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Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Essential Question
Section 1: Bureaucratic Organization
Section 2: The Civil Service System
Section 3: The Bureaucracy at Work
Chapter Summary
Essential Question
How is the federal bureaucracy organized to serve Americans, and how do federal agencies carry out their missions?
Section 1-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• bureaucrat
• embassy
• government corporation
• deregulate
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• registers
• data
• innovative
Section 1-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, use a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the effects of the Republicans pushing for deregulation in the 1990s.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
Which type of bureaucratic organization has the greatest effect on you as a private citizen?
A. the cabinet departments
B. independent agencies
C. regulatory commissions
A B C
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Section 1
The Cabinet Departments
• The federal bureaucracy is made up of hundreds of agencies with staff members called bureaucrats or civil servants.
• A secretary who is a member of the president’s cabinet heads each of the departments in the executive branch.
• The Department of State is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States.
The Cabinet Departments
Section 1
• The State Department staffs embassies, or offices of ambassadors in foreign countries.
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
• The Department of the Treasury manages the monetary resources of the U.S.
• The Department of the Interior protects public lands and natural resources and oversees relations with Native Americans.
The Cabinet Departments
• The Department of Agriculture was created to help farmers, develop conservation programs, and provides financial credit to farmers.
Section 1
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
• The Department of Justice oversees the nation’s legal affairs.
• The Department of Commerce promotes and protects the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy.
The Cabinet Departments
Section 1
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
• The Department of Labor protects American workers, ensures safe working conditions, safeguards minimum wage, and protects pension rights.
The Cabinet Departments
• The Department of Defense manages the armed forces of the United States.
Section 1
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
• The Department of Health and Human Services is concerned with public health and social services.
• The Department of Housing and Urban Development ensures Americans of equal housing opportunities.
The Cabinet Departments
Section 1
• The Department of Transportation is divided into separate agencies to help it regulate all aspects of American transportation needs, policy development, and planning.
• The Department of Energy plans energy policy and researches and develops energy technology.
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
The Cabinet Departments
Section 1
• The Department of Education coordinates federal assistance programs for public and private schools.
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
• The Department of Veterans Affairs administers several hospitals for veterans and their families.
The Cabinet Departments
Section 1
• The Department of Homeland Security controls the Coast Guard, the Border Patrol, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Customs Service, and many other agencies.
The Cabinet Departments (cont.)
The Department of Homeland Security
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ1
A B C D
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Which cabinet department is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States?
A. Department of Treasury
B. Department of the Interior
C. Department of State
D. Department of Defense
• Some independent agencies, like the Central Intelligence Agency and the General Services Administration, perform services for the executive branch.
Section 1
Independent Agencies
• The federal bureaucracy includes more than 100 independent organizations that are not part of the cabinet departments.
Section 1
• Some independent agencies, such as the United States Postal Service, are government corporations that serve the public directly .
Independent Agencies (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ2
A B C D
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What is another name for the businesses that the federal government runs?
A. cabinet departments
B. government corporations
C. regulatory commissions
D. interior agencies
Section 1
Regulatory Commissions
• Independent regulatory commissions were created to make rules for large industries and businesses that affect the public.
• Business lobbyists often pressure regulatory agencies.
• In recent years, Congress has responded to complaints of overregulation by trying to deregulate, or reduce the powers of regulatory agencies.
The Government of the United States
Section 1
• In most cases, the president and Congress support the idea that competition is good for consumers.
Regulatory Commissions (cont.)
• Where natural monopolies exists, it is expected that the government will make sure the company does not take advantage of its position and raise prices too high.
The Government of the United States
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ3
A B C D
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Which of the following industries has a “natural monopoly”?
A. telecommunications
B. restaurants
C. subways
D. pharmaceuticals
Section 2-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• spoils system
• civil service system
Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• percent
• ignore
• neutral
Section 2-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the causes and effects of the calls to reform the federal bureaucracy in the 1850s.
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
A. the spoils system
B. the civil service system
Which hiring practice for government jobs best serves the nation?
A B
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Section 2
Origins
• Today almost all federal jobs are filled through competitive exams.
• The spoils system—the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with government jobs—fostered inefficiency and corruption.
• The civil service system is the principle and practice of government employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and merit.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ1
What event led to the development of the civil service system?
A. Andrew Jackson’s firing of government employees
B. James Garfield’s assassination
C. the Civil War
D. Thomas Jefferson denying judicial appointments A B C D
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Section 2
The Civil Service Today
• The Office of Personnel Management, along with individual agencies, is responsible for filling federal jobs.
• Government jobs are attractive because of their competitive salaries and many benefits.
• The Hatch Act limits how involved federal government employees can become in elections.
Civil Service
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ2
A B C D
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Which of the following can a civil service employee NOT do?
A. join a political party
B. run for an elective office
C. endorse a candidate
D. vote
Section 2
Political Appointees in Government
• On taking office, every president has the chance to fill about 2,200 top-level jobs in the federal bureaucracy.
• People appointed to non-civil service positions are first and foremost the president’s political supporters.
• When the president leaves office, most of the people in these positions return to jobs outside the government.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ3
A B C D
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New people entering the bureaucracy by presidential appointment commonly have a short tenure because of
A. caps on the tenure of presidential appointees.
B. their inability to do the job.
C. presidential term lengths.
D. poor training.
Section 3-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• client group
• liaison officer
• injunction
• iron triangle
Section 3-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• implement
• guideline
• technical
Section 3-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer similar to the one on the right to take notes about three groups who work together to keep government moving.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C D
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A. the nation’s population
B. international crises
C. economic problems at home
D. citizens’ demand for action
What has been the most significant contributing factor affecting the increase in size and importance of the federal bureaucracy?
Section 3
Influencing Policy
• Federal agencies help enforce laws by issuing rules and regulations designed to translate the law into action.
• In 1995 a law was enacted to reduce the amount of federal paperwork created by these regulations.
Section 3
• The bureaucracy shapes public policy in several ways:
– by helping draft new bills for Congress, testifying about legislation, and providing lawmakers with technical information,
– by deciding disputes over how a law or set of rules should be applied, and
– by providing top political decision makers with information and advice.
Influencing Policy (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3 – DQ1
How does the bureaucracy shape the meaning of the laws passed by Congress?
A. by offering consultation and advice to Congress
B. by issuing regulations that translate law into action
C. by assigning committees to individual departments
A B C
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Section 3
Why the Bureaucracy Makes Policy
• There are several reasons the size and importance of the federal bureaucracy has grown in size and importance:
– growth in the nation’s population,
– international crises,
– economic problems at home,
– citizens’ demand for action, and
– the nature of bureaucracy itself.
National Security Needs Expand the Government
Section 3
• Client groups are the individuals and groups who work with the agency and are most affected by its decisions.
Why the Bureaucracy Makes Policy (cont.)
National Security Needs Expand the Government
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ2
A B C D
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The individuals and groups who work with federal agencies and are most affected by its decisions are called
A. the constituency.
B. client groups.
C. citizen organizations.
D. control groups.
Section 3
Influencing Bureaucratic Decisions
• Each cabinet department has liaison officers, who help keep track of bills moving through Congress that might affect the agency and respond to lawmakers’ requests for information.
• The two tools Congress uses most to influence federal agencies are new legislation and the budget.
Section 3
• Federal courts can have an important impact on policy making by issuing an injunction—an order that will stop an action or enforce a rule or regulation.
Influencing Bureaucratic Decisions (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ3
A B C D
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A federal court order that will stop an action or enforce a rule or regulation is called
A. a law.
B. a warrant.
C. an injunction.
D. a subpoena.
Section 3
The Influence of Client Groups
• Congressional committees, client groups, and a federal department or agency often cooperate closely to make public policy.
• Such cooperation creates what analysts have called an iron triangle.
• Interactions among agencies can also influence policy making in the bureaucracy.
Iron Triangles
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ4
A B C D
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The cooperation of congressional committees, client groups, and a federal department or agency to make public policy is called
A. a bureaucracy.
B. an iron triangle.
C. a cooperative coalition.
D. a circle of bureaucrats.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
MIR Trans
DFS Trans 1
DFS Trans 2
DFS Trans 3
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