Some last few definitions:
Antonym (semantics)
• An antonym is one of a pair of words with
opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the
antithesis of the other. A word may have more
than one antonym.
• Jot down three antonyms
Hyponyms (Semantics)
• A word which has its meaning included in
another word.
Scarlet, Crimson
What are these Hyponyms of?
• Daisy, rose
• In linguistics, a hyponym is a word or phrase
whose semantic field[1] is included within that of
another word
Denigration (Semantics/Lexical)
• To speak wrongly of someone. To denigrate.
Deixis/Deictics (Discourse)
Verbal Pointing:
Deixis refers to words and phrases that cannot be
fully understood without additional information.
Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is
fixed but their denotated meaning varies
depending on time and/or place.
Words or phrases that require contextual
information to convey any meaning – for
example, English pronouns would be an
example.
This, that, there
Consonant?
• A consonant is a speech sound that is not a
vowel. It also refers to letters of the alphabet
that represent those sounds: Z, B, T, G, and
H are all consonants
• In lay terms- Sounds that are NOT vowels
Assonance/Consonance (Phonology)
• Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in
nearby words.
• "on a proud round cloud in white high night
• Consonance is a poetic device characterized
by the repetition of the same consonant two or
more times in short succession
• "pitter patter" or in "all mammals named
Samare clammy"
Initialisms (Morphology)
• Initialisms
• Initialisms are another type of abbreviation.
They are often confused with acronyms
because they are made up of letters, so they
look similar, but they can't be pronounced as
words.
• FBI, BBC
• What would be an example of an acronym
Agentless Passive (Syntax)
• A passive sentence without anyone delegated
to DOING the action. So no one connected to
the verb.
• David was punched out last Tuesday.
• Julia Gillard is considered one of the leading
intellectuals amongst politicians.
(If it was just a passive)
• David was punched out last Tuesday by that
idiot Rodney.
Agentless Passive Uses
1.When the agent is unknown.The car was stolen
2.When the agent is irrelevant or unimportant.
For example, agentless passives are common in descriptions of scientific experiments where theemphasis is on what was done not on who did it.
Measurements were made.Data were collected.
3.When you want people to forget the agent.Mistakes were made.Taxes will be increased.Benefits will be reduced.
Anaphoric/CataphoricReferences (Discourse)
• Cataphoric Reference:
• A cataphoric reference unit refers to another
unit that is introduced later on in the
text/speech. To understand the unit refered to
by a cataphoric reference you would need to
look ahead in the text/speech.
Anaphoric• An anaphoric reference unit, on the other hand,
refers to another unit that was introduced earlier
on in the text/speech. To understand the unit
referred to by an anaphoric reference you
would need to look back in the text/speech.
When might you use these?
Collocation (Discourse)
• A set of words that co-occur
• Strong tea (not powerful tea)
• Rotten eggs
• Open account
Formatting (Discourse)
• Formatted text, styled text, or rich text, as
opposed to plain text, has styling information
beyond the minimum of semantic elements:
colours, styles (boldface, italic), sizes, and
special features
• This can also include headings- to assist
coherence
Logical Ordering
Verbs
• MODAL
• A type of auxiliary verb-
• We use modal verbs to show if we believe
something is certain, probable or possible (or
not).
• We also use modals to do things like talking
about ability, asking permission making
requests and offers, and so on.
• Can, shall, could, might
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verbs are also known as 'helping verbs'.
• The three most common auxiliary verbs are:
• An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional
or grammatical meaning to the clause in which
it appears—for example, to
express tense, aspect, modality, voice,
emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually
accompany a main verb. The main verb
provides the main semantic content of the
clause
He has given his all
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gssOjXmjQsk
Interjections (a non fluency feature) • interjection may be a word or sound used to
express an emotion or sentiment on the part of
the speaker (although most interjections have
clear definitions)
• To Interject:
• To say or mention suddenly, often in interruptin
g the remarks of another: "I disagree," she interj
ected
• Objection!
• Ugh!
• Yeah.
• These can be just sounds also.
Difference between an interjection and exclamation?
• An interjection are all those words that you can
just say by themselves and add an exclamation
point to. "Wow!" "ACK!" "OY!" "D'oh!" Those are
all interjections.
An exclamation includes that, but can be a
complete sentence as well. "Get to work!"
So an interjection is a form of an exclamation in
a single word. But not all exclamations are
interjections.
Personification
• To give inanimate objects human qualities
• The door moaned
• The stars danced
Connotations (Semantics)
• Associated or Secondary meaning:
• “home”
• is “a place of warmth, comfort, and affection.”
• Something suggested or implied by a word or
thing rather than being explicitly named or
described:
• Terrorism: connotations?
Antithesis (Syntax/Semantics)
• Two opposites introduced together
• The placing of two opposites against another to
form a balanced contrast- Give me liberty or
give me death
• the direct opposite (usually followed by of or to):
Her behaviour was the very antithesis of cowar
dly.
Parallelism • The use of similar sounds, words, or grammar.
• The sun rises, The sun sets
• Signed, Sealed, Delivered
• Lacking parallelism: "She likes cooking,
jogging, and to read."
• Lacking parallelism: "He likes to swim
and running."
• Parallel: "She likes cooking, jogging, and
reading."
• Parallel: "She likes to cook, jog, and read."