Something that moves something Additive manufacturing course Introduction to3DCad

From CAD to CAMIntroduction

To understand the evolution of design and production and gain a broad understanding of the advances that led to todays manufacturing environment.To understand how the interaction between humans and our fabrication machines has evolved with the advancement of machine-readable design files.

Something That Moves Something, created by Ohad Meyuhas, architect1

DAVINCI GEAR STUDY HAND SKETCH-Detailed sketches indicate Codex Atlanticus would be made of wood, metal, and ropeLonardo da Vinci, Le Codex Atlanticus | Imagebank Israel / Getty ImagesInstructor's guidelines:

Goal: To understand the evolution of design and production and gain a broad understanding of the advances that led to todays manufacturing environment.To understand how the interaction between humans and our fabrication machines has evolved with the advancement of machine-readable design files.

Explain:This is a Leonardo daVincis hand sketch of Codex Atlanticus. Leonardo is known for his detailed isometric sketches to visualize his ideas, From the details we can understand that daVinci aimed the product to be made out of wood, metal and robe.

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Source: http://on3dprinting.com/2012/06/04/shapeways-friday-finds-da-vinci-cube-pendant-snap-bangle/DAVINCI GEAR STUDY CAD MODEL-A designer made a 3D model which can be assembled and modifiedInstructors Guidelines:

Explain:In this image, we see how this designer used da Vincis sketch and 3D modeled it.This 3D-CAD render visualize the parts of the model but since it is computer model it can be assembled and modified.

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DAVINCI GEAR STUDY 3D PRINTED MODELInstructors guidelines:

The 3D models designed from da Vincis sketches were 3D printed and made into physical product.Show the class this video demonstrating the 3D printed da Vinci system.The process of transferring design to manufacturing with CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines is called CAD to CAM 4IN THIS LESSON Design evolution Production evolutionFrom CAD to CAMInstructor's guidelines:

Explain:This lesson is an extension of the Historical Review lesson.Well continue by zooming in on design and production technology.Well gain an understanding of the advances that led to todays manufacturing environment by examining the evolution of:Design, from hand sketches to computer-aided design (CAD)Production, manual means to computer-aided machining (CAM)The process of bringing designs to production5CAD DEFINITIONCOMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

THE USE OFCOMPUTERSYSTEMS TO ASSIST IN THE CREATION, MODIFICATION, ANALYSIS, OR OPTIMIZATION OF A DESIGNInstructor's guidelines:

Ask students:What is CAD?

Click to reveal the definition.

Explain: CAD software is used to:Increase design productivity Improve design quality Improve communication through documentation Create a database for manufacturing Enable easy modification and editingEnable easy navigationCAD software output is a digital file for 3D printing, machining or other manufacturing operations.In the following slides, well learn about the evolution of CAD software.

6Computer Aided Design (CAD)CAD software is used to:Increase design productivity Improve design quality Improve communication through documentation Create a database for manufacturing Enable easy modification and editingEnable easy navigationCAD software output is a digital file for 3D printing, machining or other manufacturing operations.In the following slides, well learn about the evolution of CAD software.

CAD EVOLUTIONDrawings were humans first design toolInitially freehandRulers, compasses, protractors and other tools needed for accuracyRedrawing was complicatedSKETCHES AND HAND DRAWINGSInstructor's guidelines:

Explain:Drawings were one of humanitys first design tools.

Ask the students: What are the advantages and disadvantages hand sketches for design?

Explain:Original drawings must have been freehand, before tools like rulers, compasses and protractors.More modern drawings achieved more accurate scale and geometry using tools we developed. Modifying or re-drawing design was possible, but very complicated. 8

CAD EVOLUTIONAutomatic shapes and scaling Significantly faster editing More accurate designs

SKETCHES AND HAND DRAWINGS2D COMPUTER SOFTWAREInstructor's guidelines:

Explain:The introduction of the computer and design software has greatly advanced the design process.Ask students:How did computers solve some of the challenges of hand-sketching designs?What was the next step for designers and engineers after the creation of the first computers and 2D computer software?Explain:2D software automatically calculated scale, which reduced the need for measuring tools. Because it enabled zoom-in and zoom-out capabilities, some say it improved designers ability to understand scale. Editing became easier and quicker with CAD software. Today, we can easily modify sketches, reuse them for different projects and copy-paste them from different software.Designs have become much more accurate.2D CAD software had some design limitations, some of which still exist. For example, line weight can be modified easily. This can lead to geometrical misunderstandings when drawings are visualized.9CAD Evolution2D software automatically calculated scale, which reduced the need for measuring tools. Because it enabled zoom-in and zoom-out capabilities, some say it improved designers ability to understand scale. Editing became easier and quicker with CAD software. Today, we can easily modify sketches, reuse them for different projects and copy-paste them from different software.Designs have become much more accurate.2D CAD software had some design limitations, some of which still exist. For example, line weight can be modified easily. This can lead to geometrical misunderstandings when drawings are visualized.

CAD EVOLUTIONAll of the advantages of 2D CAD designNavigate designs in 3DReal-life visualizationSKETCHES AND HAND DRAWINGS2D COMPUTER SOFTWARE3D COMPUTER SOFTWAREInstructor's guidelines:

Explain:So far, the final stage of the CAD evolution is 3D software.

Ask students:Why would you want to design an object using 3D software instead of 2D software? What is the major contribution of 3D software?

Explain:Not only does 3D software offer all of the 2D software advantages, but it also enables navigation inside the 3D world.3D software lets us take 2D modeling and check the connections between different parts in the 3D world.There are many ways to simulate 3D models, including the use of mathematical equations.3D rendering enables real-life visualization of the 3D model.11CAD EvolutionSo far, the final stage of the CAD evolution is 3D software.Not only does 3D software offer all of the 2D software advantages, but it also enables navigation inside the 3D world.3D software lets us take 2D modeling and check the connections between different parts in the 3D world.There are many ways to simulate 3D models, including the use of mathematical equations.3D rendering enables real-life visualization of the 3D model.IN THIS LESSON Design evolution Production evolutionFrom CAD to CAMInstructor's guidelines:

Explain:We have briefly reviewed the evolution of design technologies.Now, well review the evolution of production technologies.13

PRODUCTION EVOLUTIONManual controlFirst machines controlled by hand or with wheels or levers.Reduced human labor for simple tasks.Spinning Wheel in Cablin by Barbara Hobbs is licensed under CC BY 2.0.MANUAL CONTROLInstructor's guidelines:

The first machines reduced human labor for simple tasks, but movement was controlled completely by hand, wheels and levers.14the text here should be about manual controll - but if I am not mistaken it is craftmenship that is the topic herePRODUCTION EVOLUTIONNumeric controlControlled by analogically encoded commands on a storage medium, like punch cards MANUAL CONTROLNUMERIC CONTROLImagebank Israel / Getty ImagesInstructor's guidelines:Ask the students:What are NC machines?In what way did they contribute to the work of designers and engineers?What technological stage was needed next?

Explain according to the following comments:NC machines were the predecessor to todays computer-controlled machines. They used punched cards to control machines axes.Punched cards served a purpose similar to todays computer code. Movements were not entirely controlled by hand, so this reduced labor for some more complex tasks.Punched cards had to be programmed by a professional and shipped to the machine location, so it wasnt remotely possible to go directly from a drawing to CAM.15Production Evolution- Numeric ControlNC machines were the predecessor to todays computer-controlled machines. They used punched cards to control machines axes.Punched cards served a purpose similar to todays computer code. Movements were not entirely controlled by hand, so this reduced labor for some more complex tasks.Punched cards had to be programmed by a professional and shipped to the machine location, so it wasnt remotely possible to go directly from a drawing to CAM.

PRODUCTION EVOLUTIONComputer numeric control (CNC)Controlled by digitally encoded commandsMANUAL CONTROLNUMERIC CONTROLCOMPUTER NUMERIC CONTROLPunch Press Holecut 40-6 CNC by Macyber (own work) licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0 via Wikimedia CommonsInstructor's guidelines:Ask the students:What is a CNC machine?What are the advantages of this machine?In what ways did it contribute to the work of designers and engineers?

Explain according to the following comments:CNC stands for computer numerical control.The machine itself has an electrical controller that controls the commands and the interface and sends feedback to the user.Most of the machines used today have a controller embedded inside them. This controller reduces the amount of human resources needed to operate the machine, enabling the machine to perform more complex tasks and to send a status update of the production, as well as feedback if something goes wrong. The controller uses codes in order to operate.17the panched cards were shipt to computer conrollers but the new ones allow more and can modify and edit easiyProduction EvolutionCNC stands for computer numerical control.The machine itself has an electrical controller that controls the commands and the interface and sends feedback to the user.Most of the machines used today have a controller embedded inside them. This controller reduces the amount of human resources needed to operate the machine, enabling the machine to perform more complex tasks and to send a status update of the production, as well as feedback if something goes wrong. The controller uses codes in order to operate.IN THIS LESSON Design evolutionProduction evolutionFrom CAD to CAMInstructor's guidelines:We have briefly reviewed the evolution of CAD and the evolution of production technologies. Now well see the connection between the two.

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FROM CAD TO CAMParametric design SKETCHES AND DRAWINGS2D COMPUTER SOFTWARE3D COMPUTER SOFTWAREMANUAL MACHINESNC MACHINESCNC MACHINESHUMANG-CODEPhoto credit: Nervous System http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.comInstructor's guidelines:Ask students:How did people go from design to production when relying on hand sketches?How do we go from design to production in the era of CAD software?

Click to reveal the process.

Explain:Manual machines relied entirely on the fabricators interpretation of the sketch, if a sketch was used at all.NC machines needed humans to translate sketches into machine movements. CNC machines use code generated by computers to control machine movements. Typically, CAM software translates a CAD (design) file into a CAM (G-code) file.G-code is the most widely usedCNC programing language. Used mainly in automationAlso called G-programming languageTells the machine what action to takeThere are many different CAM software options. Today, each machine has its own software based on the G-code method.20Production EvolutionManual machines relied entirely on the fabricators interpretation of the sketch, if a sketch was used at all.NC machines needed humans to translate sketches into machine movements. CNC machines use code generated by computers to control machine movements. Typically, CAM software translates a CAD (design) file into a CAM (G-code) file.G-code is the most widely usedCNC programing language. Used mainly in automationAlso called G-programming languageTells the machine what action to takeThere are many different CAM software options. Today, each machine has its own software based on the G-code method.FROM CAD TO CAMFROM CAD TO CAM

Parametric design SKETCHES AND DRAWINGS2D COMPUTER SOFTWARE3D COMPUTER SOFTWAREMANUAL MACHINESNC MACHINESCNC MACHINESHUMANG-CODEPhoto credit: Nervous System http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.comInstructor's guidelines:

Ask students: What is parametric design? How does it relate to this image?

Click to reveal the relationship.

Explain:Parametric design allows individuals (non-professionals) to be part of the design process.It re-introduces a human element lost with mass-production, but preserves automation.Because designers create the tools, they can build in the necessary production capabilities, essentially combining CAD and CAM functions.By including file-to-print code , they reduce the need for connectors and for saving multiple 3D files.Since CAM understands how the machine operates, we can create our own tool based on CAM, reducing use of the machine and fabrication time.Grasshopper 3D for Rhino 3D, Processing, Open S-Cad, Free CAD are examples of parametric design software. 22Production EvolutionParametric design allows individuals (non-professionals) to be part of the design process.It re-introduces a human element lost with mass-production, but preserves automation.Because designers create the tools, they can build in the necessary production capabilities, essentially combining CAD and CAM functions.By including file-to-print code , they reduce the need for connectors and for saving multiple 3D files.Since CAM understands how the machine operates, we can create our own tool based on CAM, reducing use of the machine and fabrication time.Grasshopper 3D for Rhino 3D, Processing, Open S-Cad, Free CAD are examples of parametric design software. The use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or optimization of a design.The use of computer software to control machine toolsand related machinery in the manufacturingof work pieces.FROM CAD TO CAMCOMPUTER-AIDED DESIGNCOMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURINGInstructor's guidelines:

Summarize. 24IN THIS LESSON Design evolutionProduction evolutionFrom CAD to CAMInstructor's guidelines:

Summarize:This lesson expanded on our historical review by zooming-in on design and production technologies. We now understand the historical design and manufacturing tool-box.Future lessons will deal specifically with 3D printing, an additive manufacturing technology that capitalizes on the benefits of:3D computer-aided design (CAD )Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)3D printing offers brand-new design and production benefits weve never experienced before.25LEGALThis document is part of the Stratasys Education Open Curriculum Program and is subject to Stratasys Education Open Curriculum Program - Terms of use available at http://www.stratasys.com/industries/education/educators/curriculum/terms-of-use. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the information provided herein, including any data, material and/or content (Content), is provided for informational purposes only. The Content is provided as is. Stratasys makes no representations or warranties in relation to the Content. Permission is granted to you to display, copy, distribute, and download the Content for your own internal use only, You may not, however disclose, copy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, transmit, sell or offer for resale, the Content, or any part thereof, outside of your organization , without Stratasys express written permission.

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