Some last few definitions:

Antonym (semantics)

• An antonym is one of a pair of words with

opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the

antithesis of the other. A word may have more

than one antonym.

• Jot down three antonyms

Hyponyms (Semantics)

• A word which has its meaning included in

another word.

Scarlet, Crimson

What are these Hyponyms of?

• Daisy, rose

• In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase

whose semantic field[1] is included within that of

another word

Denigration (Semantics/Lexical)

• To speak wrongly of someone. To denigrate.

Deixis/Deictics (Discourse)

Verbal Pointing:

Deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be

fully understood without additional information.

Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is

fixed but their denotated meaning varies

depending on time and/or place.

Words or phrases that require contextual

information to convey any meaning – for

example, English pronouns would be an

example.

This, that, there

Consonant?

• A consonant is a speech sound that is not a

vowel. It also refers to letters of the alphabet

that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and

H are all consonants

• In lay terms- Sounds that are NOT vowels

Assonance/Consonance (Phonology)

• Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in

nearby words.

• "on a proud round cloud in white high night

• Consonance is a poetic device characterized

by the repetition of the same consonant two or

more times in short succession

• "pitter patter" or in "all mammals named

Samare clammy"

Initialisms (Morphology)

• Initialisms

• Initialisms are another type of abbreviation.

They are often confused with acronyms

because they are made up of letters, so they

look similar, but they can't be pronounced as

words.

• FBI, BBC

• What would be an example of an acronym

Agentless Passive (Syntax)

• A passive sentence without anyone delegated

to DOING the action. So no one connected to

the verb.

• David was punched out last Tuesday.

• Julia Gillard is considered one of the leading

intellectuals amongst politicians.

(If it was just a passive)

• David was punched out last Tuesday by that

idiot Rodney.

Agentless Passive Uses

1.When the agent is unknown.The car was stolen

2.When the agent is irrelevant or unimportant.

For example, agentless passives are common in descriptions of scientific experiments where theemphasis is on what was done not on who did it.

Measurements were made.Data were collected.

3.When you want people to forget the agent.Mistakes were made.Taxes will be increased.Benefits will be reduced.

Anaphoric/CataphoricReferences (Discourse)

• Cataphoric Reference:

• A cataphoric reference unit refers to another

unit that is introduced later on in the

text/speech. To understand the unit refered to

by a cataphoric reference you would need to

look ahead in the text/speech.

Anaphoric• An anaphoric reference unit, on the other hand,

refers to another unit that was introduced earlier

on in the text/speech. To understand the unit

referred to by an anaphoric reference you

would need to look back in the text/speech.

When might you use these?

Collocation (Discourse)

• A set of words that co-occur

• Strong tea (not powerful tea)

• Rotten eggs

• Open account

Formatting (Discourse)

• Formatted text, styled text, or rich text, as

opposed to plain text, has styling information

beyond the minimum of semantic elements:

colours, styles (boldface, italic), sizes, and

special features

• This can also include headings- to assist

coherence

Logical Ordering

Verbs

• MODAL

• A type of auxiliary verb-

• We use modal verbs to show if we believe

something is certain, probable or possible (or

not).

• We also use modals to do things like talking

about ability, asking permission making

requests and offers, and so on.

• Can, shall, could, might

Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary verbs are also known as 'helping verbs'.

• The three most common auxiliary verbs are:

• An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional

or grammatical meaning to the clause in which

it appears—for example, to

express tense, aspect, modality, voice,

emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually

accompany a main verb. The main verb

provides the main semantic content of the

clause

He has given his all

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gssOjXmjQsk

Interjections (a non fluency feature) • interjection may be a word or sound used to

express an emotion or sentiment on the part of

the speaker (although most interjections have

clear definitions)

• To Interject:

• To say or mention suddenly, often in interruptin

g the remarks of another: "I disagree," she interj

ected

• Objection!

• Ugh!

• Yeah.

• These can be just sounds also.

Difference between an interjection and exclamation?

• An interjection are all those words that you can

just say by themselves and add an exclamation

point to. "Wow!" "ACK!" "OY!" "D'oh!" Those are

all interjections.

An exclamation includes that, but can be a

complete sentence as well. "Get to work!"

So an interjection is a form of an exclamation in

a single word. But not all exclamations are

interjections.

Personification

• To give inanimate objects human qualities

• The door moaned

• The stars danced

Connotations (Semantics)

• Associated or Secondary meaning:

• “home”

• is “a place of warmth, comfort, and affection.”

• Something suggested or implied by a word or

thing rather than being explicitly named or

described:

• Terrorism: connotations?

Antithesis (Syntax/Semantics)

• Two opposites introduced together

• The placing of two opposites against another to

form a balanced contrast- Give me liberty or

give me death

• the direct opposite (usually followed by of or to):

Her behaviour was the very antithesis of cowar

dly.

Parallelism • The use of similar sounds, words, or grammar.

• The sun rises, The sun sets

• Signed, Sealed, Delivered

• Lacking parallelism: "She likes cooking,

jogging, and to read."

• Lacking parallelism: "He likes to swim

and running."

• Parallel: "She likes cooking, jogging, and

reading."

• Parallel: "She likes to cook, jog, and read."