splash screen. chapter menu chapter introduction section 1: sensationsensation section 2:the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Splash Screen
![Page 2: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Sensation
Section 2: The Senses
Section 3: Perception
![Page 3: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
Sensation
Understand that sensations occur anytime a stimulus activates a receptor and that perceptions allow humans to react to their environment.
![Page 4: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
The Senses
Describe how the sense organs are the receptors of sensations.
![Page 5: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Perception
Define perception as the way we interpret sensations and organize them into meaningful experiences.
![Page 7: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
Sensations occur anytime a stimulus activates a receptor. Perceptions allow humans to react to their environment.
![Page 8: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Section 1-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• sensation
• perception
• psychophysics
• absolute threshold
• difference threshold
• Weber’s law
• signal-detection theory
![Page 9: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Section 1-Objectives
Objectives
• Describe the field of study known as psychophysics.
• Define and discuss threshold, Weber’s law, and signal detection.
![Page 10: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1-Polling Question
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
How many different stimulus are there?
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
![Page 11: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Section 1
What is Sensation?
• Any aspect of or change in the environment to which an organism responds is called a stimulus.
• A stimulus can be measured in many physical ways, including its size, duration, intensity, or wavelength.
• A sensation occurs anytime a stimulus activates one of your receptors.
![Page 12: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Section 1
What is Sensation? (cont.)
• A sensation can be combined with other sensations and your past experience to yield a perception.
• Psychophysics—the study of the relationship between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that causes them.
Fraser’s Spiral
![Page 13: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
What are some examples of a perception?
A. color corresponds to the wavelength of the light
B. brightness corresponds to the intensity
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above
![Page 14: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Section 1
Threshold
• Psychologists conduct experiments to determine the absolute threshold.
Gustav Theodor Fechner
The Human Senses
![Page 15: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Section 1
Threshold (cont.)
• The absolute threshold for the five senses is as follows:
– Vision—seeing a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear night.
– Hearing—hearing a watch ticking 20 feet away.
– Taste—tasting 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water.
– Smell—smelling 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room house.
– Touch—feeling a bee’s wing falling a distance of 1 centimeter onto your cheek.
![Page 16: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
What is our vestibular sense?
A. Spatial movement
B. Gravitational pull
C. Movement and position of body parts
D. None of the above
![Page 17: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Section 1
Sensory Differences and Ratios
• The difference threshold is the smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected between two stimuli half the time.
• The just noticeable difference (JND) refers to the smallest increase or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus that a person is able to detect half the time.
![Page 18: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Section 1
Sensory Differences and Ratios (cont.)
• A particular sensory experience depends more on the changes in the stimulus than on the absolute size or amount.
• Weber’s law: the larger or stronger a stimulus, the larger the change required for a person to notice that anything has happened to it.
![Page 19: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
How would you rate your sense of smell?
A. I smell the slightest odors
B. I can smell most odors
C. I smell only very strong odors
D. Not even a skunk would bother me
![Page 20: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Section 1
Sensory Adaptation
• Our senses have an ability to adapt, or adjust themselves, to a constant level of stimulation.
• They get used to a new level and respond only to deviations from it.
The Disappearing Circle
![Page 21: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
What is the purpose of sensory adaptation?
A. notice differences in sensations
B. react to the challenges of different stimuli
C. react to the challenges of changing stimuli
D. All of the above
![Page 22: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Section 1
Signal-Detection Theory
• The single-detection theory is the study of people’s tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli.
• Detection thresholds involve recognizing some stimulus against a background of competing stimuli.
![Page 23: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Section 1
Signal-Detection Theory (cont.)
• The concept of absolute threshold: the stimulus (a signal) must be detected in the presence of competing stimuli, which can interfere with detection of the signal.
![Page 24: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Section 1
• Psychologists have identified two different types of processing stimuli:
– Preattentive process
– Attentive process
Signal-Detection Theory (cont.)
The Stroop Effect
![Page 25: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
What are some reasons that “we notice some things automatically in spite of distracting information”?
A. Preattentive process
B. The Stroop Effect
C. Attentive process
D. None of the above
![Page 27: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
The sense organs—the eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin, and others—are the receptors of sensations.
![Page 28: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Section 2-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• pupil
• lens
• retina
• optic nerve
• binocular fusion
• retinal disparity
• auditory nerve
• vestibular system
• olfactory nerve
• kinesthesis
![Page 29: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Section 2-Objectives
Objectives
• Describe the nature and functioning of the sense organs.
• Identify the skin and body senses and explain how they work.
![Page 30: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
What are some internal senses?
A. vestibular
B. skin
C. kinesthetic
D. touch
![Page 31: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Section 2
Vision
• How does vision occur?
– Light enters the eye through the pupil and reaches the lens, which focuses light on the retina.
– The retina contains tow types of light-sensitive receptor cells, or photoreceptors: rods and cones.
The Human Eye
![Page 32: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Section 2
Vision (cont.)
– Rods: sensitive to much lower levels of light and are the basis for night vision.
– Cones: work best in the daylight and are sensitive to color.
– These cells are responsible for changing light energy into neuronal impulses.
– Impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain, where they are routed to the occipital lobe.
![Page 33: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Section 2
• Visible light is composed of waves of different length and frequency (observable with a prism).
• A prism transmits light while other objects absorb and reflect light.
• When some or all of a person’s cones do not function properly, he or she is said to be color deficient.
Vision (cont.)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Testing for Color Deficiency
![Page 34: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Section 2
• Binocular fusion—the process of combining the images received from the two eyes into a single, fused image.
Vision (cont.)
• There is a difference between the images on the retinas, called retinal disparity.
![Page 35: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Section 2
• Nearsightedness—having an eyeball that is too long, which causes problems seeing objects that are distant.
• Farsightedness—having an eyeball that is too short, which causes problems seeing up close.
Vision (cont.)
A Changing Flag
![Page 36: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
0% 0%0%0%
If you have good night vision, you could be described as having _____.
A. sensitive cones
B. sensitive rods
C. binocular fusion
D. farsightedness
![Page 37: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Section 2
Hearing
• Hearing is caused by sound waves that pass through various bones until they reach the inner ear, which contains tiny hairlike cells that move back and forth.
• These hair cells change sound vibrations into neuronal signals that travel through the auditory nerve to the brain.
Decibel Levels
![Page 38: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Section 2
Hearing (cont.)
• The auditory nerve carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound.
– Sound pressure energy is measured in decibels.
– Pitch depends on sound-wave frequency.
The Human Ear
![Page 39: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Section 2
• Two types of deafness:
– Conduction deafness
– Sensorineural deafness
Hearing (cont.)
![Page 40: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
A B C
0% 0%0%
Which of the following is more likely to be caused by exposure to loud music?
A. Conduction deafness
B. Sensorineural deafness
C. Neither
![Page 41: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Section 2
Balance
• The body’s sense of balance is regulated by the vestibular system inside the inner ear.
![Page 42: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What happens when the vestibular sense is overstimulated?
A. spinning
B. dizziness
C. motion sickness
D. all of the above
![Page 43: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Section 2
Smell and Taste
• Smell and taste are referred to as the chemical senses because their receptors are sensitive to chemical molecules.
• In order to smell, the appropriate gaseous molecules must come into contact with the smell receptors in your nose.
• These receptors send messages about smells through the olfactory nerve to the brain.
![Page 44: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Section 2
Smell and Taste (cont.)
• Olfactory nerve—the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain.
• In order to taste, appropriate liquid chemicals must stimulate receptors in the taste buds on your tongue.
• Taste information is relayed to the brain, along with data about the texture and temperature of the substance in your mouth.
![Page 45: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Section 2
Smell and Taste (cont.)
• Four primary sensory experiences—sour, salty, bitter, and sweet—make up taste.
• Smell plays a large role in taste.
• The combining of taste, smell, and tactile sensations is known as flavor.
The Human Tongue
![Page 46: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the four primary sensory experiences are you most sensitive to?
A. Sour
B. Salty
C. Bitter
D. Sweet
![Page 47: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Section 2
The Skin Senses
• Receptors in the skin are responsible for sensing pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
![Page 48: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Section 2
The Skin Senses (cont.)
• There are two types of pain sensations:
– The sharp, localized pain you may feel immediately after an injury.
– The dull, generalized pain you may feel later.
![Page 49: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Section 2
• Gate control theory of pain: we can lessen some pains by shifting our attention away from the pain impulses.
• This limits the number of impulses that can be transmitted, and can dull the pain.
The Skin Senses (cont.)
![Page 50: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
A. A
B. B
Section 2
A B
0%0%
Which of the following are you more sensitive to?
A. Warmth
B. Cold
![Page 51: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Section 2
The Body Senses
• Kinesthesis cooperates with the vestibular and visual senses to maintain posture and balance.
• The sensation of kinesthesis comes from receptors in and near the muscles, tendons, and joints that send messages to the brain upon movement.
![Page 52: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What are the reasons why kinesthesis must cooperate with the vestibular and visual senses?
A. maintain posture
B. maintain movement
C. maintain balance
D. All of the above
![Page 54: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
The way we interpret sensations and organize them into meaningful experiences is called perception.
![Page 55: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Section 3-Key Terms
Vocabulary
• Gestault
• subliminal messages
• motion parallax
• constancy
• illusions
• extrasensory perception (ESP)
![Page 56: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Section 3-Objectives
Objectives
• Outline the principles involved in perception.
• Describe how we learn to perceive and what illusions are.
![Page 57: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following phone numbers are you more likely to remember?
A. 555-723-9927
B. 555748975
C. 5 5 5 8 84 98 74
D. 55-5879-5178
![Page 58: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Section 3
Principles of Perceptual Organization
• The brain makes sense of the world by creating whole structures out of bits and pieces of information in the environment.
• Gestalt
![Page 59: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Section 3
Principles of Perceptual Organization (cont.)
• Principles used in organizing patterns include:
– Proximity
– Continuity
– Similarity
– Simplicity
– ClosureGestalt Principles
![Page 60: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What principle would you primarily use to organize incomplete information?
A. Proximity
B. Similarity
C. Closure
D. Simplicity
![Page 61: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Section 3
Figure-Ground Perception
• Figure-ground perception is the ability to discriminate properly between a figure and its background.
• It is applicable to both sight and hearing.
What Is It?
![Page 62: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Without figure-ground perception, it would be especially difficult to do which of the following?
A. Play baseball
B. Read quietly
C. Sleep
D. Listen to a speaker with headphones.
![Page 63: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Section 3
Perceptual Inference
• Perceptual inference—filling in the gaps based on past experiences with our senses.
![Page 64: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
A B C
0% 0%0%
What is the most important factor in how we make perceptual inferences?
A. The level of stimuli
B. The amount of different stimuli
C. Experience
![Page 65: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Section 3
Learning to Perceive
• An active involvement in one’s environment is important for accurate perception.
• We must learn to perceive.
• This learning process is influenced by our needs, beliefs, and expectations.
• Perceptual set—the idea that we see what we want to see.
Pop-Out Features
![Page 66: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Section 3
Learning to Perceive (cont.)
• Subliminal messages
• Subliminal perception—the ability to notice stimuli that affect only the unconscious mind.
The Necker Cube
![Page 67: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Do you agree that we tend to twist the truth in order to make it fit into our belief system?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
![Page 68: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Section 3
Depth Perception
• Depth perception is the ability to recognize distances and three-dimensionality.
• Monocular depth cue—a cue that can be used with a single eye to perceive distance and depth.
![Page 69: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Section 3
Depth Perception (cont.)
• Monocular depth clues include:
– Relative height
– Interposition
– Light and shadows
– Texture-density gradient
– Motion parallax
– Linear perspective
![Page 70: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Section 3
Depth Perception (cont.)
• Binocular depth cue—a cue that depends upon the existence or movement of both eyes.
![Page 71: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Section 3
Depth Perception (cont.)
• Binocular depth cues include:
– Convergence
– Retinal disparity
![Page 72: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
A. A
B. B
Section 3
A B
0%0%
When you ride in a car, you would expect nearby scenery to appear to move in what direction in relation to you?
A. With your directionof travel
B. Opposite your direction of travel
![Page 73: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Section 3
Constancy
• Constancy is the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting.
• Size constancy , color constancy, and brightness constancy are three examples.
Shape Constancy
![Page 74: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
A. A
B. B
Section 3
A B
0%0%
Do you agree that size consistency plays a major role in football?
A. Yes
B. No
![Page 75: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Section 3
Illusions
• Illusions are incorrect perceptions that are created when perceptual cues are distorted.
Lines of Different Lengths?
![Page 76: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why do trains sometimes appear farther away than they actually are?
A. Perception compensation
B. Perceptual consistencies
C. Müller-Lyer illusion
D. None of the above
![Page 77: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Section 3
Extrasensory Perception
• Extrasensory perception (ESP) includes the following four types:
– Clairvoyance
– Telepathy
– Psychokinesis
– Precognition
![Page 78: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Do you believe in the existence of ESP?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much so
D. Not at all
![Page 80: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Figure 1
Fraser’s SpiralFraser’s spiral illustrates the difference between sensation and perception. Our perception of this figure is that of a spiral, but it is actually an illusion. Trace a circle carefully. Your finger will always come back to its starting point.
![Page 81: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Figure 2
The Human SensesThis chart lists the fundamental features that make up the human sensory system.
![Page 82: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Figure 3
The Disappearing CircleSensation depends on change and contrast in the environment. Hold your hand over one eye and stare at the dot in the middle of the circle on the right. You should have no trouble maintaining the image of the circle. If you do the same with the circle on the left, however, the image will fade. The gradual change from light to dark does not provide enough contrast to keep the visual receptors in your eye firing at a steady rate. The circle reappears only if you close and reopen your eye or you shift your gaze to the X.
![Page 83: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Figure 4
The Stroop EffectTry to name the colors of the boxes in a as fast as you can. Then try to read the words in b as fast as you can. Finally, try to name the colors of the words in b as fast as you can. You probably proceeded more slowly when naming the colors in b.
![Page 84: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Figure 5
The Human EyeThis cross section of the human eye shows the passage of light. Note that the retina receives an inverted image.
![Page 85: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Figure 6
The Electromagnetic SpectrumLight is the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. When the wavelengths in white light are separated, the visual effect is an array of colors because different wavelengths are seen as different colors.
![Page 86: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Figure 7
A Changing FlagStare steadily at the lowest right-hand star for about 45 seconds. Then stare at the blank space to the left. You should see a negative afterimage of this figure. This occurs because the receptors for green, black, and yellow become fatigued or neuronal firing rates shift, allowing the complementary colors of each to predominate when you stare at the white paper.
![Page 87: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Figure 8
Decibel LevelsThe loudness of a second (its amplitude) is measured in decibels. Each increase of 10 decibels makes a sound 10 times louder. A normal conversation at 3 feet measures about 60 decibels, which is 10,000 times louder than a whisper of 20 decibels. Sound becomes painful at 130 decibels.
![Page 88: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Figure 9
The Human EarThe earflap funnels sound waves down the ear canal to the eardrum. The bones of the middle ear pick up the vibrations and transmit them to the inner ear.
![Page 89: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Figure 10
The Human TongueWhen you chew, chemicals of the food mix with saliva and run down into trenches in your tongue. Once there, taste buds react to chemicals dissolved in saliva.
![Page 90: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Figure 11
Gestalt PrinciplesHumans see patterns and groupings in their environment rather than disorganized arrays of bits and pieces.
![Page 91: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Figure 12
What Is It?What did you see the first time you looked at this illustration—a vase or two profiles? People invariably organize their experience into figure and ground.
![Page 92: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Figure 13
Pop-Out FeaturesReality is a jumble of sensations and details. The letter P probably pops out to you. The Qs may also pop out, but not as much as the P. You may not have noticed the O, though.
![Page 93: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Figure 14
The Necker CubeThe Necker cube is an ambiguous figure. You can will yourself to see it as if you were looking down on it, with corner X closest to you, or as if you were looking up at it, with corner Y closest to you.
![Page 94: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Figure 15
Shape ConstancyWe perceive the opening door as being rectangular in shape, although our view of the shape of it changes as it opens.
![Page 95: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Figure 16
Lines of Different Lengths?The Müller-Lyer illusion (a) and the Ponzo illusion (b) are depicted here. The lines between the arrowheads in (a) are exactly the same length, as are the heavy black lines in (b). Some psychologists believe that the reason the lines in (a) seem of different lengths is because they are interpreted as offering different cues to their distance from the viewer. The lines in (b) may appear to be different in length because the brain interprets this diagram as though it is from a scene such as that in (c).
![Page 96: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Figure 17
Testing for Color DeficiencyCan you see numerals in the dot patterns that make up this figure? Those with normal vision will see a number, while those with red-green deficiency will see only random patches of color.
![Page 97: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Profile
Gustav Theodor Fechner1801–1887
“Imagine that you look at the sky through a tinted glass and
pick out a cloud that is just noticeable different from the
sky background. Now you use a much darker glass; the cloud does not vanish but is still just
barely visible—because although the absolute levels of
intensity are much lower through the darker glass, the ratio of intensities between
cloud and sky has not changed.”
![Page 98: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Effect of Light Source on Depth Perception
Shape Constancy
Depth Perception: Texture Density and Interposition
Select a transparency to view.
![Page 99: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Concept Trans 1
![Page 100: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Concept Trans 2
![Page 101: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Concept Trans 3
![Page 102: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
DFS Trans 1
![Page 103: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
DFS Trans 2
![Page 104: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
DFS Trans 3
![Page 105: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Vocab1
sensation: what occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor
![Page 106: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Vocab2
perception: the organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences
![Page 107: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Vocab3
psychophysics: the study of the relationships between sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that cause them
![Page 108: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Vocab4
absolute threshold: the weakest amount of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time
![Page 109: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Vocab5
difference threshold: the smallest change in a physical stimulus that can be detected half the time
![Page 110: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Vocab6
Weber’s law: the principle that for any change (Δs) in a stimulus to be detected, a constant proportion of that stimulus (s) must be added or subtracted
![Page 111: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Vocab7
signal-detection theory: the study of people’s tendencies to make correct judgments in detecting the presence of stimuli
![Page 112: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Vocab8
pupil: the opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye
![Page 113: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Vocab9
lens: a flexible, elastic, transparent structure in the eye that changes its shape to focus light on the retina
![Page 114: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Vocab10
retina: the innermost coating of the back of the eye, containing the light-sensitive receptor cells
![Page 115: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Vocab11
optic nerve: the nerve that carries impulses from the retina to the brain
![Page 116: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Vocab12
binocular fusion: the process of combining the images received from the two eyes into a single, fused image
![Page 117: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Vocab13
retinal disparity: the differences between the images stimulating each eye
![Page 118: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Vocab14
auditory nerve: the nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain, resulting in the perception of sound
![Page 119: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Vocab15
vestibular system: three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve
![Page 120: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Vocab16
olfactory nerve: the nerve that carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain
![Page 121: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Vocab17
kinesthesis: the sense of movement and body position
![Page 122: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Vocab18
Gestalt: the experience that comes from organizing bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes
![Page 123: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Vocab19
subliminal messages: brief auditory or visual messages that are presented below the absolute threshold
![Page 124: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Vocab20
motion parallax: the apparent movement of stationary objects relative to one another that occurs when the observer changes position
![Page 125: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Vocab21
constancy: the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting
![Page 126: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Vocab22
illusions: perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli
![Page 127: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Vocab23
extrasensory perception (ESP): an ability to gain information by some means other than the ordinary senses
![Page 128: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Help
Click the Forward button to go to the next slide.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous slide.
Click the Home button to return to the Chapter Menu.
Click the Transparency button from the Chapter Menu or Chapter Introduction slides to access the Concept Transparencies that are relevant to this chapter. From within a section, click on this button to access the relevant Daily Focus Skills Transparency.
Click the Return button in a feature to return to the main presentation.
Click the Psychology Online button to access online textbook features.
Click the Exit button or press the Escape key [Esc] to end the chapter slide show.
Click the Help button to access this screen.
Links to Presentation Plus! features such as Profiles in Psychology and relevant figures from your textbook are located at the bottom of relevant screens.
To use this Presentation Plus! product:
![Page 129: Splash Screen. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Section 1: SensationSensation Section 2:The SensesThe Senses Section 3: PerceptionPerception](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013101/5697bf9c1a28abf838c9372d/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
End of Custom Shows
This slide is intentionally blank.