbers? How

do solar absorbers work and how can the

average person benefit from them? What

advantages come with using solar energy

in our home and work spaces? What role

can the use of solar energy play in the

long-term saving of money and coal?

Introducing Pt-Al2O3

One of the leading solar absorber materi-

als is the combination of Platinum and

Aluminium Oxide (Pt-Al2O3). The Pt-Al2O3

solar absorber harnesses 96% of solar

radiation, while emitting 5% thereof. The

ideal conditions for the functioning of

these concentrated solar-power systems

are created with a maximum thermal sta-

bility of 700˚C under air.

Pt-Al2O3 is produced for Nanotechnology

research at iThemba LABS by Dr ZY

Nuru at the institute’s Material Research

Department (MRD). Due to the high

cost of Platinum (Pt), the iThemba LABS

team in collaboration with UNISA (via

the UNESCO-UNISA African Chair in

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) is cur-

rently working on replacing Platinum (Pt)

with an alternative and inexpensive mate-

rial. The production of this material is done

under the supervision of Prof. M. Maaza,

who is chairperson of the UNESCO- UNISA

Africa Chair in Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology.

How is energy produced?Presently, the world is relying on fossil fuels

to produce 86% of its energy. The combus-

tion of these fossil fuels generate green-

house gases, which is a huge contributing

factor to (yes, you guessed it!) global warm-

ing. The use of solar energy as an alterna-

tive resource has huge potential to satisfy

the high demands of energy in society, and

as a result it can act as a solution to the

global warming epidemic.

The sun is an important candidate in the

quest for a world powered by solar energy.

The sun contains environmentally-friendly

energy which can be converted to heat

and electricity, an advantage which South

Africa does not utilise to its full potential.

Using solar systems will also reduce our

carbon footprint and as a result minimise

global warming through the reduction of

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions into the

atmosphere.

Written by : Leandra Taylor


iThemba LABS

Presently, the world is relying on fossil fuels to produce 86% of its energy.

Fig. 1: Solar thermal system demonstrating the use of solar thermal systems in the home

hot water tank or cylinder, a pump and their

accompanying pipework and insulation with

controls (as seen in Figures 1 and 2).

These systems function alongside your

conventional water heater in order to pro-

vide hot water. Solar thermal systems can

also provide almost all of your hot water

requirements during the summer months,

and approximately 50-60% of your total hot

water requirements all year round.

As illustrated in the figures, the solar-

absorber is currently being manufactured

with a coat around a tube situated at the

centre of the receiver (systems), where the

light is focused. Inside this tube there is a

liquid (salt water) which will be heated and

transformed through a turbine to generate

electricity. We look forward to a solar future

- goodbye load shedding, hello solar system

friends!

What are solar thermal systems and how should they be used? Solar thermal systems are used to cap-

ture the sun’s energy to heat water. These

systems include a solar panel collector, a

No more dark daysAt the moment, the notorious load shed-

ding is a huge inconvenience being expe-

rienced in our country. Concentrated solar

thermal systems have been installed by

the government in Upington and Priska in

the Northern Cape, as a proposed solution

to load shedding. These installations have

been made with the intention of making

electricity more affordable to people living

in remote areas, where the installation of

such electricity is difficult. The residents in

these areas will benefit immensely as solar

energy can act as a substitute for electricity

to heat water and pasteurize milk as well

as to ensure that other farm essentials are

always taken care of.

Fig.2: A concentrated solar-power system built outside Upington in the Northern Cape


SCIENCE STARSBUILDING LEGENDS

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SCIENCE NEWS

The Textiles Nanotechnology Laboratory at Cornell University in the USA develop clothing that can kill bacteria and prevent malaria.

The Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) in Seoul, Korea, has developed a lightweight heating element that can be used to ease chronic muscle pain.

A nanogenerator that can harvest and reuse the energy usually lost due to a vehicle’s rolling tyre friction has been designed.

Nanowires will use less energy than LEDs and provide brighter light-ing, according to scientists who have studied nanowires using X-ray microscopy.

The ability of chameleons to change colour in order to camouflage themselves has inspired scientists at the University of Central Florida in the USA to create colour-changing clothing using metallic nano-structures.

The All African Nanoscience-Nanotechnology Initiative (AANNI) held a workshop at the University of the Western Cape (UWC) in 2014 for members to broaden their knowledge on Nanotechnology.

The National Nanoscience Postgraduate Teaching and Training

Programme (NNPTTP) is an initiative supported by the Department

of Science and Technology (DST). Universities involved include the

University of the Western Cape (UWC), University of Johannesburg

(UJ), University of the Free State (UFS) and the Nelson Mandela

Metropolitan University (NMMU).

SCIENCE NEWS

Your Presentation

• Share your research project, business plan, entrepreneurial or social initiative that is relevant to the world of today.

• Present your idea in 3 minutes. • Convince a top-class jury with members from

academia, research institutions and business.• Exchange insights on an interdisciplinary level

and network with fellow researchers and professionals.

Who can Apply

• Young talents and innovative thinkers from all disciplines up to 35 years.

• Master students, PhD candidates, post-docs, young scientists, professionals or entrepreneurs.

Application & Deadline

Apply online at www.falling-walls.com/lab Application deadline: 14 August 2015

Win a Trip to Berlin

A distinguished jury selects the winner who• travels to Berlin on 8/9 November 2015• qualifies directly for the Falling Walls Lab Finale

in Berlin on 8 November 2015 as one of 100 international and interdisciplinary participants (travel costs and accommodation are covered).

• gets a ticket for the international Falling Walls Conference on 9 November 2015 where some of the world’s most prominent scientists present their current breakthrough research in 15 minute talks.

Falling Walls Lab Johannesburg

18 September 2015 at the Wits Origins Centre, Yale and Enoch Sontonga Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg Start: 3 pm

QUESTIONS?

Send an e-mail: [email protected]

APPLY

NOW!WWW.FALLING-WALLS.COM/LAB

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ON 18 SEPTEMBER 2015

The Falling Walls Lab Johannesburg is hosted by A.T. Kearney.TWEET ABOUT THE LAB: #fallingwalls

PROFILE

Dr Ismail from Durban explainsTHE FUTURE OF ICT

Many consider Science, Technology,

Engineering and Maths (STEM)

difficult subjects and those who

do enjoy them, worry about how they

would be able to continue studying them

at tertiary level. Dr Yaseera Ismail explains

how a career in STEM is rewarding and

outreach activities are possible due to

initiatives of the Science, Technology

and Engineering Centre (STEC) at the

University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN).

Students from disadvantaged schools

are invited to attend talks and lab dem-

onstrations at UKZN where they can

interact with students and professionals.

As a young professional herself, Dr Ismail

shares some of her experiences with

us.

A professional’s view on Nanotechnology and Quantum TechnologyDr Ismail describes Nanotechnology as the

manipulation of matter on an atomic and

molecular scale. She carries on to state that

as Nanotechnology advances, it furthers

the advancement of Quantum Technology.

Nano-devices are designed when quantum

effects are exploited.

Quantum Technology consists of research

in two fields, namely quantum computing

and quantum communication. This field of

research aims to create technology that

aids Information and Communications

Technology (ICT) solutions available to

users.

Who is she?Dr Ismail started her academic life at

UKZN where she completed her Bachelor

of Science degree followed by an Honours

degree in Physics. UKZN had always been

her first choice and this proved to be a

strong stepping stone towards her career

in Quantum Technology. The university

currently boasts South Africa’s largest and

most prominent quantum group which is

made up of professionals in the fields of

quantum computing, quantum communica-

tion, quantum biology and open quantum

systems.

Her academic career granted her the oppor-

tunity to see how international research

groups operate. During her postgradu-

ate studies, Dr Ismail visited the United

Kingdom and spent time at the Photon

Science Institute at the University of

Manchester.

Experiencing Science at national and

international levels, she has presented her

research at 25 conferences which has won

her 6 awards.

This young researcher also accepted an

invitation from the DST-NRF and UNESCO

to attend the International Year of Light

opening ceremony in Paris earlier this year. Dr Ismail with Prof. Francesco Petruccione, head of the Quantum Research Group

Dr Yaseera Ismail


PROFILE

Her pathway to her professionAs a researcher, she started her career at

one of the leading research councils in

the country – the Council for Scientific

and Industrial Research (CSIR). After being

awarded an Honours degree, she applied

for her Masters of Science degree through

UKZN and was based at the CSIR National

Laser Centre in Pretoria. Her research was

based on the development of novel laser

beams for the application of optical trap-

ping, and she was awarded several acco-

lades for her research.

The Quantum Research Group of UKZN

is headed by Prof. Francesco Petruccione.

This is where Dr Ismail completed her

Doctoral of Philosophy degree in the field

of Quantum Information Processing and

Communication (QIPC).

She is currently working as a post-doctoral

researcher at the Centre for Quantum

Technology within the Quantum Research

Group at the University of KwaZulu-Natal

(UKZN).

How was she able to pay for her stud-ies?As an aspiring young student, funding

needed to be secured. The CSIR funded

Dr Ismail’s Honours and Masters Studies.

During her PhD, she received funding from

the CSIR as well as from UKZN. One of

the main funders for postgraduate studies

is the National Research Foundation (NRF).

She mentions that bursaries and other

funding opportunities are also offered by

the Department of Science and Technology

(DST) through its various entities.

What she does“I am currently working in the field of quan-

tum information science or more specifi-

cally quantum communication which deals

with the security of information. It is feared

that current classical methods of encryp-

tion will eventually be rendered obsolete.

Quantum communication would thereafter

be the preferred method of encryption as

it is a physical process of encrypting infor-

mation which is governed by the laws of

quantum mechanics. This process utilises

quantum particles in the form of single

photons to encode information resulting in

the generation of a secure key which can

be used to encrypt and decrypt sensitive

data,” explains Dr Ismail.

What she loves about her careerDr Ismail explains her love for Science say-

ing; “Research is the driving force behind

the innovation of technology. Being a physi-

cist places you at the forefront of these

advancements. For a scientist the ultimate

goal is improving the knowledge base of

the scientific community, making a differ-

ence to civilisation and attaining interna-

tional recognition.”

Her advice to the youthLeaving high school and deciding on a

career can be a daunting experience and

often matriculants are unaware of all the

opportunities available at tertiary institu-

tions. Dr Ismail says that attending career

fairs and university open days is effective in

helping young people decide what to study.

Along with the exposure to the various fac-

ulties and degrees available, young people

can also talk to professionals who would

be able to explain what their profession

entails. Dr Ismail is a judge at the annual

Eskom Expo for Young Scientists and urges

young researchers to take part in similar

events in order to challenge their thinking

and share their findings.

Lab demonstrations provided to school learners


We use communication satellites every day when we watch Digital Satellite television (DStv), access the internet or use our cell phones.

Navigation apps use GPS satellites to accurately steer you to your requested destination.

There are boundless opportunities when you consider a career in space.

However you look at it, there is SPACE for you!

Spacecraft are launched into space on rockets and need to be monitored along the way. SANSA provides launch support and recently assisted two Mars launches – NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory and India’s Mars Orbiter Mission.

Weather in space can damage satellites and interfere with our technology like GPS, cell phones and internet. SANSA keeps a close eye on space weather to protect our technology in space and on Earth.

Images from satellites are used to develop maps and monitor natural disasters like floods and droughts.

SAT

ELL

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OPERATIONS TECHNICIAN

SPA

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REM

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EQUENCY ENGINEER

South African National Space AgencyTel +27 12 844 0398 | Fax +27 12 844 0396Email [email protected] | Website www.sansa.org.za

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UNIZULU

Get your hands dirty with Nanotechnology

MAkE YOUR OWN NANO PRODUCT

Nanotechnology is engineering at a very, VERY

small size. Nanotechnology deals with the world

at the nanoscale which is a billionth of a meter.

By changing things at the nanoscale we can change their prop-

erties. We can make socks that never get smelly even after you

have worn them, or a cable that is strong enough to pick up

a car but is no thicker than a few strands of hair. We can even

make Magic Sand which is sand that does not get wet, EVER!

Magic Sand is the same as normal sand - both are made up of

the chemical silicon dioxide (SiO2). Magic Sand, however, has

Ingredients1. Clean sea sand (not river sand because it is too fine)

2. Baking tray

3. Waterproofing spray (e.g. Scotchguard)

4. Oven

Method1. Place the clean sea sand into the baking tray and spread

evenly;

2. Bake in the oven for 30 minutes at 180˚C or until all moisture

has been removed;

3. Remove the tray from the oven and allow the sand to cool to

room temperature;

4. Coat the sand with the waterproofing spray. Make sure you stir

the sand between coats to ensure even coating;

5. Place in water and have fun!

Quick QuizWhat is a billion times larger than a marble?

The Unizulu Science Centre Magic Sand Recipe

been coated with a nano-coating. This nano-coating is special

because it is hydrophobic, meaning that it repels water. Since

every grain of sand in Magic Sand gets this special nano-coating,

even when all of it is put in water, it remains dry.

Make your own Magic Sand and see how it works:

Written by: MJ Schwartz

Did you know? Your fingernails grow one nanometer every second!

A. Soccer ball B. South Africa C. Planet Earth D. Sun

WarningsAdult supervision required.

Do not dispose of Magic Sand in nature.Do not eat Magic Sand.


CAREERS

All your questions answered

A BIG CAREER IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

Along with the excitement of plan-

ning your career and entering a new

field of discovery, comes many ques-

tions. Often, these questions linger in our

minds and cause a lot of confusion. Not this

time! Science Stars has the answers to your

career in Nanotechnology.

Which school subjects do you need to take?In order to be accepted into a tertiary

institution, you will have to pass science

and mathematics with a minimum of 60%.

Because Nanotechnology has branches in

various fields, the subjects you choose at

high school should be linked to the career

you wish to follow.

Each university has its own specific entry

requirements for any given course, so it is

important to find out what these require-

ments are while you are still in high school

and work towards obtaining the necessary

results.

Where can you study?After completing your undergraduate stud-

ies and obtaining your degree, you can

apply for postgraduate studies at any of

the universities in South Africa. During the

course of your postgraduate degree, you can

choose to complete a research project in

Nanotechnology.


CAREERS

The universities will be able to provide

you with details of the Masters and PhD

level research topics. Research at this level

will include contributions from interna-

tional universities, research centres (such

as the CSIR, Mintek and NECSA) as well as

industry professionals including Sasol and

Rand Water.

Which degree should you apply for?Prospective undergraduate students

should apply for a Bachelor of Science

(BSc) or a Bachelor of Technology (B-Tech)

degree. A minimum of 50% in Physics,

Chemistry, Maths, Life Sciences and

Engineering needs to be achieved in order

to apply for a Postgraduate degree in

Nanotechnology.

How do you prepare yourself for a career in Nanotechnology?During your time at university, it is impor-

tant to remember that along with your

qualification, you will need certain skills in

order to be successful in your career. For

a career in Nanotechnology, candidates

should possess an open mind, ask ques-

tions, understand scientific methods and be

able to analyse various situations.

Bearing in mind that Nanotechnology is

a fairly new branch, there is still a lot to

be discovered. Potential Nanotechnology

specialists in South Africa will be required

to perform in-depth research projects and

study the properties of nanomaterials.

The more we know about nanomaterials

and the properties they possess, the more

we can manipulate these nanomaterials to

improve existing products and objects.

Who can fund your education?Bursaries and scholarships are available to

those who wish to study in the direction of

Nanotechnology.

Prospective graduates can apply for these

funding opportunities at several public and

private organisations, such as;

National Research Foundation (NRF)Students can receive scholarships and

grants from the NRF. Available programmes

cater for both undergraduate and postdoc-

toral candidates. More information regard-

ing these opportunities can be found on

the NRF’s website – www.nrf.ac.za

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)The CSIR has a centre that is dedi-

cated to the advancement of research in

Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. More

information about the National Centre for

Nanostructured Materials (NCNSM) can be

found on www.ls-ncnsm.csir.co.za

Students enrolled at one of South Africa’s


FEATURECAREERS

universities as well as students based at

the CSIR may apply for bursaries and stu-

dentships offered by the council.

Visit www.csir.co.za for further informa-

tion.

The DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials (CoE-SM)Hosted by the University of the

Witwatersrand (Wits), this research net-

work is a partnership between South

African universities and organisations.

Those involved include Nelson Mandela

Metropolitan University (NMMU),

University of Johannesburg (UJ), University

of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), University of

Limpopo (UL), Mintek and NECSA.

SasolSasol is a petrochemicals company in

South Africa that provides universities

with funding with the objective of improv-

ing research in Nanotechnology.

Microscopy Society of Southern Africa (MSSA)MSSA focuses on microscopy studies which

includes the study of nanoparticles and

nanomaterials. The website (www.micros-

copy.org.za) will provide you with further

information regarding available funding

and learning opportunities.

India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Programme

This programme is a collaboration between

the Department of Science and Technology

in South Africa, India and Brazil.

This programme hopes to improve educa-

tion in Nanotechnology and support human

resource development in the countries

involved.

Where can you find a job?Due to the growing interest in

Nanotechnology, job opportunities are pre-

dicted to increase in the near future. Those

who want to specialise in Nanotechnology-

based research and products can apply for

jobs at various public and private organisa-

tions, including universities.

Here are a few places that could use your input:

The DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC);

CSIR; South African Nanotechnology

Initiative (SANI);iThemba LABS;

University of the Western Cape (UWC);Rhodes University.


WATER WORRIEs

INFOGRAPHIC

6 kilometers

750 million people lack access to safe water — approximately one in nine people

3.6 million 98 %

43 % 84 %

people die each year from water-related diseases

of water-related deaths occur in the developing world

of water-related deaths are in chil-dren aged 0–14

of water-related deaths are due to

diarrhoea

The average dis-tance African and

Asian women walk to fetch

water

Recent statistics on access to safe water


FEATUREPROBLEM SOLVING

According to statistics released by the World Health Organisation and UNICEF in 2014, one in nine

people lack access to clean water. Without clean water, communities are prone to diseases because they are forced to use contaminated water for cooking, cleaning and sanitary purposes.

What is being done about these daunting fig-ures? Is Nanotechnology helpful in ensuring that more people gain access to clean drink-ing water?A recent case study in South Africa shows how scientists make use of Nanotechnology to purify contaminated water and deliver it to rural communities. This initiative had begun in 2014 and is expected to run until 2016. Lead by Professor Sabelo Mhlanga from the University of Johannesburg (UJ), a team of Nanotechnology researchers plan to ease the water worries of rural citizens.

The Department of Applied Chemistry at UJ aims to develop a sustainable water purifica-tion system for schools in rural areas of South Africa. This flagship project of the National Research Foundation (NRF) has seen the nega-tive effects that borehole water has on five schools in Mpumalanga. The project will be a joint collaboration between the NRF, UJ and the DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre.

The Nanotechnology water filtration system that Prof. Mhlanga and his team plan on imple-menting will remove heavy metals, microbes and organic pollutants from water before mak-ing it available to the schools. The clean water will be stored in a completely new storage tank after being cleansed through the filtration sys-tem.

sAFE WATER ON ITS WAY How Nanotechnology can

solve water problems

www.maties.com

Are you creative and eager to explore? So is Stellenbosch University.

Do you see the world as your classroom and your future as yours to shape?

Stellenbosch University does. Are you driven to make a difference?

Then Stellenbosch is the place for you.

Bran

ding |

www

.gstud

io.co

.zaYOU UNLIMITED

StellenboschUniversity.What setsus apart?

Which one of these liquids is unique due to the nanoscale

interactions between its ingredients?

A. Ketchup

B. Water

C. Juice

D. Mayonnaise

Nanorobots…

A. Are replacements for doctors

B. Are already in nanomedicine

C. Will be used by NASA’s next mission to space

D. Do not exist

Which item of clothing has a layer of silicone nanofilaments,

which creates a coating and prevents water from soaking?

A. Hat

B. Jeans

C. Jacket

D. Scarf

Which of the well-known phrases from Star Trek depends on

the (fictional) use of Nanotechnology?

A. Beam me up, Scotty!

B. Tea. Earl Grey. Hot

C. You will be assimilated. Resistance is futile

D. All of the above

QUIZ

1

7

8

3

4

5

6

QUIZAre you a Nanotechnology mastermind? Take this quiz and find out.

Nanotechnology Public Engagement Programme (NPEP) is

implemented by which organisation?

A. CSIR

B. SAASTA

C. MRC

D. MINTEK

When was the first real discovery of Nanotechnology?

A. 1895

B. 1999

C.1985

D. 1958

Which of these consumer products is already being made

using Nanotechnology methods?

A. Fishing lure

B. Golf ball

C. Sunscreen

D. All of the above

Optical tweezers…

A. Are used to remove facial hair with miniaturized laser beams

B. Use light to manipulate particles as small as a single atom

C. Are a Nanotechnology based tool used to pick up small particles

D. Don’t exist

2

Lost in Translation

Lost in Translation is produced by Roswika Media

Happy birthday,

Bongi!

Uuhhm...thanks... but what

is it?

Bongi goes to Japan for his birthday celebration.

Nantero’s NRAM® is the next genera-tion memory technology

that is incred-ibly fast,


DOWNCROSSWORD PUZZLE

WORD SEARCH

1. Who first used the term

‘Nanotechnology’ in 1974?

2. The Greek word meaning of

Nanotechnology is?

3. In 2010, the Nobel Prize was awarded

to Andre Geim and Konstatin Novoselov

for their work with which nano mate-

rial?

4. Do nanorobots exist? Yes/No?

5. The prefix “nano” comes from a ______

word?

6. Copper at the nanoscale is?

ACROSS

PUZZLE

1. Gold at the nanoscale is?

2. Buckyballs are a form of which ele-

ment?

3. Materials on the nanoscale exhibit dif-

ferent properties than the macroscope.

True/False?

4. How many oxygen atoms lined up in a

row would fit in a nanometer space?

5. Buckyballs are also called?

6. Which condiment is unique due to

nanoscale interactions between its ingre-

dients?

S L A I R E T A M Y A S

S L E U F O I B Z O C E

M B L Y C T A A S I A L

O O A A K O E Z T E F C

L L C S C M N O C N N I

E T S R A S B P U E A T

C S O Y E O L O D R N R

U M N L R T S A O E O A

L O A O P C M N R I T P

A T N Z Y E B M P I U A

R A L L A B Y K C U B M

N A N O M E T R E F E T

1

6

6

4

1 2

3

4

32 5

5

BUCKYBALL

NANOTUBE

ATOMS

NANOROBOTICS

MOLECULAR

BIOFUELS

MATERIALS

FULLERENE

NANOSCALE

PARTICLES

PRODUCTS

NANOMETRE


SUDOKU

ANSWERS

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ANSWERSYouth Issue

THE FUTURE OF TOMORROW

Issue 09 | June/July 2015

SCIENCESTARS

1. 11 years old

2. WhatsApp, Facebook,

Facebook messenger, Google+,

Twitter

3. Vibe

4. WhatsApp

5. True

6. Hashtag

7. Instagram

QUIZ

21

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

2

3

1

5 8 7 4 2 6 1 3 9 6 9 4 8 3 1 2 5 7 2 3 1 9 7 5 6 8 4 7 2 9 5 1 8 3 4 6 8 6 5 3 4 7 9 1 2 4 1 3 6 9 2 5 7 8 9 7 8 1 6 3 4 2 5 3 5 6 2 8 4 7 9 1 1 4 2 7 5 9 8 6 3

H

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F E

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Empowering women for roads.

SANRAL is committed to creating a path of growth and development for women in engineering and in business to ensure long-term sustainability of critical skills in our economy and our country. We salute all those female trailblazers and achievers who dared to join us on the road less travelled.

3581

/E

3581E Working women Ad_275x215.indd 1 2014/09/02 12:24 PM

iThemba LABS

More than just a ‘nano’ part ofNanotechnology

VIsUALIsING A FUTURE WITH VANADIUM

Wouldn’t you like to enjoy an

office and car where you can

be kept warm on a cold day or

cool on a humid day, without the inconve-

nience of having to reach for too many air

regulating buttons?

In this day and age, enjoying a green

lifestyle is a luxury which often leaves

our pockets empty. That is why we bring

VO2 (Vanadium dioxide) to the rescue – a

chemical compound which will help you

revolutionise the way you use your win-

dows.

The history of VanadiumVanadium’s alloying properties goes

back as far as the time of Henry Ford, the

inventor of the Ford automobile. He used

it in 1908 to strengthen and lighten the

body of the Ford Model T. Portable artil-

lery pieces and body armour made during

World War І were also produced from

Vanadium metal, due to its alloying prop-

erties and heat resistance. If you think this

is as far back as Vanadium’s history goes,

think again. It seems that mankind may

have already been unconsciously develop-

ing the metal during the 3rd Century BC.

Damascus steel was used in sword pro-

duction during these early stages.

Where is VO2 found?VO2 is a multifunctional oxide of

Vanadium metal, which cannot be found

in nature as a pure oxide, but can be

prepared using the Vanadium metal.

Vanadium (V) is found in South Africa

as we have some of the world’s high-

est reserves of Vanadium-containing ore.

Along with China and Russia, South Africa

supplies close to 90% of Vanadium-related

by-products.

Vanadium has a strong electron-electron

correlated system. It is very popular and

has a wide variety of applications and uses.

Some of these uses include optical switch-

ing, thermal-regulating smart windows,

thermal shields, night vision goggles and

heat mirrors. More examples include elec-

trochromic devices, lithium-ion batteries,

infrared shutters and bolometers as well

as heat seeking sensors for missile guiding

and satellite mapping.

Changing phasesSince Vanadium (IV) oxide is a metal oxide,

it undergoes a phase change (change of

structure) from being a semiconductor

below 68˚C to being a metal above 68˚C.

In the semiconducting state, it allows for

the transmission of infrared radiation – the

electromagnetic spectrum (visible and

non-visible radiation) responsible for heat-

ing spaces behind windows, glass doors

or glass enclosures. In the metallic state

(above 68˚C), the previously semi-conduct-

ing VO2 becomes highly reflective of heat

causing infrared radiation. This property

makes it possible for VO2 coatings on glass

to be used as thermal regulators for your

working and living spaces.

The image below demonstrates how

Vanadium plays a role in maintaining tem-

perature levels on a hot and cool day.

On a cool day, the person behind the glass

Written by : Leandra Taylor

Figure 1: The image above demonstrates how Vanadium plays a role in maintaining temperature levels on a hot and cool day.

Cool day Hot day


iThemba LABS

window (coated with VO2) receives light

and infrared (IR) radiation from the sun (in

the semiconducting state) as it gets trans-

mitted through the window.

On a hot day, temperatures can soar

above the transition temperature of the

VO2 coated glass window. Hence, VO2 then switches to a metallic state, becom-

ing reflective to Infrared radiation, while

simultaneously allowing visible light to

pass through the glass window.

Transmission and reflection per-centages The switching between reflective and

transmissive states that occur at the

pivotal point of approximately 68˚C is a

defining factor in the use of VO2 as tem-

perature regulating coatings.

Figure 2 illustrates how this VO2 transi-

tion occurs, from the semiconducting state

to the metallic state as its temperatures

decreases from 68˚C to 25˚C. Therefore,

the VO2 coated glass will then become the

material of interest for regulating tem-

perature in buildings, living areas, working

spaces and cars. This objective of decreas-

ing the transition temperature is now one

The present and future of Vanadium Vanadium is presently utilised as steel in

the construction of bridges, but the oppor-

of the hot topics of research in thermochro-

mism as far as VO2 is concerned.

The emissivity of the VO2-coated glass dif-

fers considerably with temperature. When

the Vanadium oxide transitions increase

in temperature, the structure undergoes a

sudden decrease in emissivity – appearing

colder on the infrared cameras than what it

actually is in reality.

Along with China and Russia, South Africa supplies close to 90% of Vanadium-related by-products.

Figure 2: Transmission in VO2 thin film - black line depicts transmission of VO2 in

the semiconductor state while the red line depicts transmission of VO2 in the metallic

state.

Figure 3: The optical properties of some vanadium dioxide films.


iThemba LABS

tunities for the use of Vanadium in industry

has dramatically increased. Due to the

popular increase in demand of Vanadium,

this metal is slowly but surely climbing the

‘in demand’ ladder.

China, Russia and South Africa are the main

country sources where the metal is extract-

ed as a useful by-product from iron-ore

slag and other mining processes. However,

China is the country with the highest

demand for the utilisation of Vanadium.

According to Laurence Knight in his article

titled Vanadium: The Metal That May Soon Be

Powering Your Neighbourhood, he mentioned

that; “A recent decision by Beijing to stop

using low-quality steel rebar has bumped

up forecast demand for Vanadium by 40%”.

Thus, the demand for Vanadium in steel-

manufacturing may be placed on the back-

drop for future reference as Vanadium may

be playing a bigger role in Nanotechnology

than ever before.

Figure 4: Nanostars of Vanadium(IV) oxide

Terminology

Alloy: A mixture of metals

Damascus steel: Steel given a wavy pattern by hammer-

welding strips of steel and iron followed

by repeated heating and forging

Emissivity: The measure of an object’s ability to

produce and discharge infrared energy

Thermochromism: The property of changing the optical

properties when influenced by tempera-

ture

Transmissive: Acting as a medium for light to pass

through


FACTS

Did you know?

10 FACTS ABOUTNANOTECHNOLOGY

1‘Nano’ is a prefix used to describe one billionth of something.

2The colours seen in medieval stained glass (like the windows of a cathedral) are the result of nanocrystals.

3Materials display unusual properties when viewed at the nanoscale – like change in colour, transparency

and melting points.

6Cosmetics company, L’Oreal, has developed nanosize vesicles. These vesicles (called nanosomes) are used

to transport active ingredients such as pure Vitamin E through the skin.

7At nanoscale, the differences between disciplines like Physics, Chemistry, Engineering and Biology are less

distinctive.

8Nanotechnology solar power aims to absorb sunlight from any angle with the goal of generating as much

energy as possible.

9The difference in size between a nanometer and a meter can be illustrated as the difference between a

golf ball and earth.

10Fingernails grow 1 nm per second.

4Nanoparticles can be found naturally in smoke and volcanic ash.

5A human hair is 80,000 nm in diameter.


DST

South African pupils head to London

DST AWARDS YOUNG sCIENTIsTs

The National Science Olympiad

has, in its 51-year existence,

aimed to recognise learners who

have excelled in science with the goal

of encouraging young people to pursue

careers in Science, Technology, Engineering

and Maths.

Learners from grades 10 to 12 are

required to write tests in Physical, Natural

or Life Sciences. Prizes are rewarded to the

best performers in each subject as well as

the schools who have the top-performing

entrants. Prizes range from laptops, iPads

and e-book readers for individuals and

Science equipment for schools.

A learner from Mbilwi Secondary School

in Limpopo has received R40 000 towards

registration and tuition fees at a university

of his choice. Hamandishe Mathivha has

performed exceptionally well in the past

three years and has earned his reward for

his work in the Physical Science Category.

At the National Science Olympiad Awards

Ceremony held in Johannesburg, Minister

of Science and Technology, Naledi Pandor

said: “South Africa and the whole of Africa

are confronted with the urgent challenge

of developing our science and technology

capabilities so that we are able to respond

to the development challenges of the con-

tinent.”

“Global scientific endeavour requires the

contributions of all regions, especially the

developing world, which was excluded in

the past,” said the Minister. The Department

of Science and Technology recognises the

important input that can be provided by

those who might not have the resources

and opportunities to express their wisdom.

At the National Science Olympiad, a catego-

ry has been dedicated to learners from pre-

viously disadvantaged schools. This year’s

winner, Lesibana Rammutla, is a grade 12

pupil at Erasmus Monareng High School in

Gauteng who came first in Physical Science.

As a result of their achievements at the

National Science Olympiad, learners from

four provinces in South Africa have trav-

elled overseas for the London International

Youth Science Forum in July 2015.

Minister Pandor with a young winner


PROBLEMS

sOLVING NANO PROBLEMs Nanoproducts that need some rethinking

Nanotechnology has succeeded in solving many social problems, but does Nanotechnology have any problems of its own? Below are a

few problems of Nanotechnology that future scien-tists need to figure out.

One market that has benefited greatly from the

advancement of Nanotechnology is the clothing and textile

industry. Researchers have noted possible improvements in

the manufacturing of clothing that might perform a specific

task. When umbrellas fail to keep you dry, Nanotechnology

will come to your rescue in the form of a jacket that does

not absorb water. The problem? If the jacket does not get

wet, how would you be able to wash it?

Concerns have also been raised about whether the skin can

absorb nanoparticles that might be released into sweat.

Further research has proven that nanosilver, one of the

most widely used nanoparticles, could be toxic to aquatic

life. This would pose a threat when nanosilver is washed

out of clothing and lands up in waste-water treatment

plants.

Along with aquatic life, other forms of life could also be

threatened by the inaccurate testing of Nanotechnology.

Because Nanotechnology research is still in its early stages,

the complete effects of nanoparticles might not be fully

understood by those working with them. The small scale of

nanomaterials make it easier for them to enter the body,

both human and animal. Nanoparticles behave differently

once they have entered the body and may cause interfer-

ence in the body’s normal biological processes.

As exciting as it is to deal with something new, there are

also certain factors that need to be considered when

dealing with something you are not completely familiar

with. Nanotechnology is a field open to new innovations

but along with this new branch of Science comes the

pressures of ensuring that all research is questioned, tested

and retested.

Petroleum Engineer


W MEN IN

SCIENCE

OPPORTUNITIES

Is it here to stay?

OPPORTUNITIES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

There is an adage that says the

future belongs to the youth, but

what does the future hold in store

for Nanotechnology? This is an industry

in which several tiny computers called

nanites simultaneously work together

throughout whatever object they are

inserted into in order to perform amazing

tasks at the molecular level.

Historically, many great scientific ideas

have often been met with resistance.

When they were first introduced, they were

completely and absolutely dismissed as

unsound and unfounded researches. Some

unfortunate scientists such as Galileo

were persecuted for refusing to recant his

support for heliocentrism (the sun at the

center of the universe) rather that geo-

centrism (the earth at the center of the

universe) which was supported by many

astronomers of that time. But later on it

was proved that his critics were wrong

and he was right.

The same was to be experienced by

the Physicist Richard Feynman in 1959

when he proposed his idea of what later

became known as Nanotechnology in his

speech titled ‘There’s Plenty of Room at

the Bottom’. It was not well-received by his

peers and the world at large. This would

be the last time it would be publicly dis-

cussed until the 1980s when Eric Drexler

was doing research and was exposed to

the speech of Feynman. Drexler developed

it into a concept and coined the term

‘Nanotechnology’ which is credited to him.

As technology has become a major driver of

development, it is crucial that today’s youth

read and research to broaden their knowl-

edge and understanding of Nanotechnology

and become part of this development.

Nanotechnology brings an ocean of oppor-

tunities. Most promising is the possible

breakthrough in finding a cure for cancer,

a deadly disease that claims lives of many

people. Chemotherapy is used, it kills cancer

cells but it also destroys the living tissues

which do not need to be killed, hence the

falling of hair.

In countries such as the United Kingdom

some products ranging from clothes to

tennis rackets are being controlled using

the Nanotechnology system and this has

helped businesses to keep shrinkage costs

at minimal.

South Africa and the world at large are fac-

ing challenges of youth unemployment and

inequality, while millions and millions are

in poverty. Nanotechnology can be a game

changer. With its advanced food preserva-

tion techniques it can solve hunger prob-

lems in the future.

Perhaps you will be part of the team that

designs clothing using nanofibers, produc-

ing outfits that automatically respond to

your body. Perhaps you will produce some-

thing entirely new using nanoparticles.

Invest your time in gathering information in

Nanotechnology and exploit the opportuni-

ties it presents.

Written by : Oswald Kucherera

WALL OF FAMENATIONAL sCIENCE OLYMPIAD

Science-lovers unite and compete

South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) hosted

the 51st annual National Science Olympiad in July 2015. The

national event is a call for high school learners from all schools in South Africa to enter a competition that involves writing tests in natural sci-ences, life sciences and physical sciences.

The following schools boasted the highest participation in the National Science Olympiad Competition:

Dinaledi schools: 1. Mpandeli High School in Limpopo

- 559 pupils entered, winning the school a R5000 voucher.

2. Derek Kobe Senior Secondary School in Limpopo

- 481 pupils entered, winning a R4000 voucher for their

school.

3. THS Klerkdorp in the North West

- A R3000 voucher was won by the 279 entries.

Harmony schools:

1. Jabulani Technical High in Gauteng

– A total of 266 entries and a R5000 voucher.

2. Carleton Jones High in Gauteng

– Had 171 entries and won a R4000 voucher.

Other school:

1. S.J. Van der Merwe Technical High in Limpopo

- With 208 entries, won a R5000 voucher.

National Winners – Physical Science PaperTop 5 National Winners:

1. JJ Wilkinson (77%) – Grade 12, Bishops High School, Western Cape

2. S Lee (73% ) – Grade 12, Bishops High School, Western Cape

3. D Nadesan (73% ) - Grade 12, Star College in Durban, KZN

4. AD Garreb (73% ) – Grade 12, Star College in Durban, KZN

5. HY Mathiva (73% ) – Grade 12, Mbilwi Secondary School, Limpopo

National Winners – Life Science Paper

1. U Wagner (66%) – Grade 12, Crawford College in Pretoria, Gauteng

2. AL Pandit (64% ) – Grade 12, Fairbairn College, Western Cape

3. D Dara (63% ) – Grade 11, African Leadership Academy, Gauteng

4. AS Asu (61% ) – Grade 12, African Leadership Academy, Gauteng

5. ST Diale (61% ) - Grade 12, Dendron Secondary, Limpopo

6. AM Midzuk (61% ) - Grade 12, King David Victory Park High, Gauteng

7. S Goldsmid (61% ) - Grade 12, Stirling High, Eastern Cape

Registration for 20161st closing date: 30 October 2015 (entry at R15.00 per learner)2nd closing date: 04 December 2015 (entry at R20.00 per learner)3rd closing date: 29 January 2016 (entry at R25.00 per learner)

DST


ACTIVITY

Record your findings after answering these questions:1. How many times were you able to cut the paper in half?2. How close was the smallest piece to the nanoscale?3. Why did you have to stop cutting?4. Can macroscale objects, like scissors, be used on the nanoscale?5. Can you think of a way to cut the paper any smaller?

Complete this easy activity so that you can get an idea of how small nanoscale is. The challenge of this activity is to determine the number of times a strip of paper can be cut in half in order to make it between zero and ten nanometers long.

Results:After completing this activity, you will

notice how small the nanoscale is and

how macro scale tools, like scissors, are

unable to work with such a small scale.

Remember:When dealing with measurements, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. 1 metre (m) = 100 centimetres (cm)1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm)1 mm = 1 000 micrometres (micron)1 micron = 1 000 nanometres (nm)

Before you start, think about these questions:• How many times do you think the paper

can be cut before you can no longer cut

it?

• Do you think a pair of scissors is the

best tool to use in this activity?

• Do you think it’s possible to see

nanoscale with the naked eye?

1. Cut the strip of paper in half

2. After each cut, tape one half to a

separate sheet of paper. Keep the other

half for further cutting

3. Keep cutting the paper in half until

you can no longer cut it

What you need:Scissors

Tape

A strip of paper (dimensions 216mm x

5mm)

Pen or pencil

Ruler

Calculator

4. Keep a record of how many times the

paper strip has been cut

5. Using the pieces of paper you have

taped to the extra sheet of paper, use

your calculator to sum up the amount

of times the strip of paper had been cut

HOW sMALL Is A NANOMETER REALLY?


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At Engen, we want to give you some extra encouragement during your final exams because we understand that education is the first step to a brighter future. That’s one of the reasons why we invest in subjects that will be of long-term value to our business and South Africa. For nearly 3 decades, Engen Maths and Science Schools have provided extra tuition to learners in grades 10 to 12 across the country. Engen wishes you every success for your final matric exams.

Exercise and eat correctly to combat stress.

If the workload is too big, join a study group. But make sure you actually study.

Don’t postpone difficult topics

when studying - tackle the hard

bits first.

Don’t procrastinate!

Good luck!

Studytips

Draw up a study

timetable.

Create a study environment free from

clutter and distractions.

Get a decent night’s sleep. It helps with your concentration.Use tables,

flowcharts and figures - pictures can help you remember

facts.Go over as many past papers as you can.

Get up a little earlier on the morning of an exam - it will allow

you time to have a proper breakfast and you will feel calm when you

arrive at your exam venue.

Make flashcards, use acronyms, sing jingles - anything to help you remember.

www.engenoil.com/education

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