so tay ppgd dg

8/7/2019 so tay ppgd dg

1/80

TRNG AI HOC NHA TRANG

SO TAY

PHNG PHAPGIANG DAYVA ANH GIA


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LU HANH NOI BO

2006

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i mi phng php ging dy v nh gi l nhim v

thng xuyn i vi mi cn b ging dy. thc hin tt iu

ny, vic trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cp nht v cc

phng php ging dy v nh gi l rt cn thit.

p ng yu cu trn v c s ng ca Gim hiu,

Phng o to H & SH t chc xy dng ti liu S tay

phng php ging dy v nh gi trn c s bin son v bindch cc ti liu thch hp. y l ti liu tham kho tm tt, v vy

chng ti hn ch ti a vic gii thiu cc ni dung thuc v

phng php lun.

V l ti liu xut bn c tnh nh k nhm cp nht cc

phng php ging dy v nh gi tin tin, cho nn chng ti rt

mong nhn c s tham gia v mt chuyn mn ca tt c qu

Thy, C; cng nh nhng ph bnh, gp v hnh thc v ni dung

ca S tay ny.

PHNG O TO H & SH

TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

(Ch bin: TS. L Vn Ho)

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MC LC

A. PHNG PHP GING DY

1. CC PHNG PHP GING DYTCH CC....................................... 7

2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TRNG HP.......................................22

3. PHNG PHP DY HC DA TRN VN .....................................27

4. S DNG CNG TRNH NGHIN CU TRONG GING DY

I HC..........................................................................................................31

5. DY HC VI CC NHM NH................................................................34

6. DY LP NG SINH VIN: NHNG KINH NGHIM TT...............40

7. TM TT MT S PHNG PHP GING DY V HNGDN TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................45

B. PHNG PHP NH GI

8. KHI NIM, MC CH, V YU CU CA NH GI HC TP...51

9. CC HNH THC TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN................................57

10................................................................................. T

CU HI TRONG GING DY...................................................................66

11................................................................................. XY

DNG CU HI T LUN...........................................................................69

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I.

A. PHNG PHP GING DY

Gio dc khng nhm mc tiu nhi nht kin thc m l thp sng nim tin(Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire)

- W. B. Yeats -

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CC PHNG PHP GING DY TCH CC

1. TH NO L PHNGPHP GING DYTCHCC?

Nh chng ta bit, mi mt phng php ging dy d c in hayhin i u nhn mnh ln mt kha cnh no ca c ch dy-hchoc nhn mnh ln mt no thuc v vai tr ca ngi thy. Chngti cho rng, cho d cc phng php th hin hiu qu nh th no thn vn tn ti mt vi kha cnh m ngi hc v ngi dy cha khaithc ht. Chnh v th m khng c mt phng php ging dy noc cho l l tng. Mi mt phng php u c u im ca n dovy ngi thy nn xy dng cho mnh mt phng php ring ph hpvi mc tiu, bn cht ca vn cn trao i, ph hp vi thnh phnnhm lp hc, cc ngun lc, cng c dy-hc sn c v cui cng lph hp vi s thch ca mnh.

Theo chng ti, phng php ging dy c gi l tch cc nu hi tc cc yu t sau:

- Th hin r vai tr ca ngun thng tin v cc ngun lc sn c

- Th hin r c ng c hc tp ca ngi hc khi bt u mnhc

- Th hin r c bn cht v mc kin thc cn huy ng

- Th hin r c vai tr ca ngi hc, ngi dy, vai tr ca ccmi tng tc trong qu trnh hc

- Th hin c kt qu mong i ca ngi hc

2. MT VI PHNG PHPGING DY TCH CC

Mt s phng php ging dy c gii thiu trong phn ny gm:

- Dy hc da trn vn

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- Dy hc theo nhm

- Dy hc thng qua lm n mn hc

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1. Phng php dy hc da trn vn

Phng php ny c th c xem nh mt cch xy dng tng thmt cng ging dy hoc l mt trong nhng cch c ngi dy

p dng xy dng cng ging dy cho mt mn hc. Phngphp ny xut hin vo nm 1970 ti trng i hc Hamilton-Canada,sau c pht trin nhanh chng ti Trng i hc Maastricht-HLan.

Phng php ny ra i v c p dng rng ri da trn nhng lplun sau:

- S pht trin nh v bo ca KHCN trong nhng thp nin gny, tri ngc vi n l kh nng khng th dy ht cho ngihc mi iu.

- Kin thc ca ngi hc th ngy cng hao mn t nm ny quanm khc, cng thm l s chch lch gia kin thc thc t vkin thc thu c t nh trng.

- Vic ging dy cn qu nng v l thuyt, cn qu coi trng vai

tr ca ngi dy, cha st thc v cha p ng c yu cuca thc t.

- Tnh cht th ng trong hc tp ca ngi hc so vi vai trtruyn ti ca ngi dy cn cao khi m s lng ngi hc trongmt lp ngy cng tng.

- Hot ng nhn thc cn mc thp so vi yu cu ca thc t

(v d nh kh nng c v khai thc mt cun sch hoc mtcng trnh nghin cu).

- S ngho nn v phng thc nh gi ngi hc, vic nh gicn qu nng v kim tra kh nng hc thuc.

Chnh v nhng l do trn m phng php dy hc da trn vic giiquyt vn xut pht t tnh hung thc t ca cuc sng, thc t nghnghip c xy dng da trn nhng yu cu sau:

- Phi c mt tnh hung c th cho php ta t ra c mt vn .

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- Cc ngun lc (tr ging, ngi hng dn, ti liu, c s dliu.) u c gii thiu ti ngi hc v sn sng phc vngi hc.

- Cc hot ng phi c ngi hc trin khai nh t vn ,quan st, phn tch, nghin cu, nh gi, t duy,

- Kin thc cn c ngi hc tng hp trong mt th thng nht(ch khng mang tnh lit k), iu cng c ngha l vic giiquyt vn da trn cch nhn nhn a dng v chng t cmi quan h gia cc kin thc cn huy ng.

- Phi c khong cch thi gian gia giai on lm vic trong nhmv giai on lm vic c lp mang tnh c nhn.

- Cc hnh thc nh gi phi a dng cho php chng ta c th iuchnh v kim tra qu trnh sao cho khng chch mc tiu ra.

m bo mi hot ng c th bao ph c ton b cc yu cutrn, Trng i hc Rijkuniversiteit Limbourg ti Maastricht racc bc tin hnh nh sau:

Bc 1: Lm r cc thut ng v khi nim lin quan

Bc 2: Xc nh r vn t ra

Bc 3: Phn tch vn

Bc 4: Lp ra danh mc cc ch thch c th

Bc 5: a ra mc tiu nghin cu v mc tiu hc tp

Bc 6: Thu thp thng tinBc 7: nh gi thng tin thu c

Trong s cc bc trn, ngi hc thng gp kh khn trong vicphn tch vn v tng hp cc thng tin lin quan vn .

1.1 Cc c trng ca mt vn hay

Thc t ch ra l c rt nhiu kiu vn , ch c th la chn.

iu ny ph thuc vo tng hon cnh c th, tng cch xy dng vn

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v cc hot ng ra cho ngi hc. Tuy nhin, c trng b nica mt vn th khng bao gi ri xa nhu cu ca ngi hc (nhu cuv nhn thc, lnh hi kin thc,..) cng nh khng bao gi xa ri mc

tiu hc tp. Di y chng ti trnh by mt vi cch xy dng vn c gi tham kho.

- Xy dng vn da vo kin thc c lin quan n bi hc. Tonb bi ging c xy dng di dng vn s kch thch tnh tm v s hng th ca ngi hc. Tnh phc tp hay n gin cavn lun lun l yu t cn c xem xt.

- Xy dng vn da trn cc tiu ch thng xuyn bin i trong

cng vic, ngh nghip (Vn c thng xuyn gp phi? Vn c phi l ngun gc ca nhng thiu st trong sn xut? N ctc ng ln ti khch hng hay khng? Tu theo tng hon cnhth cc gii php t ra cho vn ny c a dng v khc bitkhng?)

Vn phi c xy dng xung quanh mt tnh hung (mt s vic,hin tng,) c thc trong cuc sng. Vn cn phi c xy dng

mt cch c th v c tnh cht vn. Hn na, vn t ra phi d chongi hc din t v trin khai cc hot ng lin quan. Mt vn hayl mt vn khng qu phc tp cng khng qu n gin. Cui cngl cch th hin vn v cch tin hnh gii quyt vn phi a dng.

Vn t ra cn phi c nhiu ti liu tham kho nhng trng tmnhm gip ngi hc c th t tm ti liu, t khai thc thng tin v ttrau di kin thc; cc phng tin thng tin i chng nh sch v,bng ct st, phn mm m phng, internet, cng cn phi a dngnhm phc v mc ch trn.

1.2 Vn v cch tip cn vn

Vn t ra cn phi c tc dng kch thch cc hot ng nhn thccng nh cc hot ng x hi ca ngi hc. Theo chng ti, cc hotng ny thng gn kt vi mt hot ng nghin cu thc th m

ngi hc cn phi:

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- t vn (Vn t ra l g?)

- Hiu c vn

- a ra cc gi thuyt (Cc cu tr li trc v i chng vi cc

cu hi c t ra trong tnh hung)

- Tin hnh cc hot ng thch hp nhm kim tra cc gi thuytca mnh (nghin cu, phn tch, nh gi ti liu lin quan, saucng l tng hp vic nghin cu)

- Tho lun v nh gi cc gii php khc nhau da theo tng tiuch m hon cnh a ra

- Thit lp mt bn tng quan v a ra kt lun

Cc bc t ra trn y s gip cho ngi hc nng cao kh nngtng hp kin thc. V d nh mt vn lin quan n sinh thi s cnhiu khi nim lin quan: cc khi nim vt l, ho hc, cc khi nimv kinh t, sc kho cng ng, chnh sch,..

1.3 Chu trnh v cch thc t chc dy hc da trn vn .

Trong chu trnh hc tp theo phng php ny, thi gian lm vic clp (c nhn) lun lun phin vi thi gian lm vic trong nhm (c sgip ca ging vin, tr ging, hoc ngi hng dn).

Theo chng ti, cng vic cn tho lun theo nhm thng xut hinvo hai thi im c bit c miu t trong chu trnh di y:

Tho luntrong nhm

Tho luntrong nhm

Lm vicc lpLm vic

c lp

2

1

34

2

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Nh vy chu trnh dy hc da theo vn gm 4 giai on:

Sau khi kt thc giai on 1 (Gii thiu ch , chun b cc hotng v ngun lc cn thit), hc vin bt u nhm hp theo cc nhm

nh - giai on 2 (c hoc khng s tr gip ca tr ging) nhm phntch ch , a ra cc cu hi v gi thit u tin, phn chia nhim vcho cc thnh vin nhm. Tip theo cc thnh vin lm vic c lptheo nhim v c phn chia (giai on 3). Kt thc giai on 3,tng c nhn s gii thiu thnh qu lm vic trong nhm. Cui cngmi c nhn t vit mt bn bo co (giai on 4). Km theo cc giaion ny thng c cc bui hi tho trong mt nhm ln, hoc cc hot

ng thc t hay tin hnh th nghim. C th kt thc qu trnh ti giaion ny hoc tip tc qu trnh nu mt vn mi c nu ra.

Vic tho lun trong nhm l bt buc i vi tt c cc c nhn, nkhng nhng gip hc vin pht trin c kh nng giao tip v cc knng x hi m cn pht trin c qu trnh nhn thc (c hiu, phntch, nh gi,)

1.4 Tc ng tch cc ca phng php dy hc da trn vn

- Hc vin c th thu c nhng kin thc tt nht, cp nht nht

- C th bao ph c trn mt din rng cc trng hp v cc bicnh thng gp

- Tnh ch ng, tinh thn t gic ca ngi hc c nng cao

- ng c hc tp v tinh thn trch nhim ca hc vin c nngcao

- Vic nghin cu v gii quyt vn ngy cng c bo m

Tuy nhin, p dng phng php ny vi c hi thnh cng caoi hi chng ta phi tin hnh mt lot nhng chuyn i sau:

- Chuyn i cc hot ng ca ngi hc t tnh th ng sangtnh tch cc, ch ng

- Chuyn i cc hot ng ca ngi dy (ngi dy c vai trkhi dy cc vn v hng dn ngi hc)

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- Chuyn i mi quan h gia vai tr ca ngi hc v ngi dy

- Chuyn i h thng nh gi ngi hc

- Coi trng thi gian t hc ca ngi hc nh thi gian hc trn

lp

2. Dy hc theo nhm

gip ngi hc tham gia vo i sng x hi mt cch tch cc,trnh tnh th ng, li th phng php dy hc trong nh trng cmt vai tr rt to ln. Dy hc theo nhm ang l mt trong nhngphng php tch cc nhm hng ti mc tiu trn. Vi phng php

ny, ngi hc c lm vic cng nhau theo cc nhm nh v mi mtthnh vin trong nhm u c c hi tham gia vo nhim v cphn cng sn. Hn na vi phng php ny ngi hc thc thi nhimv m khng cn s gim st trc tip, tc thi ca ging vin.

Mt nhim v mang tnh cng tc l nhim v m ngi hc khngth gii quyt mt mnh m cn thit phi c s cng tc thc s giacc thnh vin trong nhm tuy nhin vn phi m bo tnh c lp

gia cc thnh vin. Hn na, ngi dy cn phi c yu cu r rng vto iu kin thun li cho vic hp tc gia ngi hc. Chng ti sdng thut ng hp tcnhm nhn mnh n cng vic m ngi hctin hnh trong sut qu trnh thc thi nhim v. Trong qu trnh hptc, cng vic thng c phn cng ngay t u cho mi thnh vin.

Cn ch rng tm quan trng ca nhim v c phn cng v vaitr ca nhim v s quyt nh ng c hc tp ca ngi hc. Ngi

hc s c ng c thc hin nhim v ca mnh nu h bit r c vaitr ca cc ngun thng tin ban u, ca cc ngun lc sn c, bit c ngha ca vn , ca cc yu t u vo.

c c mt nhim v hp dn, c kh nng kch thch ng chc tp ca ngi hc, chng ti xin trnh by di y cc c trngca mt nhim v hay.

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2.1 Cc c trng ca mt nhim v hay

Nhim v hay c kh nng kch thch ng c hc tp ca ngi hcl nhim v c tm lc trong 4C sau:

- Choix (S la chn): S t do trong la chn nhim v ca ngihc s thc y ng c ni ti ca h, dn n gii phng hhon ton v thc y h tham gia vo nhim v mt cc su schn. Bn cht v thi im la chn cng rt a dng: la chnmt nhim v ring trong tng th cc nhim v, la chn ccbc tin hnh, cc ngun lc cn huy ng,Cui cng tuthuc vo mc tiu sau m ngi dy quyt nh nhn s cho

nhim v c la chn.

- Challenge (Thch thc): Thch thc chnh l mc kh khnca nhim v. Mt nhim v c tnh phc tp trung bnh s mangtnh thc y hn bi l nu n qu d th s dn n s nhmchn, ngc li nu qu kh th hc vin d nn lng. Thch thci vi ngi dy l ch xc nh c ng mc khkhn ca nhim v.

- Contrle (Kim sot): iu quan trng l ngi hc phi nh gic kt qu mong i, kh nng cn huy ng v cn pht trini vi chnh bn thn mnh. Vic kim sot l rt quan trng thit lp nn mi quan h gia tnh t ch ca ngi hc v ngc cho cc nhim v cn li. i vi ngi dy th iu quan trngl bit a ra cc ch dn, cc mc tiu cn t c, khun khhot ng cng nh l mc i hi i vi ngi hc.

- Coopration (Hp tc): Nhm pht trin k nng giao tip x hi.Vic cng tc s lm tng ng c hc tp ca ngi hc.

Cn ch rng phng php hc tp theo nhm c nh gi caohay thp tu theo vo ni dung m ta mun truyn t. Theo mt vi tcgi, phng php ny s hiu qu hn i vi vic gii quyt cc vn ,nhng nhim v khng qu d i hi s sng to, tng a dng.

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Mt nhim v cng gn vi kinh nghim c nhn hoc vi cng vicsau ny ca ngi hc s c nhiu c hi khch l ngi hc tham giahn. Nhim v nh vy cn phi c cc c trng sau:

- Pht huy tinh thn trch nhim ca ngi hc bng cch trao choh quyn c chn nhim v

- Phi thch ng trn bnh din c nhn, x hi v ngh nghip

- Th hin s thch thc i vi ngi hc

- Cho php ngi hc c th trao i thng tin qua li ln nhau

- c tin hnh trong mt khong thi gian va

- Nhim v phi r rng

2.2 Cc c trng ca nhm

S lng ngi hc trong mt nhm thng vo khong t 5 n 10(con s ny c th tng hoc gim tu theo nhim v ca nhm, c svt cht hin c, trnh ca ngi hc, thi gian dnh cho nhim v,..).Thc t th mc tiu ca hc tp cng tc l gip ngi hc tho lun,

trao i kin v cht vn nhau. Nu nh c qu t ngi trong mtnhm th chng ta khng chc l s thu thp c cc quan im adng v khc nhau. Ngc li, nu s lng ngi trong nhm qu lnth kh c th cho php tng thnh vin tham gia trnh by quan imca mnh, hoc kh c th qun l c ht cc kin khc nhau.

Mt nhm l tng l nhm cho php mi thnh vin tham giadin t kin ca mnh, bnh lun v cht vn kin ca ngi khc.

S khng ng nht gia cc thnh vin trong nhm cng l mt ch tiung c quan tm, n cho php sn sinh ra nhiu kin a dng hnmt nhm ng nht. S khng ng nht biu hin cc kha cnh sau:

- c trng ca tng c nhn (tui, gii tnh, o c x hi,)

- Kin thc, trnh hc vn, trnh ngh nghip

- Kh nng nhn thc

- Kin thc hiu bit v x hi

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Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, tu thuc vo ch ca nhm,vo hon cnh cng vic ca nhm, s khng ng nht gia cc thnhvin cng c th c nhng nhc im nh: qu nng i vi mt vi

thnh vin dn n chm tr trong cng vic, hoc kh thc thi.Trong bt k trng hp no, ngi dy lun phi t chc tt vic

cht vn kin v chnh vic ny s lm thay i v nhn thc ca ngihc. Ngi dy khng nn can thip qu su vo ni dung m ch gi vaitr ch dn thc s trong cc nhm v cc vn sau:

- T chc ly kin

- Hng dn tho lun

- Cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit

- Theo di kin, quan im ca mi mt thnh vin

- Duy tr hng i cho cc nhm theo ng nhim v c giao

2.3 Tc ng tch cc ca phng php dy hc theo nhm.

Phng php dy hc theo nhm c nhng tc ng tch cc v mt

nhn thc sau:

- Hc vin thc c kh nng ca mnh

- Nng cao nim tin ca hc vin vo vic hc tp

- Nng cao kh nng ng dng khi nim, nguyn l, thng tin v svic vo gii quyt cc tnh hung khc nhau

Ngoi nhng tc ng v mt nhn thc, mt s tc gi cn cho rng

phng php ny cn c tc ng c v quan im x hi nh:

- Ci thin mi quan h x hi gia cc c nhn

- D dng trong lm vic theo nhm

- Tn trng cc gi tr dn ch

- Chp nhn c s khc nhau v c nhn v vn ho

- C tc dng lm gim lo u v s tht bi

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- Tng cng s tn trng chnh bn thn mnh

3. Dy hc thng qua vic lm n mn hc

3.1 c trng ca n mn hc

n mn hc thng thng c xy dng t mt vn gngi vi cuc sng (nhu cu, s thiu ht, mu thun v nhn thcx hi, mong mun tm ra mt iu g mi m,) hoc t ngidy hoc cng c th l t ngi hc (c nhn xy dng hoc mttp th).

Vic xy dng mt n mn hc i hi ngi hc phi c kh

nng tng hp kin thc, c kh nng d on, sng to v t duyi mi.

Trong qu trnh xy dng n lun i hi phi c s trao i,tho lun gia ngi hc v ngi dy nhm gii thch v thngnht mc tiu.

Ngi hc lun thy c li ch v to c ng c hc tp bi

n lun gn lin vi mc tiu v cc phng tin i n mctiu .

Cho php ngi hc:

- Thu c nhiu kin thc, k nng

- Nng cao kh nng kim sot tnh hung thng qua vic tr li cccu hi lin quan ti vn , thng qua nhng pht hin trong qu

trnh tin hnh n- Hiu bit hn v chnh mnh, nhng hn ch ca bn thn, nh

gi c nhng nhu cu ca bn thn v cch thc m mnh tin hnh.

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3.2 Cc chc nng ca phng php dy hc thng qua lm nmn hc

Chc nng gio dc: ngi hc c ng c hc tp tt hn

thng qua vic tham gia vo mt hot ng c ngha.

Chc nng kinh t v sn xut: Vic thc thi mt cng trnhi hi phi tnh n nhng kha cnh v kinh t, thi gian, vt lcv nhn lc. Do vy i hi ngi hc phi cp ti vn nykhi lm n

Chc nng dy hc: thc hin n, vic nghin cu cc

phng tin v thng tin l ht sc cn thit do d i hi ngihc phi bit x l v t chc chng.

Chc nng x hi: Nu vic thc hin n cn c s gip ca cc bn lin quan th phng php ny cho php ngi hcc c hi hc hi t cc c nhn, t chc khc thng qua trao ikinh nghim v tham kho kin.

Thng qua phng php ny, ngi hc c pht trin cc kh nng

nh: tnh t ch, tnh sng to, kh nng phn tch mt vn v khnng quan h x hi. Ngi hc c lm ch hnh ng ca mnh tutheo mc tiu cn t.

3.3 Cc bc hng dn tin hnh mt n

Vic hng dn tin hnh mt n (c th l n nhm c th hohn mt tng c nhn, mt n thit k hoc cng c th l cc

bc tin hnh xy dng mt vt dng k thut p ng mt s tnh chtno ) bao gm mt s cng on sau: CHUN B, THC HIN,TNG HP, NH GI. Vic hng dn cc cng on ny cngi dy thc hin thng qua vic tr li cc cu hi lin quan diy:

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CNG ON CHUN B

1. Xc nh nCu hi Tr

li

Lm th no gii thiu ni dung n vi ngi hcsao cho kch thch tnh t m ca h?

Lm th no hng ngi hc t a ra mc ch camnh?

Lm th no gip ngi hc huy ng c cc kinthc vn c ca mnh?

Lm th no gip ngi hc t ra c nhiu cu hilin quan n ch ?

2. Lp k hoch

Lm th no c th tp hp c ngi tham gia vo cngtc lp k hoch?

Lm th no gip ngi hc m ng c vai tr vtrch nhim ca mnh

u l ngun lc hu hiu nht i vi ngi hc?

CNG ON THC HIN

3. Thu thp v x l thng tin thu c

Hng dn ngi hc tm kim thng tin nh th no?

Lm th no gip ngi hc phn tch, so snh v hiuc thng tin thu c?

Hng dn ngi hc la chn thng tin nh th no?

Lm th no gip ngi hc thit lp c mi lin h

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gia cc thng tin tm c?

Gip ngi hc t chc sp xp cc thng tin nh th no?

Nhng kin thc v chin lc g l hu ch cho ngihc?

4. Xy dng sn phm hoc bn bo co

Lm th no hng dn ngi hc xc nh cc yu tch yu bo co?

Nhng nhn xt ca ngi dy v vt cht h tr ngi

hc hon thin sn phm?5. Gii thiu sn phm

Hng dn ngi hc tip thu kin phn hi nh thno?

Nu c s chnh sa hon thin th tin hnh u, nhth no?

CNG ON TNG HP6. S khch quan ho

Hng dn ngi hc xem xt li cc bc tin hnh nhth no?

Hng dn ngi hc xem xt li kt qu hoc sn phmnh th no?

Lm th no hng dn ngi hc xc nh c nhngbi cnh mi p dng nhng kin thc, k nng, nng lcc c?

Lm th no hng dn ngi hc hnh thnh nhng tng, mc tiu mi?

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CNG ON NH GI

7. Mi lin h vi ni dung o to

Vic xy dng n gip ngi hc pht trin k nng,nng lc v thu c kin thc g?

8. K hoch ho i tng nh gi

Nhng kin thc v phng php no s c nh gi?

Mng kin thc no v kh nng hp tc s c nh gi

vv

9. Xc nh loi hnh nh gi

Liu ngi hc c th t nh gi? Nu c th lm thno gip ngi hc t nh gi v vic hc tp ca mnh?

Liu c th p dng loi hnh nh gi theo cp? Nu cth u l nhng im cn nh gi?

Liu c th p dng loi hnh nh gi theo nhm? Nuc th lm th no gip ngi hc tham gia vo hotng nh gi?

(Do ThS. L Xun Thng bin dch t bn gc ting Php ti:http://www.ipm.ucl.ac.be/Marcell/TECHPED/MethTech.html)

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PHNG PHP NGHIN CU TRNG HP

Phng php nghin cu trng hp (Case study method) bt u

c khi xng t nhng nm 40 ca th k 20 bi James B. Conant i hc Havard, Hoa K (Conant, 1949). Tuy nhin, s khi xng ny khng nhn c s ng h rng ri ca cc nh gio dc thi y dobi Conant khng s dng cc case nh vn cho SV tho lun mch a vo bi ging ca mnh.

n nhng nm 80, cc trng Lut v Thng mi ca H Havardbt u s dng rng ri cc case, l cc v d in hnh trong thc t, lm ni dung chnh cho SV tho lun trong cc mn hc

(Christensen, 1986). T s thnh cng cc trng ny, PPGD ny dn c m rng sang cc ngnh o to khc. n nay, n trthnh mt trong cc PPGD ch o bc H. Nhiu trng H thnhlp ring cc trung tm nghin cu v pht trin PPGD ny, tiu biunh H Buffalo - Hoa K.

I. CC PHNG PHP XY DNG CASE

1. T cc ngun t liu sn c

Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca nhn loi trn mi mt, c thni ngun t liu xy dng case l gn nh v hn: sch, bo,tp ch, phim, nh, internet,... Vn l ngi dy bit cch chn lcthng tin sao cho ph hp vi mc ch dy hc v thi gian chophp. Mt s v d v s dng cc ngun t liu khc nhau:

- Mt hoc mt chui cc bi vit trn bo v mt vn no

- Mt on phim t liu

- Mt th hoc bng s liu

- H s bnh n ca mt bnh nhn- H thng s sch k ton ca mt cng ty

2. T xy dng

Ngi dy c th t xy dng cc case cho st vi yu cu vmc ch ca mn hc. Ni dung nhng case ny thng da trnnhng tnh hung, d kin v ang din ra trong thc tin nhngc sp xp, h cu li vn nu ra c xc tch, giu thngtin, v p ng tt hn mc ch m ngi dy hng n.

Mt s v d v cc case t xy dng:

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- Hot ng qung b ca mt cng ty v mt sn phm

- Biu hin ca mt h thng thit b sau mt ngy hot ng lintc

- Bn tung thut mt tin trnh th nghimII. CU TRC CA MT CASE

Mt case thng c ba phn chnh:

- Phn ni dung: cha ng vn cn c phn tch, tm hiu,nh gi

- Phn h thng cu hi: gip nh hng ngi hc tm hiu vnh gi vn , vn dng kt qu tm hiu vn vo nhng tnhhung tng t,...

- Phn hng dn ti liu: ch ra cc ngun ti liu tham kho gipngi hc tm hiu cc kha cnh khc nhau ca case

V d: Mt case trong lnh vc sinh l ng vt:

Phn ni dung: Gii thiu mt bi vit m t mt th nghim v smt tr nh chut

Phn h thng cu hi:

-

Th nghim c t ra nghin cu vn g?- Phng php thc nghim g c p dng?

- Kt qu ca th nghim l g?

- Bn nh gi nh th no v tin cy ca th nghim?

Phn hng dn ti liu: (gii thiu ngun ti liu tham kho vhot ng thn kinh ca chut, bn cht ca tr nh)

III. T CHC GING DY VI CASE

Theo Herreid (1994), c th tin hnh ging dy case theo ccphng php sau:

1. Phng php tho lun (Discussion format)

GV gii thiu case cho lp hc, sau nu ra h thng cu hi hng dn lp tho lun. Trong qu trnh tho lun, GV c th ara cc gi gip ni dung tho lun lun si ni v i nghng. Ty theo ni dung vn m GV nn hoc khng nn tngkt tho lun v gii p cc cu hi.

2. Phng php tranh lun (Debate format)

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Thng c dng trong trng hp case cp n hai quanim hoc gii php tri ngc nhau cho cng mt vn , v dcase cp n vic ung c ph l tt hoc c hi i vi sckhe con ngi. tin hnh tho lun, GV chia lp thnh hai nhm,

mi nhm chun b kin v mt quan im hoc gii php sau ln lt mi nhm trnh by, nhm kia a ra kin phn bc.

3. Phng php cng lun (Public hearing format)

Mt nhm SV c chn ng vai ch ta on, nhng SV cnli c th nu ln quan im ca mnh v vn m case t ra.Ch ta on c th t ra cc qui nh cho bui tho lun, iu hnhtin trnh tho lun, v cho kin nhn xt v cc ni dung trao i.GV ch ng vai tr h tr vo nhng lc cn thit v c th cho

kin nh gi chung.4. Phng php tranh tng (Trial format)

y l phng php s dng hnh thc gii quyt vn ta nh cc phin ta: mt s SV (hoc cng vi GV) ng vai tr ch taon, mt nhm SV ng vai tr bn nguyn n, mt nhm khcng vai tr bn b n. Ngoi ra cn c mt s SV ng vai luts bin h v nhn chng.

5.Phng php nghin cu nhm (Scientific research team format)Phng php ny khng ch trng vic tho lun nh cc phng

php trn m ch yu gip SV cng cng tc tm hiu, gii quytmt vn khoa hc, k thut no . GV a ra mt case vi ccyu cu c th v cc cu hi dn dt, trn c s nhm SV tm titi liu, nghin cu, trao i,... i tm li gii.

IV. HNG DN NGI HC

Hu ht SV s cm thy b ng khi ln u tham gia hc tp vi

phng php ny, c bit khi h c yu cu phn tch, nh gi, ara quan im/gii php ring ca mnh v nhng vn m case tra. V vy s rt hu ch nu GV c nhng hng dn ban u v mtphng php. Nhng hng dn sau y c th c cung cp cho SVtrc khi tham gia nhm gip h tng bc i su vo case v lmvic nhm c hiu qu:

Trnh t nghin cu v gii quyt vn :

1. Nhn din cc vn c t ra; u l vn chnh, u l vn

ph.

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2. Nhn din cc d kin c lin quan n cc vn ; u l d kinchnh, u l d kin ph.

3. Xc nh nhng loi d kin cn c b sung gip gii quytvn .

4. Xy dng nhng gi thuyt v vn

5. Xc nh nhng yu t, nguyn nhn lm vn ny sinh.

6. Xy dng cc gii php gii quyt vn .

7. Chn la gii php ti u.

8. Xy dng tin trnh gii quyt vn .

Nhng lu i vi c nhn khi lm vic nhm:

1. Hy cng to ra khng kh thn thin v hp tc v y l yu tquyt nh cho s thnh cng ca nhm.

2. Tn trng v c gng hiu r nhng kin do bn xut v linh vi suy ngh ca mnh. Ghi nhn nhng im hay v cha hay.

3. Mnh dn a ra gii php cho vn trn c s suy ngh ca bnthn v tng hay ca bn.

4. Mnh dn ph phn trn tinh thn xy dng v cu tin.

5. Khng nn chuyn sang tho lun mt vn khc khi m vn ang bn cha c gii quyt mt cch c bn.

V. LI CH V KH KHN

1. Li ch

Phng php nghin cu trng hp c s dng rng ri ihc bi n c th gip SV pht trin:

- Kin thc v t duy: do c c hi c trc tip tm hiu, suy

lun, nh gi v vn c t ra t cc case.- K nng: bao gm k nng c v phn tch tnh hung (thng qua

tm hiu vn , ti liu), k nng lp trnh by, lp lun (thngqua vic trnh by v bo v tng), k nng hp tc (thng qualm vic nhm), k nng ra quyt nh (thng qua vic xy dngcc kt lun, gii php).

- Thi : yu thch mn hc hn (do nhn thc c ngha thctin ca bi hc), trn trng kin ngi khc (thng qua tho

lun, tranh lun), nng cao thc cng ng (thng qua lm vic

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nhm), bit ph phn (thng qua vic nhn xt cc tng cangi khc).

2. Kh khn

- Phng php nghin cu trng hp kh c th gip GV chuynti y nhng kin thc c bn, thit yu v bi hc. V vy ncn c phi hp vi cc phng php khc, v d phng phpthuyt ging.

- Vi cc lp ng, s rt kh mi SV u c c hi pht biuhoc tham gia y cc hot ng hc tp; ng thi GV s gpkh khn trong vic t chc lp hc theo phng php ny.

- Ging dy theo phng php ny i hi c nhiu thi gian, trong

khi thi lng dnh cho cc mn hc nhn chung li c xu hnggim bt. iu ny i hi SV phi dnh thm thi gian t hc chun b trc nhng yu cu do GV t ra.

- xy dng c nhng case c hiu qu cao, GV cn u tnhiu thi gian tip cn cc ngun thng tin khc nhau t thctin cuc sng v lnh vc ngh nghip c lin quan; hoc cnc tp hun t sng to nhng case ph hp vi mn hc.

TI LIU THAM KHOConant, James B. (1949). The growth of the experimental sciences:

An experiment in general education. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity Press.

Christensen, C. Roland & Abby J. Hansen (1986). Teaching and thecase method. Boston: Havard Business School PublishingDivision.

Herreid, C. Freeman (1994). Case studies in science: A novel methodof science education (retrieved from:http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.html)

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PHNG PHP DY HC DA TRN VN

Trong xu th i mi phng php ging dy i hc theo hng

ly ngi hc lm trung tm, phng php dy hc da trn vn (DHDTVProblem-Based Learning) ang c cc nn gio dc ihc nhiu nc quan tm nghin cu v ng dng. Mc d ra i tnhng nm 60 ca th k trc, cho n nay phng php ny vn thuht c s quan tm ca nhng nh nghin cu gio dc. Chng hnmt hi tho quc t ring v phng php DHDTV c t chc tngy 16-20/6/2002 ti Baltimore, Bang Maryland ca Hoa K. Bi vitny nhm mc ch gii thiu nhng c trng chnh ca phng phpging dy ny, ng thi trao i mt s kin v vic ng dng caphng php trong iu kin ca cc trng i hc Vit nam.

I. C IM CA PHNG PHP DHDTV

1- Vn l bi cnh trung tm ca hot ng dy v hc

C th ni rng phng php DHDTV o ln th t ca hot ngdy hc nu so vi cc phng php truyn thng thng tin cgio vin (GV) trnh by t thp n cao theo mt trnh t nht nh, vhc vin (HV) s ch c tip cn vi mt vn cn c l gii (nu

c) mt khi h c trang b y nhng kin thc cn thit. Trongphng php DHDTV, HV c tip cn vi vn ngay giai onu ca mt n v bi ging. Vn c th l mt hin tng ca tnhin hoc l mt s kin/tnh hung , ang hoc c th s din ratrong thc t v cha ng nhng iu cn c l gii.

2- HV t tm ti xc nh nhng ngun thng tin gip gii quyt vn.

Trn c s vn c nu ra, chnh HV phi ch ng tm kim

thng tin thch hp gii quyt vn . Thng tin c th nhiu dngv t nhiu ngun khc nhau (sch, bo, phim, nh, t internet). Nicch khc, chnh ngi hc phi t trang b cho mnh phn l thuytnhm c kin thc tip cn v gii quyt vn .

3- Tho lun nhm l hot ng ct li.

Mc d phng php c th c p dng cho ring tng HV, tronga s cc ng dng ngi ta thng kt hp vi hot ng nhm. Thngqua tho lun nhm nh, HV chia s ngun thng tin v cng nhau

hnh thnh cc gi thuyt gip gii quyt vn , kim tra gi thuyt v

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i n kt lun. Nh hot ng nhm, HV c rn luyn thm cc knng cn thit khc ngoi mc ch lnh hi kin thc.

4- Vai tr ca GV mang tnh h tr.

GV ng vai tr nh hng (ch ra nhng iu cn c l gii cavn ), tr gip (ch ra ngun thng tin, gii p thc mc,), nh gi(kim tra cc gi thuyt v kt lun ca HV), h thng ha kin thc,khi qut ha cc kt lun.

II. TIN TRNH DY HC THEO PHNG PHPDHDTV

Trnh t t chc ging dy theo phng php DHDTV c th ckhi qut qua cc bc sau:

1- GV xy dng vn , cc cu hi chnh cn nghin cu, cc ngun tiliu tham kho

2- T chc lp hc nghin cu vn : chia nhm, giao vn , thngnht cc qui nh v thi gian, phn cng, trnh by, nh gi,...

3- Cc nhm t chc nghin cu, tho lun nhm tr li cc cu hi cavn

4- T chc bo co v nh gi: cc nhm trnh by kt qu nghin cu,

GV t chc nh giVic c th ha cc bc ni trn ph thuc rt ln vo nng lc, tnhtch cc ca HV (v i khi ca c GV) v cc iu kin hc tp, gingdy hin hu (ti liu, trang thit b, ni tho lun, tr ging,...).

III. U NHC IM CA PHNG PHP DHDTV

u im:

1- Pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng trong hc tp.

V phng php DHDTV da trn c s tm l kch thch hotng nhn thc bi s t m v ham hiu bit cho nn thi hc tpca HV mang nhiu yu t tch cc. Nng lc t duy ca HV mt khic khi dy s gip h cm thy thch th v tr nn t gic hn trncon ng tm kim tri thc.

2- HV c rn luyn cc k nng cn thit.

Thng qua hot ng tm kim thng tin v l gii vn ca c nhnv tp th, HV c rn luyn thi quen/k nng c ti liu, phng

php t duy khoa hc, tranh lun khoa hc, lm vic tp th y lnhng k nng rt quan trng cho HV i vi cng vic sau ny ca h.

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3- HV c sm tip cn nhng vn thc tin.

Gio dc i hc thng b ph phn l xa ri thc tin. Phng phpny c th gip HV tip cn sm vi nhng vn ang din ra trongthc t c lin quan cht ch vi chuyn ngnh ang hc; ng thi hcng c trang b nhng kin thc, k nng gii quyt nhng vn .

4- Bi hc c tip thu va rng va su, c lu gi lu trong trnh HV.

Do c ch ng tm kim kin thc v vn dng kin thc giiquyt vn , HV c th nm bt bi hc mt cch su sc v v vy hnh bi rt lu so vi trng hp tip nhn thng tin mt cch th ngthng qua nghe ging thun ty.

5- i hi GV khng ngng vn ln

Vic iu chnh vai tr ca GV t v tr trung tm sang h tr chohot ng hc tp i hi nhiu n lc t pha GV. ng thi theophng php ny, GV cn tm ti, xy dng nhng vn va l thva ph hp vi mn hc v thi gian cho php; bit cch x l kho lonhng tnh hung din ra trong tho lun C th ni rng phngphp DHDTV to mi trng gip GV khng ngng t nng cao trnh

v cc k nng s phm tch cc. Nhc im:

1- Kh vn dng nhng mn hc c tnh tru tng cao

Phng php ny khng cho kt qu nh nhau i vi tt c cc mnhc, mc d n c th c p dng mt cch rng ri. Thc t cho thynhng mn hc gn b cng nhiu vi thc tin th cng d xy dngvn , v v vy kh nng ng dng ca phng php cng cao.

2- Kh vn dng cho lp ng

Lp cng ng th cng c nhiu nhm nh v vy vic t chc, qunl s cng phc tp. Mt GV rt kh theo di v hng dn tho luncho c chc nhm HV. Trong trng hp ny, vai tr tr ging s rt cnthit.

IV. NG DNG CHO LP NGMT S GI

Sau y l mt s gi vn tt dnh cho GV mun ng dng phngphp DHDTV cho nhng lp c ng HV:

1- Tm vn : t cc phng tin thng tin i chng, thc t sn xutv i sng, nhng hin tng t nhin/x hi v ang din ra

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hng ngy GV cng c th sng to ra nhng vn min saochng cha ng nhng yu t gn gi vi thc t, ph hp vi mnhc, v c kh nng thu ht s quan tm ca HV.

2- D kin thi gian hp l: bao nhiu vn cho mn hc, t trng thigian

3- Chun b tt t tng cho HV: lp hc khng phi l ni thu lmkin thc mt cch th ng v ngi hc cn c chun b nhngk nng cn thit cho tng lai ngh nghip v sau.

4- Chun b tt khu ti liu tham kho: nn chun b trc mt s tiliu tham kho c bn, hng dn HV cc ngun ti liu c th c(th vin, sch bo, internet,)

5- Chun b tt khu t chc: bao nhiu nhm, mi nhm bao nhiuHV? a im tho lun? Cn bao nhiu GV h tr?

6- Nhng bin php b tr: lm th no hn ch HV vng mt? Lmth no HV tch cc tham gia? (cho im thng, treo giithng?)

TI LIU THAM KHO

1- Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education. London:Routledge.

2- James, R. & Baldwin, G. (1997). Tutoring and demonstrating. TheUniversity of Melbourne.

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S DNG CNG TRNH NGHIN CU TRONG

GING DY I HC

Ging dy i hc ngy nay, cc nc trn th gii cng nh ncta, ang tip tc xu hng gim nh vic nht kin thc v ng thipht huy cc phng php khc nhau trong qu trnh dy v hc. Xuhng ny nhm gip ngi hc khng nhng lnh hi c nhng kinthc c bn m cn c trang b nhng phng php lm vic khoahc gip h c th t lm giu thm vn hiu bit ca mnh v tngcng kh nng thch nghi vi cng vic thc t sau khi ra trng. Mtkhc, ni dung o to cc trng H ngy nay c xu hng ngy

cng gn b vi thc t x hi, vi thc t nghin cu v sn xut trongnc cng nh trn th gii. Mt trong nhng bin php p ngnhng yu cu trn l cho ngi hc, ngay t nhng nm u H, ctip cn v lm vic vi nhng cng trnh nghin cu (CTNC) di shng dn ca thy gio. Vn t ra l nn s dng cc CTNC no vhng dn ngi hc lm vic vi chng ra sao. Trong bi vit ny,CTNC c hiu bao gm cc lun n, ti khoa hc, cc bi vit, boco khoa hc c ng trn sch, tp ch; cc thng bo, bn tin vthnh tu KHKT mi, cc bi vit v cuc i v s nghip ca cc nhkhoa hc li lc cng nh cc pht minh khoa hc ca h.

Cc CTNC c th c a vo qu trnh dy v hc di nhiu hnhthc khc nhau, ph thuc vo mc ch v iu kin ca mn hc. Ttnhin, ni dung ca cc CTNC cn c la chn sao cho ph hp vitrnh tip thu ca ngi hc, ph hp vi nhng vn c mnhc t ra. C th lit k cc phng php s dng CTNC theo th ttng dn v mc tham gia ca ngi hc vo loi hnh dy hc nynh sau:

- a thng tin mi vo bi ging

- Dng CTNC lm ti liu tham kho cho ngi hc

- Dng CTNC lm vn cho qu trnh dy hc

- T chc cho ngi hc bo co chuyn da trn CTNC

- T chc lp hc tho lun v CTNC

- T chc cho lp hc thc nghim li CTNC

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1. a thng tin mi vo bi ging

y l cch lm ph bin nht hin nay. N cho php ngi hc ctip cn cc kt qu nghin cu, thc nghim mi nht v nhng iu hang hc; v v vy lm cho h cm thy t tin hn vi vn kin thcc trang b nh trng. Tuy l mt phng php n gin nhng ncng buc ngi dy phi tn khng t cng sc v phi thng xuyntheo di cc thnh tu mi trong nghin cu, sn xut thuc lnh vcchuyn mn ca mnh v cht lc chng a vo bi ging ca mnhc.

2. Dng CTNC lm ti liu tham kho cho ngi hc

y l cch lm c nhiu tc dng. Ngi hc khng nhng c iukin tip cn vi nhng thnh tu KHKT mi m cn rn luyn thiquen c cc ti liu khoa hc, hc hi cc phng php tin hnh mtnghin cu khoa hc. Nu l ti liu c vit bng ting nc ngoi thngi hc li c thm iu kin n luyn v nng cao kh nng ngoing ca mnh.

3. Dng CTNC lm vn cho qu trnh dy hc

Cch lm ny cho php ngi dy khng phi t chc qu trnh dyhc theo mt trnh t c tnh truyn thng l i t ci bit n ci

cha bit. y, CTNC c s dng nh mt vn , v ngi hcc tip cn vi n ngay t lc nhng kin thc c lin quan chac trang b mt cch y . S tip cn t ngt ny lm pht sinhnhng mu thun gia vn kin thc ang c v nhu cu c hiu bit;v v vy lm tng h s t m, lng ham mun c hiu bit vn .Chnh nhng yu t ny s lm qu trnh dy v hc tr nn tch cc, sini v c nh hng r rt hn.

4. T chc cho ngi hc bo co chuyn da trn CTNC

Tuy mt nhiu thi gian hn so vi nhng phng php trn nhngy l mt phng php rt ph hp vi mi trng H. Ngi hckhng nhng c tip cn vi thng tin mi m cn c rn luyn knng c hiu, tm tt, v trnh by cc vn khoa hc. Qua nghincu cc cng trnh chun b cho bo co trc lp, ngi hc cn cc hi hiu bit su sc vn c nu ra cng nh hc hi ccphng php t vn , gii quyt vn trong khoa hc.

5. T chc lp hc tho lun v CTNC

Cch lm ny cho php nhiu ngi hc c th tham gia tranh lun vnhng vn c t ra t CTNC. Qu trnh tho lun s gip ngi

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hc nm bt vn chc hn, gip h lm quen vi khng kh vphng php tranh lun trong khoa hc. Ty theo s s ca lp hc mngi dy phn chia s nhm tho lun, tuy nhin mi nhm khng nnqu 10 hc vin. Ni dung ca tho lun cng nh yu cu ca sn

phm tho lun cn c ngi dy chun b trc v thng nht vicc nhm.

6. T chc cho lp hc thc nghim li CTNC

y l cch lm i hi nhiu thi gian v iu kin vt cht nht vn ph hp nht vi cc mn khoa hc t nhin, k thut. Trong phngphp ny, ngi hc c to iu kin thc hin li cc bc ikhoa hc m nh nghin cu tin hnh, chng hn nh: lm li mtth nghim, tnh ton li mt bn thit k,... Vi cch lm ny, ngi hc

s cm thy rt hng th bi h c tham gia gn nh trc tip votrong qu trnh nghin cu vn v v vy qu trnh tip thu kin thccng din ra rt tch cc. C th ni rng y l mt trong nhng cchlm hiu qu nht ca vic a cc CTNC vo qu trnh dy hc, bi vngoi nhng u im ni trn n cn gip ngi hc rn luyn phngphp v k nng thc nghim khoa hc theo hng tip cn vi vn thc t.

c th t c hiu qu tt nht i vi nhng phng php

ngi hc c tip cn trc tip vi cc CTNC th s chun b cangi dy l rt quan trng. T khu la chn ti liu sao cho ph hpvi trnh ngi hc, vi mn hc n cch t chc sao cho va mbo yu cu v thi gian, va ph hp vi iu kin vt cht sn c.Ngoi ra, cng cn chun b trc cho ngi hc v phng php tipcn cc CTNC, cc yu cu i vi mi hnh thc hc tp c lachn. Nhng yu cu sau y c th c xem nh nhng gi chongi hc khi h bt u lm vic vi mt CTNC c th:

-Xc nh nhng vn t ra ca nghin cu

- La chn, nh gi, v p dng nhng kin thc dng giiquyt vn nghin cu

- Xc nh nhng gi thuyt cho vn nghin cu

- Nhn bit v nh gi nhng u, nhc im phng php tinhnh nghin cu

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DY HC VI CC NHM NH(Hng dn thc hnh)

Dy hc vi cc nhm nh l mt trong cc hnh thc t

chc dy hc ngy cng c s dng rng ri bt k mn hcno bi cc c im u vit ca n. Ti liu ny khng i su giithiu v mt l thuyt m ch gp phn gi m i vi nhng vn m ngi dy c th gp phi trong qu trnh s dng hnh thcdy hc ny. Vi mc ch nh vy, ct bn phi ca ti liu sc hc vin ca cc lp tp hun v phng php ging dy sdng ghi ch nhng iu c pht hin trong qu trnh hctp, nghin cu.

PHN GI M PHN GHI CH

I. MC TIU CA T CHCHC TP THEO NHM NH

1- Mc tiu nhn thc: gip ngi hcnm vng kin thc hn (v c tkhm ph v trao i vi nhiu ngi)

2- Mc tiu k nng: gip ngi hc rnluyn cc k nng t duy (phn tch,suy lun, tng hp, nh gi, giiquyt vn ,) v k nng x hi(giao tip, trnh by, tranh lun, lngnghe, hp tc, lnh o)

3- Mc tiu thi : gip ngi hc yu

thch mn hc hn, gn b vi bn bhn, c thc vi tp th hn, bitdn ch hn

II. T CHC HC TP THEONHM NH

1- Cng tc chun b:

Chun b phng php: s dng

phng php lm vic no cho cc

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nhm? (semina, gii quyt tnh hung,gii quyt vn , sm vai)

Chun b ni dung tho lun: s tho

lun v ch g? c bo m tnhhp dn hoc thi s khng?

Chun b qu thi gian: s tho lunnhm trong bao lu l va? Cn trhao bao nhiu cho vic n nh, dili?

Chun b ti liu, phng tin: cn c

nhng ti liu thamkho ti thiu ggip ngi hc c thng tin tham gia tho lun? c cn ccphng tin trnh by(overhead/projector) g khng? ccn giy kh ln cc nhm trnhby?

Chun b a im: phng hc ln

cho tt c cc nhm? hay c sphng nh? hay c th c nhng v trthun li cc nhm c th tho lun(hnh lang, gc cy, bn n)?

Chun b ngi h tr: c cn thmgio vin hay tr ging cng theodi cc nhm?

Chun b ni quy: cc nhm s ct chc nh th no (nhm trng,th k)? qui dnh v im danh,pht biu, ghi chp ra sao?

2- Cng tc t chc, qun l:

T chc chia nhm: nn chia lp ralm bao nhiu nhm? mi nhm bao

nhiu ngi? chia ra lm sao (theo latui, gii tnh, s thn quen, trnh

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)?

Lm th no to ra khng kh thnthin, tho mi trong nhm?

T chc theo di: lm th no theodi hot ng ca cc nhm (ghi binbn, ghi hnh, ghi ting,)?

3- Cng tc nh gi:

nh gi c nhn: tiu chun nh gii vi c nhn nh th no? lm sao

trnh c li nh gi bnh qun (ttc mi ngi trong nhm c imging nhau)?

nh gi tp th nhm: tiu ch nhgi nhm l g (t l tham gia, t lpht biu, cht lng tho lun, chtlng trnh by. )?

III. NHNG KH KHN CNVT QUA

1- Thiu a im tho lun? nn tndng ni ang c v yu cu cc nhmni va nghe, tn dng cc khongtrng yn tnh c th c xung quanh.

2- Thiu ngi h tr theo di cc

nhm?

chu kh i li thngxuyn gia cc nhm; nh Ban cn slp gip theo di; yu cu cc nhmghi bin bn chi tit.

3- Ngi hc t chu pht biu? xemli cc vn sau:

Ngi hc thiu chun b bi?

Khng kh tho lun c thn thin?

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Sp xp ch ngi khng hp l?

Mi ngi trong nhm c giithiu bit nhau?

C mt vi ngi pht biu qunhiu?

Chnh lch tui tc nhiu?

Chnh lch trnh nhiu?

Chnh lch v t l gii nhiu?

Thiu c ch khuyn khch, kchthch?

Thiu ti liu tham kho?

Bin php theo di khng ph hp?(ghi hnh, ghi ting,)

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PH LC: MT S M HNH THO LUN NHM NH

M HNH 1: PHT BIU LN LT

u im:

- Mi thnh vin u c c hi pht biu,tham gia

- Mi ngi d bit v nhau hn

Nhc im:

- Khng kh tranh lun b hn ch

- To tm l t tho mi vi mt s ngi ngh: Ch nn dng lc u, khi mi ngi cnt gii

thiu v mnh; hoc khi cn c kin ring cami ngi;

khi khng kh tho lun qu trm lng.

M HNH 2: HIP TAY I

u im:- Hon thin suy ngh c nhn trc khi pht biu

- To ra khng kh tho lun d chu

Nhc im: Mt s ngi c th khng c c hi pht biu

ngh: Nn dng trong giai on u ca tho lun

Hip theo tng i, sau i dintng i pht biu

Moi ngi cphat bieu trong

mot khoangthi gian nhat

nh

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M HNH 3: HON THIN TNG BC

u im:

- Hon thin tng bc suy ngh c nhn- To ra khng kh tho lun d chu

Nhc im:

- Nhiu ngi c th khng c c hi pht biu trc c nhm

- Mt nhiu thi gian

ngh: Nn dng trong trng hp cn hon thin mt kt lun/quanim chung ca nhm

M HNH 4: CHIA S GIA CC NHM

u im: Gip chia s thng tin gia cc nhm, c nhn c thm c hibit nhiu ngi, c pht biu nhiu hn

Nhc im: Ch dng tt vi cc nhm nh

ngh: Nn dng khi cn chia s, trao i kt qu tho lun gia ccnhm

C nhn chun b hip tay i Hai cp r sot C nhm hon thin

A

B C

D

A

B C

D

A

B C

D

A

B C

D

C

C C

C

A

A A

A

D

D D

D

B

B B

B

Tai cau truc e co cac nhom mi: nhng ngico cung ky hieu

thanh lap nhom rieng

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DY LP NG SINH VIN: NHNG KINH NGHIM TT

Do nhu cu c o to bc i hc (H) khng ngng tng

nhanh, cng vi s hn ch v kinh ph u t, hu ht cc trng Htrn th gii u chn gii php lp ng i vi cc mn hc c bn, cs. Cc lp hc vi s s 200 250 sinh vin (SV) tr thnh nhnghnh nh bnh thng nhiu trng H trn th gii. c th c nhngni, s s ca mt vi lp hc ln n trn 1000 (AUTC Project, 2001).Tuy nhin, i vi nhiu ni, mt lp hc vi s s khong t 80 c thxem l lp ng.

Lp ng c coi l mt mi trng dy hc c nhiu tr ngi

trong vic to ra cc gi hc hng th cho a s SV; trong vic to rakhng kh tho lun gia GV-SV, gia SV-SV; cng nh vic t chccc hnh thc hc tp tch cc nhm gip SV pht trin cc k nng nhnthc (nh k nng suy lun, gii quyt vn ) v cc k nng x hi(nh k nng giao tip, lm vic nhm). Tuy nhin, iu khng cngha cc hot ng trn khng th lm c cc lp ng. Vn l ch ngi dy cn bit mnh phi lm g v lm nh th no vicging dy lp ng vn c th mang li hiu qu nh mong mun.Theo mt nghin cu ca University of California-Santa Barbara (Hoa

k), 80% SV c phng vn cho bit yu t gio vin c tc ngnhiu n cht lng ca lp hc hn l y t s s SV.

Kt qu tng hp kinh nghim sau y ca nhiu GV, ca nhiutrng H trn th gii, v ca bn thn tc gi c th gip nhng ngidy lp ng tm c cho ring mnh nhng ch dn hoc cch lm phhp.

I. GIAI ON CHUN B LN LP

1- Xc nh mc tiu bi gingCn xc nh trc mnh mun SV t c nhng g sau khi ktthc bi ging/bui ging. Cc mc tiu c th ny cn xut pht tmc tiu tng qut ca mn hc.

V d: Qua bui hc hm nay, SV:

- hiu r cc khi nim: ..

- bit cch vn dng nh lut . gii quyt cc bi ton/tnhhung n gin

- c c hi rn luyn k nng lm vic theo nhm

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2- Kim tra c s vt cht

Trc khi ln lp, cn kim tra xem th:

- Bi ging, ti liu tham kho, cc phng tin h tr sn sng?

- Ging ng c trang b cc phng tin (projector, n chiu,mn, my tnh...)? iu kin nh sng, m thanh, nhit mbo?

3- Chun b cho cc hot ng

mt bui hc khng nhm chn, cn phi t chc mt s hotng nh: th nghim minh ha, tho lun nhm SV, SV lm victheo cp, Mun vy, GV cn phi chun b trc v ni dung, cuhi, phng tin h tr.

4- Chun b ngi tr ging

Nn c ngi tr ging cho lp ng. Tr ging thng l GV trang thc tp ging dy, hoc hc vin cao hc/nghin cu sinh catrng. Tr ging s h tr GV khi t chc cc hot ng cho ccnhm nh, tr li cc thc mc ca SV, t chc v chm thi-kimtra,...

II. GIAI ON LN LP

5- n lp smHy n lp sm khong 5-10 pht :

- kim tra ln cui cc trang b cn thit cho lp hc

- lp t cc thit b (my tnh, n chiu,..)

- hi thm cc SV n sm v tnh hnh lp, nhng thc mc v bihc c

6- To n tng u tin

Nu l bui ln lp u tin, nn to ra trong SV n tng tt p banu v GV v mn hc bng cch:

- GV t gii thiu v mnh v cung cp s in thoi lin h, email,v lch tip xc SV trong tun

- GV gii thiu v mc tiu mn hc, ti liu hc tp, a ch ccngun thng tin, phng php ging dy v nh gi ca mn hc,

- GV t chc thm d SV v: nng lc u vo, mong mun ca cnhn v lp hc,

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7- Nh tn SV

C gng nh tn ca cng nhiu SV cng tt, nht l SV ngi ccdy bn cui lp. C th bit tn bng cch xem v hc ca SV trongqu trnh i li trong lp hoc nhn vo s ch ngi. Thnh thongmi cc SV m mnh nh tn tr li cu hi hoc tham gia vo mthot ng no . SV s cm thy c GV quan tm, v ng thigim i cm gic lc lng trong lp ng.

8- Dy hc khm ph thay v dy bao trm (Discovering insteadof covering)

ng c gng trnh by tt c nhng g c trong chng trnh, schgio khoa. Khng t GV vn tin rng SV s hc c t nhng gmnh truyn t. Telling is not teaching, and information is notknowledge Ni khng phi l dy, v thng tin khng phi l kinthc (NUS, 2001) l mt s khng nh rt chnh xc. Hy gii thiucho SV nhng iu ct li v hng dn h tm hiu nhng phn cnli. Kim tra nh gi l cng c tt hng SV n nhng nidung h cn t hc. Xc nh r mc ch v cho trc nhng cu hinh hng cng gip vic t nghin cu ti liu ca SV t hiu qucao.

9- S dng hp l cc phng tin dy hc

Nn phi hp cc phng tin dy hc khc nhau trong mt buiging. ng ngh rng cc phng tin ging dy hin i lun mangn hiu qu tt. Mt bi ging vi Powerpoint s chng t c gng k nu SV khng c ti liu ph hp theo di, ghi ch; vGV khng kt hp linh hot vi cc phng php ging dy khc.Bng cch t v theo GV, SV c th nh v hiu tt hn so vi chnhn mt hnh v c sn trong gio trnh.

10-S dng hp l cc phng php dy hc

Khng c phng php ging dy no l ti u. Nn phi hp nhpnhng gia thuyt ging vi cc phng php gip SV tng cngtnh tnh cc, ch ng nh trao i v th nghim minh ha, tholun nhm nh, bi tp thc hnh,

Mt kt qu nghin cu tm l ng ch : S tp trung cao chovic hc thng ch c hiu qu trong khong 15-20 pht! V vy csau khong 15-20 pht thuyt ging, nn chuyn sang mt hnh thcdy hc khc hoc a vo mt ni dung hot ng khc.

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11-Chun b cc cu chuyn

Hy chun b mt s cu chuyn th v, gy hng th thngxuyn ti lp kh nng tp trung ca SV. Nn to thi quen su tmchuyn vui hoc cc s kin thc t c lin quan n mn hc t ccphng tin thng tin i chng. SV thng nh cc cu chuyn thct c lin quan n mn hc lu hn so vi cc ni dung bi ging lthuyt thun ty.

12-T chc bi ging xoay quanh vn

Khng nn trnh by bi ging nh nhng g c trong ti liu. Nn btu bng mt s kin/hin tng/vn c tht lin quan n nidung bi ging, ri t gii thiu nhng kin thc ct li gip giiquyt iu c t ra. SV s cm thy bi ging c ch, v t gip h hiu v nh lu hn, mt khi h thy ni dung bi ging gipgii quyt c vn trong thc t.

13-Tn trng, cao kin v s ng gp ca SV

Cn to iu kin SV pht biu v trn trng kin ca h cho dcn nhiu khim khuyt, v gip h hon thin suy lun ca h mtcch t nh. Nn to c hi SV ng gp vo ngun t liu chomn hc (v d: giao cho cc nhm SV chun b cc ti semina

bng cch tm thng tin, ti liu trn internet).14-Kim tra nh gi linh hot

Nn chia im mn hc ra nhiu thnh phn ng vin SV thamgia y cc hot ng ca lp.

V d:

- T trng bi thi cui kho: 60%

- T trng bi kim tra gia k: 20%

- T trng bi lm nhm: 10%- T trng vic tham gia hc u: 10%

3. HOT NG NGOI LPHC

15-T chc cc hot ng ngoi kho

T chc lp n tham quan mt c s sn xut, kinh doanh, nghincu, v cc vn c lin quan n mn hc. y l iu kh thc

hin vi lp ng, nhng nu lm c s mang li hiu qu gio dcto ln.

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16- C k hoch tip xc SV

Nu c phng lm vic ti trng, GV nn c k hoch tip xc SVti phng nhm gii p thc mc, hng dn bi tp, n,... Traoi qua e-mail gia GV-SV v nhng vn ca mn hc cng lmt cch lm tt, c nhiu SV chn la.

TI LIU THAM KHO

AUTC Project (2001). A survey of large class teaching aroundAustralia. The University of Queensland, Australia.

Teaching large class well: solutions from your peers [On-line].Originally published in the October 1992 issue of The Penn State

ID newsletter.University of California-Santa Barbara (1998). Teaching large class

at USCB. [On-line]. Available World Wide Web:http://www.oic.id.uscb.edu/Resources/Teaching/Large.uscb.html

NUS (2001). Learning to teach, teaching to learn: a handbook forNUS teachers (4th ed.). National University of Singapore.

Teaching large class (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2005 from

www.uww.edu/Learn/largeclasses.php

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http://www.oic.id.uscb.edu/Resources/Teaching/Large.uscb.htmlhttp://www.oic.id.uscb.edu/Resources/Teaching/Large.uscb.html


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TM TT MT S PHNG PHP GING DYV HNG DN TI LIU THAM KHO

STT TN PHNG PHP M T TI LIU INTERNET

1 Thuyt ging (Lecturingmethod)

- GV s dng cc phng tin truyn t (bngvit, n chiu, h thng m thanh,...) trnhby ni dung bi ging.

- SV tip thu bi ging trn c s lm vic c nhn.

- http://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/ta-handbook/lecturing.html

- http://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handboo

k/handbook_2.shtmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.h

tm

- http://www.tedi.uq.edu.au/largeclasses/pdfs/guidelines.pdf

2 T chc hc tp theonhm (Group-basedlearning)

- GV t chc lp hc theo nhm v chun b ccnhim v hc tp.

- Mi nhm nhn mt nhim v hc tp v cnghp tc thc hin.

- http://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.htm

- http://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/03/group.html

- http://www.edtec.unsw.edu.au/inter/dload/flex_ed/guides/studying/LearningInGroups.htm

3 Nghin cu trng hp(Case study)

- GV xy dng case c lin quan n ni dungdy hc.

- SV c giao gii p case trn c s c nhnhoc nhm.

- http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.html

- http://www.materials.ac.uk/guides/casestudies.asp

- http://cte.umdnj.edu/active_learning/active_case.cfm

46
http://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/ta-handbook/lecturing.htmlhttp://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/ta-handbook/lecturing.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handbook/handbook_2.shtmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handbook/handbook_2.shtmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.htmhttp://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/03/group.htmlhttp://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/03/group.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.htmlhttp://www.materials.ac.uk/guides/casestudies.asphttp://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/ta-handbook/lecturing.htmlhttp://www.isd.uga.edu/teaching_assistant/ta-handbook/lecturing.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handbook/handbook_2.shtmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~teaching/allabout/handbook/handbook_2.shtmlhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/LectureTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/GroupTools.htmhttp://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/03/group.htmlhttp://www.cshe.unimelb.edu.au/assessinglearning/03/group.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.htmlhttp://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/case.htmlhttp://www.materials.ac.uk/guides/casestudies.asp


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4 Dy hc da trn vn (Problem-basedlearning)

- GV xy dng vn c lin quan n ni dungdy hc.

- SV c giao gii p vn trn c s cnhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.udel.edu/pbl/

- http://meds.queensu.ca/medicine/pbl/pblhome.htm

- http://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htm

- http://www.shu.ac.uk/services/lti/topics/problem

- http://www.lgu.ac.uk/deliberations/pbl

- http://www.cleo.eng.Monash.edu.au/teaching

5 S dng cc cng trnhnghin cu trong gingdy (Teaching withresearch papers)

- GV chun b cc bi bo/bo co khoa hc clin quan n ni dung dy hc.

- SV c giao thc hin nhng cng vic da trnbi bo/bo co khoa hc trn c s c nhn hocnhm.

- www2.cs.uregina.ca/~pwlfong/CS499/reading-paper.pdf

- http://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208135642.pdf

- http://gethelp.library.upenn.edu/faculty/researchassignments.html

6 Dy hc thng qua lm n (Project-basedlearning)

- GV chun b ni dung cc n mn hc.

- SV c giao thc hin n trn c s c nhnhoc nhm.

- http://www.bie.org/pbl/index.php

- http://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/WhyPBL.html

- http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmkahler/67910/projectbased/

7 Phng php sm vai(Role-play teaching)

- GV chun b kch bn c ni dung lin quann mn hc.

- Mt s SV c phn vai thc hin kchbn. S SV cn li ng vai tr khn gi vngi nh ga.

- http://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/

- http://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/reflect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdf

- http://www.bu.edu/act/mdalcoholtraining/Teaching%20with%20Role%20Play.pdf

8 Ging dy vi thnghim minh ha(Teaching with

- GV chun b cc TNMH (th nghim tht hoco) v cc cu hi.

- http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolinks.html

47
http://www.udel.edu/pbl/http://meds.queensu.ca/medicine/pbl/pblhome.htmhttp://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htmhttp://www.shu.ac.uk/services/lti/topics/problemhttp://www.lgu.ac.uk/deliberations/pblhttp://www.cleo.eng.monash.edu.au/teachinghttp://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208135642.pdfhttp://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208135642.pdfhttp://www.bie.org/pbl/index.phphttp://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/WhyPBL.htmlhttp://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/http://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/reflect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdfhttp://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/reflect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdfhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolinks.htmlhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolinks.htmlhttp://www.udel.edu/pbl/http://meds.queensu.ca/medicine/pbl/pblhome.htmhttp://www.saltspring.com/capewest/pbl.htmhttp://www.shu.ac.uk/services/lti/topics/problemhttp://www.lgu.ac.uk/deliberations/pblhttp://www.cleo.eng.monash.edu.au/teachinghttp://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208135642.pdfhttp://www.msche.org/publications/devskill050208135642.pdfhttp://www.bie.org/pbl/index.phphttp://pblmm.k12.ca.us/PBLGuide/WhyPBL.htmlhttp://www.roleplaysim.org/papers/http://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/reflect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdfhttp://www.business.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/reflect/conf/2002/sutcliffe/sutcliffe.pdfhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolinks.htmlhttp://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/demos/scidemolinks.html


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demonstrations) - SV tr li cc cu hi trn c s c nhn hocnhm.

- http://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/highres/3/hdemons.htm

- http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phy-demo/resources/resources.html (for physics)

9 Seminar SV (studentseminar)

- GV chun b cc ch semina c lin quan nmn hc.

- SV chun b v trnh by semina trn c s c

nhn hoc nhm.

- http://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_articles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.html

- http://www.sou.edu/cgi/deptcat.cgi?dept=USEM

10 S dng cu hi TNKQtrong ging dy(Teaching with MCQ)

- GV chun b cc cu hi TNKQ vi mc ch:nh gi nng lc u vo ca SV, n tp bi c,kim tra mc hiu bi.

- SV tr li cc cu hi TNKQ trn c s c nhnhoc nhm.

- http://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.html (issues with MCQ)

- http://www.nbme.org/PDF/ItemWriting_2003/2003IWGwhole.pdf

11 S dng phim t liutrong ging dy(Teaching with videos)

- GV chun b phim t liu c lin quan n mnhc v h thng cc cu hi.

- SV xem phim, sau tr li cc cu hi trn cs c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.sundaysoftware.com/video-tips.htm

- http://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/vidtech.htm

- http://cedir.uow.edu.au/programs/overview/current/dalton.html

12 Ging dy thng quatho lun (Teachingthrough discussion)

- GV chun b cc cu hi c lin quan n mnhc.

- GV hng dn SV t n tri thc thng qua tholun chung trn lp hoc cc nhm nh.

- http://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionTools.htm

- http://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.pdf

- http://www.vanderbilt.edu/cft/resources/teaching_resources/activities/discussions.htm

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http://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/highres/3/hdemons.htmhttp://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/highres/3/hdemons.htmhttp://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phy-demo/resources/resources.htmlhttp://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phy-demo/resources/resources.htmlhttp://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_articles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.htmlhttp://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_articles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.htmlhttp://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.htmlhttp://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.htmlhttp://www.sundaysoftware.com/video-tips.htmhttp://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/vidtech.htmhttp://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/vidtech.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionTools.htmhttp://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.pdfhttp://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.pdfhttp://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/highres/3/hdemons.htmhttp://www.ncsu.edu/sciencejunction/terminal/imse/highres/3/hdemons.htmhttp://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phy-demo/resources/resources.htmlhttp://www.ph.utexas.edu/~phy-demo/resources/resources.htmlhttp://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_articles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.htmlhttp://prs.heacademy.ac.uk/documents/discussion_articles/an_approach_to_seminar_teaching.htmlhttp://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.htmlhttp://www.ukcle.ac.uk/resources/trns/mcqs/index.htmlhttp://www.sundaysoftware.com/video-tips.htmhttp://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/vidtech.htmhttp://www.viney.uk.com/original_articles/vidtech/vidtech.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionTools.htmhttp://depts.washington.edu/cidrweb/DiscussionTools.htmhttp://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.pdfhttp://www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/LTD.pdf


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13 Ging dy thng quathc hnh (Teachingthrough practical work)

- GV chun b cc yu cu thc hnh c lin quann mn hc (ch to m hnh, thu thp s liu,thuyt trnh, ...).

- SV thc hnh trn c s c nhn hoc nhm.

- http://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinMillar.pdf

- http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_draftpaper_Jun_04.pdf

- http://staffcentral.brighton.ac.uk/clt/disability/AccessReview6.html#fieldtrips

14 Ging dy thng quatham quan thc t(Teaching through field-trips)

- GV lin h a im v ni dung tham quan,chun b cc cu hi c lin quan n mn hc.

- GV cng SV n a im tham quan. SV quanst, trao i vi ngi ti c s v cc vn doGV t ra.

- http://www.nagt.org/nagt/field/index.htmlhttp://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/22/2/195.pdf

- http://www.field-guides.com/vft/vft.doc

15 Ging dy kt hp viphng tin a truynthng (Teaching withmulti-media)

GV chun b v trin khai bi ging trn c s sdng cc phn mm trnh din, cc phng tin trnhchiu v cc cng c minh ha.

- http://classes.yale.edu/help/itg/itg/examples.htmlhttp://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_4_2001/neo.htmlhttp://tep.uoregon.edu/technology/multimedia/multi

media.htmlhttp://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~mcgeemr/teaching

%20multimedia.PDF

49
http://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinMillar.pdfhttp://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinMillar.pdfhttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_draftpaper_Jun_04.pdfhttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_draftpaper_Jun_04.pdfhttp://www.nagt.org/nagt/field/index.htmlhttp://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/22/2/195.pdfhttp://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_4_2001/neo.htmlhttp://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinMillar.pdfhttp://www.nordlab.emu.dk/pub/pdf/BidragRobinMillar.pdfhttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_draftpaper_Jun_04.pdfhttp://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/Millar_draftpaper_Jun_04.pdfhttp://www.nagt.org/nagt/field/index.htmlhttp://jhl.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/22/2/195.pdfhttp://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_4_2001/neo.html


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B. PHNG PHP NH GI

Thc o s thnh cng ca gio dc khng phi ch ngi hc thi nhiu

hay t m l h c chun b ra sao vo i(The true measure of our success is not how well our students score in

examinations, but how well prepared they are for life)

- S. C. Fong -

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KHI NIM, MC CH, V YU CUCA NH GI HC TP

Nu mun bit thc cht ca mt nn gio dc, hy nhn vocch nh gi ca nn gio dc (Rowntree, 1987)

nh gi trong gio dc lun lun l mt vn c tnh pht trin,v v vy khi nim, mc ch, v yu cu ca nh gi cng lun luncha ng nhng yu t mi m. Qua bi vit ny, tc gi mun trao imt s vn va mang tnh kinh in, va c tnh thi s i vi cckha cnh ni trn ca hot ng nh gi hc tp.

I. KHI NIM NH GI TRONG GIO DC1. Vn thut ng

Thut ng nh gi v ang c hiu vi nhng phm vi nihm khc nhau trong ting Vit, ngay c gia nhng ngi hot ng,nghin cu trong lnh vc gio dc. Tht ra diu ny khng ch xy rai vi chng ta m cn c tnh ph bin nhiu quc gia khc ngay cnhng ni c nn gio dc pht trin. Chng ta hy xem xt nhng thutng c lin quan trong ting Anh t c s i chiu vi ting Vit(trong phm vi gio dc):

TestMeasurementgradingAssessmentEvaluation

Kim tra, trc nghimo lngCho im, xp loi (hng)nh gi (?)nh gi (?)

i vi ting Anh, ba thut ng u tng i c s thng nhtcao (gia cc quc gia s dng ting Anh lm ngn ng chnh thc) v

ng ngha v phm vi p dng:- Test: s dng mi hnh thc cu hi tm hiu v mt (haynhiu) kha cnh no ca mt (hay nhiu) ngi.

- Measurement: s dng mi cch thc, phng tin tm hiu vmt (hay nhiu) kha cnh no ca mt (hay nhiu) ngi. Vd trong gio dc, quan st cng l mt cch thc tm hiu vngi hc.

- Grading: da trn cc d liu thu thp c t test hocmeasurement cho im, xp loi hoc xp hng ngi hc.

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Tuy nhin hai khi nim assessment v evaluation th khng cs dng thng nht, ngay c gia nhng ngi nghin cu v gio dctrong cng mt quc gia. Nhiu tc gi (V d Mehrens & Lehmann,1991) quan nim hai thut ng ny l tng ng nhau, v h ch yu

quan tm n s khc bit gia chng vi khi nim measurement:assessment (hoc evaluation) l mt qu trnh thu thp, x l thng tina chiu t rt ra nhng nhn xt hay kt lun v ngi hc, mnhc, kho hc, hay v mt lnh vc no trong hot ng gio dc trnc s cc mc tiu ra. Vi quan nim nh vy th test vmeasurement ch l nhng b phn ca assessment (hoc evaluation).Trong gio dc, nhng kt qu measurement nh nhau cha hn ckt qu assessment (hoc evaluation) ging nhau: chng hn hai hc sinhA v B c im thi cui kho bng nhau (cng measurement), tuy nhinnu xut pht im v nng lc hc tp ca hc sinh B km hn nhiu sovi hc sinh A th hc sinh B xng ng c c kt qu assessment(hoc evaluation) cao hn.

C nhng tc gi (v d Rowntree, 1987) cho rng evaluation cnc hiu rng hn l assessment: trong khi mc ch ca assessment lnhm nh gi thnh tch, nng lc, v s tin b ca ngi hc thevaluation cn bao hm lun c nhng yu t ca hot ng dy hc ctc ng n cht lng hc tp.

Mt s tc gi (v d Astin, 1991) cho rng ngi dy ch yu lmnhim v measurement, tc xc nh thnh tch hc tp ca ngi hc,cn cc i tng khc thc hin assessment (hoc evaluation): nhngnh qun l o to quyt nh vic ln lp hoc li lp, khenthng; ngi hc t nh gi s tin b ca bn thn; cc c s oto cao hn xem xt kh nng tip tc hc ca ngi hc; nh tuyndng quyt nh thu nhn hay khng.

i vi ting Vit, ph hp thi quen s dng lu nay, thay v i

tm hai thut ng khc nhau cho assessment v evaluation ngi vit ngh c th dng thut nh gi ch chung cho hai khi nim ny.Tuy nhin, gn cht vi mt mc ch c th, chng ta nn ghp thmcc t mang tnh cht din gii chng hn nh gi hc tp, nh gi oc, nh gi mn hc, nh gi chng trnh. Mt iu ng lu lngi dy cn thn trng khi dng cm t nh gi ngi hc/hcsinh/sinh vin bi l iu c hiu nh l s nh gi v c mtcon ngi theo ngha rng (bao gm c cc yu t v nhn cch), trong

khi chng ta (ngi dy) ch yu ch quan tm n nhng thng tinv mt hc tp.

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2. Mt m hnh v s tng quan gia ging dy v nh gi

Ging dy v nh gi thng c xem l hai mt khng th tch ri

ca hot ng dy hc v chng c tc dng tng h ln nhau. Tuynhin tc dng tng h din ra nh th no th c nhiu lp lun,quan nim khng nh nhau. Trong phn ny, ngi vit xin c giithiu mt m hnh v s tng tc gia ging dy v cc hot ng khcnhau ca nh gi ca tc gi Rowntree (1987), mt trong nhng nhnghin cu gio dc ln ca Hoa K.

M HNH TNG TC GIA GING DY V NH GI

Ghi ch:

T (Teaching): ging dyA: nh gi qu trnh (formative assessment)

N: cc tc ng khc ca hot ng ging dy

E (Evaluation): nh gi tnh hiu qu ca hot ng ging dy

D: (Diagnostic appraisal): tm hiu yu cu, u nhc dim ca ngihc

G (Grading): cho im, xp loi (hng)

Nhng c im chnh ca m hnh:

- nh gi hc tp cn phi da trn nn tng thng tin m hotng ging dy cung cp.

A

N

T AD

E

T

G

N

T AD

E

T

G

N

T AD

E

T

G

A A G

G

nh gi chung cuc (summative assessment)

im/xp loi (hng) chung cuc

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- Cht lng ca ging dy c pht trin lin tc trn c sthng xuyn x l thng tin t nh gi hc tp; t s tm hiuyu cu, u nhc dim ca ngi hc; v t nh gi ging dycng cc yu t tc ng n hc tp ca n.

- im/xp loi (hng) chung cuc cn phi da trn kt qu cachui nhng nh gi qu trnh.

II. MC CH CA NH GI HC TP

1. Phn loi hoc tuyn chn ngi hc:

y c l l mc ch ph bin nht ca cc hot ng nh gihc tp. Vi mc ch ny, thng qua nh gi ngi hc c phn loiv trnh nhn thc, nng lc t duy, hoc k nng. S phn loi ny

c th nhm phc v cho nhng mc ch khc nhau: xt ln lp, khenthng, xt tuyn i vi bc hc cao hn, xt tuyn dng lao ng

2. Duy tr chun cht lng:

nh gi cn nhm mc ch xem xt mt chng trnh hc hocmt nhm i tng ngi hc c t c yu cu ti thiu v mt chtlng c xc nh hay khng. nh gi theo mc ch ny thngc tin hnh bi cc nh qun l gio dc hoc cc c quan qun lcht lng gio dc.

3. ng vin hc tp:Thc tin gio dc cho thy mt khi hot ng nh gi c t

chc u n v thch hp th cht lng hc tp khng ngng cnng cao. nh gi c xem nh mt cht xc tc gip cho phn nghc tp c din ra thun li hn, hiu qu hn. Trong tm l hc, choim hay xp loi hc tp c th c xp vo loi hot ng khch l(incentive). Hot ng ny ng vai tr nh l nhn t thc y bnngoi (external motivational factor). Nu n c kt hp cng vi lng

mong mun (drive), c hai s to ra ng lc (motive) cho cc hot ngca con ngi (Bootzin v cng s, 1986, tr. 319). Tuy nhin, nu qu cao hoc p dng thi qu cc bin php khch l th c th dn nkt qu lm cho ngi c khuyn khch iu chnh mc ch hotng ca h (Stipek, 1998). Khng t ngi hc hin nay coi im shay xp hng l mc tiu quan trng nht ca s hc. y chnh l tcdng ngc ca hot ng nh gi hc tp mt khi n khng c thchin mt cch ng n.

4. Cung cp thng tin phn hi cho ngi hc:

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Kt qu nh gi c th cho php ngi hc thy c nng lcca h trong qu trnh hc tp. Mun vy, thng tin nh gi cn adng (chng hn cho im kt hp vi nhn xt) v hot ng nh gicn din ra tng i thng xuyn. nhiu trng hin nay gio vin

phi dy cc lp ng, t dn n h khng dm nh gi thngxuyn v khng c thi gian chm bi, m c chm th a s cng chcho im ch him khi cho nhn xt v u, nhc im ca ngi lmbi.

5. Cung cp thng tin phn hi cho ngi dy:

Thng qua nh gi, gio vin c th bit c nng lc hc tphoc kh nng tip thu v mt vn c th ca ngi hc, bit ctnh hiu qu ca mt phng php ging dy hoc mt chng trnh

o to no v t c th khc phc nhng hn ch.6. Chun b cho ngi hc vo i:

y l mc tiu t c quan tm nht trong thc tin gio dcmc d n khng km phn quan trng. Thng qua cc phng phpnh gikhc nhau, gio vin c th gip ngi hc b sung, pht trinnhng kin thc, k nng cn thit cho cuc sng cng nh ngh nghipv sau. Ngoi cc k nng c tnh c th ca ngh nghip, cc k nngx hi (nh k nng giao tip, trnh by; k nng lm vic nhm;)

cng rt quan trng i vi ngi hc v sau bi l cho d vi loi cngvic g, con ngi cng phi sng v lm vic trong mt mi trng tpth nht nh.

III. YU CU CA NH GI HC TP

Trong mt phc trnh ca U ban Quc t v Gio dc cho th k21 ca UNESCO c xc nh bn tr ct ca mt nn gio dc l: Hc bit, Hc lm, Hc ton din, v Hc chung sng (Singh,1998). Hc bitni ln yu cu v mt tr tu, bao gm nhng kin

thc c th gip ngi hc c th vn ln trong hc tp, trong hotng ngh nghip, v hc tp sut i. Hc lm i hi s thnh thoca cc k nng, thao tc cng nh phng php t duy. Hc ton dint ra yu cu pht trin ton din v cht, nhm gip ngi hc phttrin nhn cch hon chnh. Hc chung sng nhn mnh mc cho to ra nhng con ngi bit cch sng v bit cch lm vic vinhng ngi xung quanh.

Bn tr ct ni trn l nh hng cho hot ng gio dc mi

cp, trong c hot ng nh gi. Nh vy, ngoi cc yu cu v sa dng ca nng lc nhn thc (nhn bit, hiu, p dng, phn tch,

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nh gi), phng php v ni dung nh gi cn cn phi hng nnhng mc tiu p ng c bn tr ct trn. C th xem y l nhngnh hng th hin tnh nhn bn ca nh gi hc tp v chng hngn s pht trin ton din ca con ngi. Lu nay, hot ng nh gi

mi cp hc thng tp trung ch yu vo mc tiu hc bit, thyu cho hc lm, v hu nh l chng c my vi hc ton dinv hc chung sng. iu ny gp phn khng t vo mt thctrng hin nay l rt nhiu sinh vin cc trng i hc hc tp thng, rt nhiu sinh vin tt nghip km nng ng trong mi trnglm vic tp th. Lc lng lao ng Vit Nam c u im l kho lo,cn c chu kh, nhng ngc li tinh thn hp tc trong lao ng th liyu. Tr li phng vn ca bo Tui tr v nhc im ca lao ngVit Nam, Ch tch Hip hi Doanh nghip Nht ti Vit NamngAtsushi cho rng l khi lm vic theo nhm, tp th, tnh hp tc rtkm (Vit Hng, 2003).

Tt nhin, nh gi c hai mc tiu sau, cn phi c tngng cc phng php gio dc thch hp. Chng ta khng th nh giv nhng iu m ngi hc khng c trang b. C nhiu cch t chcdy hc hng n s pht trin ton din ca ngi hc. Nghin cutrng hp (Case Study) hay dy hc da trn vn (Problem-basedLearning) c th c coi l nhng phng php dy hc hng n

mc tiu gip ngi hc bit cch sng v lm vic cng vi nhau.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Astin, A. (1991). Assessment for excellent. New York: MacmillanPublishing Company.

Bootzin, R, Bower, G., Zajonc, R., & Hall, E. (1986). Psychologytoday (6th ed.). New York: Random House.

Mehrens, W.A. & Lehmann, I.J. (1991). Measurement and evaluationin education and psychology (4 th ed). London:Holt, Rinehart andWinston, INC.

Rowntree, D. (1987). Assessing students: how shall we know them?London: Kogan Page.

Singh, K (1998). Bn tr ct cho gio dc v vin cnh ca th k 21.i Hc & GDCN, 1, tr. 8-11.

Stipek, D. (1998). Motivation to learn: From theory to pratice.London: Allyn and Bacon.

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Vit Hng (2003). Tnh hp tc km l im yu ca lao ng VitNam. Tui tr, 9/10.

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CC HNH THC TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN

I. Cu tr li ngn

1. Yu cu: Tr li mt cu hi hoc in thm vo mt cu cho hpngha bng mt t, mt nhm t, mt k hiu, mt cng thc,

V d:

(1) Ngi a ra cng thc E = M.c2 l: Einstein

(2) on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnh lp nm: 1931

(3) Mg + (2) HCl ---> (MgCl2 + H2)

2. u im:

- D xy dng- Ngi hc khng th on m

3. Nhc im

- Thng ch c dng kim tra trnh mc nhn bit, hiu

- i khi kh nh gi ng ni dung tr li

V d:

SeaGames XXII c t chc ti: Vit nam (?)

H ni (?)

4. ngh:

- Ni dung ca phn tr li cng c ng cng tt

- Nn dng cu hi trc tip hn l cu in khuyt

- Ch v yu cu ca n v tnh trong cu tr li bng s c thnguyn

- Khong trng dnh cho cc cu tr li nn bng nhau trnh son m

II. Cu hi ng-sai

1. Yu cu: Chn mt trong hai phng n: ng Sai, Phi Khngphi, ng Khng ng .

V d:

(1)Tin giang l tnh c din tch ln nht min ng Nam b

ng Sai

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(2) C phi Newton l ngi a ra hcthuyt tin ho?

(3) Bn c cho rng ting Anh nn cdng nh mt quc t ng?

Phi Khng phi

ng Khng ng

2. u im:

- D xy dng

- C th ra nhiu cu mt lc v t tn thi gian cho mi cu, v vy khnng bao ph chng trnh rng hn

3. Nhc im:

- Thng ch c dng kim tra mc nhn bit, hiu

- T l on m ng cao (50%)4. ngh:

- Trnh dng cu ph nh nhiu ln

V d:

(1)Khng c l thuyt no l khng c mthn ch

(2) Khng ai khng bit iu c bn l khngc say ru lc li xe

ng Sai

ng Sai

- Lu n tnh cht ch khi dng cu gm hai mnh c lin hnhn-qu

V d:

Con ngi mun tn ti c th phi hnch sinh

ng Sai

III. Cu hi tng thch

1. Yu cu: La chn s tng ng hoc s ph hp cho mi cpthng tin t bng truy (premises) v bng chn (responses).

V d:

Cho bit t loi ca cc t trong bng truy sau:Bng truy:( C ) And( D ) Dog( G ) Jump

( F ) She( B ) Quickly

Bng chn:A. AdjectiveB. AdverbC. Conjunction

D. NounE. Preposition

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F. PronounG. Verb

2. u im:

- D xy dng- C th hn ch s on m bng cch tng s lng thng tin trong

bng chn

3. Nhc im:

- Ch ch yu dng kim tra kh nng nhn bit

- Thng tin c tnh dn tri, khng nhn mnh c nhng iu quantrng hn

4. ngh:- Lng thng tin trong bng chn cn nhiu hn lng thng tin trong

bng truy

- Thng tin trong bng chn nn c xp th t theo bng ch ci(cho cc mu t u tin) hoc th t tng dn ca dy s

IV. Cu hi la chn a phng n

1. Yu cu: La chn mt phng n tr li ng hoc ng nht trong

s cc phng n c cho sn.V d:

(1) Nghim ca phng trnh (x 7)/4 = 5 2x l:

a- x = 2b- x = 3c- x = 4d- x = 5

(2) Yu t no sau y c quan tm nhiu nht khi chn ni lm th cho mt quc gia:

a- Kh hub- Dn sc- C s h tngd- V tr a l

2. u im:

- C th c s dng kim tra cc k nng nhn thc bc cao

- Trnh c yu t m h so vi loi cu hi tr li ngn

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V d:

Yu SeaGames XXII c t chc ti: Vitnam

Tt SeaGames XXII c t chc ti:

a- Indonesiab- Myanmarc- Thi land- Vit nam

- Trnh c nhc im ngi hc ch bit mt pht biu l sai nhngc th khng bit pht biu ng l nh th no (so vi loi cu hing-sai)

V d:Yu on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnh

lp nm 1930. ng Sai

Tt on Thanh nin Cng sn HCM thnhlp nm:

a- 1930b- 1931

c- 1932d- 1933

- Yu cu la chn phng n tt nht c th hn ch c kh khnkhi phi xc nh mt pht biu l sai hon ton.

- Vi nhiu phng n la chn, c th nh gi xu hng ngi hcthng sa vo nhng im yu no.

3. Nhc im:

- Kh bin son cc cu hi dng nh gi cc k nng nhn thcbc cao.

- V c nhiu phng n c chn nn kh xy dng cc cu hi ccht lng cao.

- Tn ti t l on m. T l ny ph thuc vo s phng n ccho:

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S phngn/cu

T l on mng

34

5

33,3%25%

20%4. ngh:

- Khng nn a ra nhiu khc nhau trong cng mt phng n

V d:

Yu lt l mt thnh ph:

a- Rng v ng dn c nht Vit namb- C kh hu nng v m

c- Du lch v xut khu nhiu rau qud- ng bng, thuc vng trung b

Tt lt l mt thnh ph:

a- ng dn c nht Vit namb- C kh hu nngc- Xut khu nhiu rau qud- vng ng bng

- Trnh dng cc cu hi ph nh.

- Rt cn thn khi a vo phng n la chn Tt c cc cu trnu sai hoc Tt c cc cu trn u ng.

- Cc phng n la chn nn c sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh trnh s nhm ln ca ngi hc. V d nu l cc con s th nnsp xp chng theo th t tng dn hoc gim dn.

V. Cu hi gc

1. Khi nim: Cu hi gc l dng cu hi dng tng qut, c thc lp ghp vi cc ni dung c th nhm cho ra cc cu hi TNhon chnh.

V d:

(1) T ng ngha vi .............. l:a- (phng n ng)b- (phng n sai)c- (phng n sai)

d- (phng n sai)

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(2) ..l mt bi th/tc phm ca ..................

2. Mt s dng cu hi gc:

Sau y l mt s cu hi gc c phn chia theo 2 nhm nh sau (theosau cc cu hi trn l cc phng n la chn):

2.1 Hiu bit khi nim:

- Chn nh ngha tt nht cho khi nim ..................

- Chn nh ngha ng cho khi nim ..................

- .................. c ngha l:

- Khi nim ng ngha vi .................. l:

- S khc nhau gia .................. v .................. l:- S tng ng gia .................. v .................. l:

- V d ca .................. l:

2.2 Hiu bit nguyn l (hoc nh l, nh lut ...):

- Nguyn l chi phi hin tng .................. l:

- Nguyn l ng nht gii thch hin tng .................. l:

- Nguyn nhn ca hin tng .................. l:- Mi lin h gia .................. v .................. c th hin trong

nguyn l:

- V d ca nguyn l .................. l:

2.3 Hiu bit qui trnh:

- Th t ca cng vic gii quyt vn .................. l:

- Qui trnh no sau y l thch hp nht gii quyt vn

.................. :- Mt ngi a ra qui trnh sau ................... Qui trnh ny cn thiu

khu no sau y:

VI. Cu hi trc nghim lin kt

1. Gii thiu:

1.1 Khi nim: TNLK l mt h thng cc cu hi TNKQ da trn mt

tp hp s liu/d kin/gi thuyt chung. Cc thng tin chung ny cth di dng bi vit, bng biu, th, bn , hoc tranh nh.

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1.2 Cch xy dng:

- Chn mt tp hp s liu/d kin/gi thuyt chung

- Xy dng cc cu hi TNKQ xung quanh tp hp thng tin trn

1.3 Mc ch: Nhm nh gi kh nng ca ngi hc cc mc k nngnhn thc bc cao (p dng, phn tch, tng hp, nh gi)

2. Cc mc tiu nh gi ca cu hi trc nghim lin kt:

Cc cu hi trc nghim lin kt c th c dng nh gi k nngnhn thc nhiu mc . Sau y l mt s v d:

2.1 nh gi kh nng nhn din thng tin: bit chn lc thng tin phhp vi mc ch cng vic

V d (cu hi dnh cho hc sinh cp 2):

Mt hc sinh lm ri sn Trng mt cy bt. Bn ny mun vit mtthng bo dn bng thng tin ca Trng, vi mc ch nh ccbn tm li cy bt. Hi bn y nn chn nhng iu no di y a vo thng bo ca mnh (nh cho vo c chn):

a- Cy bt c v mu xanh

b- Cy bt c mc vit mu enc- Cy bt rt pd- Cy bt l qu tng ca M nhn ngy

sinh nhte- Cy bt rt t tin

Nn

Nn Nn Nn

Nn

Khng nn

Khng nn Khng nn Khng nn

Khng nn

2.2 nh gi kh nng khi qut ho thng tin: Rt ra cc qui lut, nhnnh t cc d kin

V d (dnh cho hc sinh cp III):Bng sau y cho bit t l t vong (tnh trn 100.000 ngi da trng)do tai nn xe my M trong hai nm 1957 v 1958.

tui Nam NCho tt c tui1-45-1415-1920-24

32,910,510,454,276,3

11,18,05,416,412,7

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25-4445-64T 65 tr ln

35,633,158,4

9,112,922,5

Da trn bng s liu ny, hy nh gi cc pht biu sau y:Hng dn:

- Chn nu pht biu l ng so vi cc s liu

- Chn S nu pht biu l Sai so vi cc s liu

- Chn Knu pht biu Khng c cn c

Pht biu S K a- T l t vong ca nam cao hn ca nb- Tai nn xe my l nguyn nhn chnh dn n t

vong i vi ngi trong tui 20-24c- n ng t 65 tui tr ln li xe t cn thn hn

nam thanh nin trong tui 15-19d- T l t vong ca n ng t 65 tui tr ln l cao

nhte- Nu tnh chung cho mi la tui th c khong

11% ph n cht v tai nn xe my

2.3 nh gi kh nng vn dng: Vn dng l thuyt gii quyt/gii

p vn c th.V d: (mn Vt l i cng):

Mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt trc x c to l: x = 11 + 35t +41t2 (m)

1- Cht im ang thc hin chuyn ng:a- thng ub- thng nhanh dn u

c- thng chm dn ud- khng th xc nh

2- Gia tc ca cht im l:a- 11 m/s2

b- 22 m/s2

c- 41 m/s2

d- 82 m/s2

3- Vn tc ca cht im sau 5 giy u tin l:

a- 175 m/sb- 186 m/s

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c- 410 m/sd- 445 m/s

3. u nhc im ca cu hi trc nghim lin kt:

3.1 u im:- C th dng cc loi s liu/thng tin khc nhau (ch vit, th,

biu bng,.) cho cu hi.

- C th nh gi cc k nng nhn thc bc cao.

- Bi trc nghim c b cc gn kt hn so vi loi TNKQ thngthng.

3.2 Nhc im:

- Kh xy dng hn loi cu hi TNKQ thng thng.- i hi ngi ra bit cch su tp, bin tp, phi hp cc loi s

liu/thng tin

4. Mt s lu khi xy dng cu hi trc nghim lin kt:

- Chn lc cc loi s liu/thng tin sao cho ph hp tt vi mc tiumn hc.

- Chn lc cc loi s liu/thng tin sao cho ph hp vi kh nng

nhn din/hiu ca ngi hc.- Bo m s liu/thng tin l mi i vi ngi hc.

- Phn gii thiu s liu/thng tin chung cn ngn gn nhng sc tch,d hiu.

- Cc cu hi cn c thit k sao cho c th tn dng ht ngunthng tin c cung cp c v chiu rng ln chiu su.

- Lng cu hi cn t l vi lng thng tin cung cp.

- Lu cc hng dn i vi vic xy dng cc cu hi TNKQ nichung

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T CU HI TRONG GING DY

I. NHNG CI KHNG KHI T CU HI

1. Khng nn t cc cu hi ng-sai hay cc cu hi cho php chi 50% ng v 50% sai. V d: C phi Orwell vit AnimalFarm khng?, Ai thng trong cuc ni chin? Cc kiu cu hiny khuyn khch s suy on, t duy tc th, v nh hng ngsai, khng phi t duy khi nim hay gii quyt vn . Nu giovin v tnh hi kiu cu hi ny th h phi hi ngay lp tc cccu hi khc nh ti sao hay nh th no.

2. Khng t nhng cu hi mp m hay khng xc nh: Cc thnhph chnh ca nc M l g?. Nhng cu hi nh vy d nhm lnv thng phi c nhc li hay tinh gin. Cu hi phi r rng vph hp vi d nh ca gio vin.

3. Khng t cc cu hi suy on. Cc cu hi suy on c th cngl nhng cu hi c/khng, nhng cu hi khng xc nh hay mh. Nn yu cu ngi hc gii thch ngha v ch ra cc mi linh, ch khng i tm nhng thng tin chi tit v vn vn.

4. Khng t cc cu hi kp hay cu hi a din. V d: cng thcho hc ca mui l g? Khi lng phn t ca n l bao nhiu?Trc khi ngi hc c th tr li cu hi th nht, th cu hi thhai li c hi. Kt qu l ngi hc khng bit cu hi no giovin mun h tr li.

5. Khng t nhng cu hi gi hay dn dt. V d: Ti saoAndrew Jackson l mt tng thng v i? Cu hi thc s cn nmt quan im, nhng quan im hay s xt on c nhn

nh.6. Khng hi nhng cu rm r. V d: Trong mi lin h vi cc

yu t nhim v cc tia nng mt tri, chng ta c th i n ktlun g v mc nc trong tng lai? Manifest Destiny dn nch ngha quc v ch ngha thc dn nh th no trong khi tngcng cng nghip ho t nc? Nhng cu hi ny a chiu,khng xc nh, v di dng. Ta tt li khi hi, s dng t vngn gin, khng qu trang trng hay ti ngha, hi nhng cu hi rrng, n l trnh vic che lp ngha trong cu hi ca bn vlm cho ngi hc nhm ln.

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7. Khng hi nhng cu hi git cc. V d: Cn g na? Cn aina. Nhng cu hi ny khng thc s khuyt khch t duy cangi hc.

8. Khng tp trung cu hi cho mt ngi. Bn c th gip mt ngihc bng cch t mt lot nhng cu hi ly thng tin. Tuynhin, iu ny phi c phn bit vi vic hi ngi hc khnhiu cu hi, ng thi li lng qun nhng ngi hc khc.

9. Khng gi tn ngi hc trc khi t cu hi. Ngay sau khi ngihc bit rng mt ngi no khc chu trch nhim tr li cu hith s tp trung ca h b gim. Trc ht hy t cu hi, sau dng li ngi hc hiu v ri mi gi mt ai tr li.

10. Khng tr li cu hi ca mt hc vin nu mi hc vin phi bitcu tr li. Hy chuyn cu hi tr li lp v hi: Ai c th tr licu hi ny?.

11. Khng nn nhc li cu hi hay cu tr li ca hc vin. Nhc li sto ra thi quen lm vic ti v khng ch .

12. Khng bc lt nhng hc vin gii hay nhng hc vin xungphong. Nhng hc vin khc trong lp s khng ch v xao nhnghot ng chung ang din ra.

13. Khng cho php tr li ng thanh (Tr khi n l yu cu ca mtphn bi ging)

II. NHNG IU NN LM KHI HI

1. Hi nhng cu hi thc s khuyn khch v khng ch thun tukim tra tr nh. Mt gio vin tt bit cch khuy ng hng thca ngi hc v buc h phi suy ngh bng cc cu hi gi tduy. Cc cu hi yu cu nh li thng tin s khng duy tr c sch ca lp hc.

2. t nhng cu hi tng xng vi kh nng ca ngi hc. Cc cuhi qu thp hay qu cao i vi kh nng ca ngi hc s lm choh chn hay nhm ln. Nn a ra cc cu hi ph hp vi mc khnng ca a s hc vin.

3. t cc cu hi ph hp vi ngi hc. Cc cu hi da vo cucsng ca ngi hc l cc cu hi ph hp.

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4. t cc cu hi theo trnh t. Cu hi v cu tr li phi c sdng lm nn cho cc cu hi tip theo. Vic lm ny ng gp vovic hc lin tc.

5. a dng ho di v kh ca cu hi. Cu hi phi c adng ho c hc vin gii ln hc vin yu u c th tham giatr li. Quan st nhng khc bit v c nhn, v gii thch cu hi mi hc vin u tham gia vo cuc tho lun.

6. t cc cu hi r rang v n gin, cu hi phi hiu c ddng, trnh di dng vn t.

7. Khuyn khch hc vin t cu hi cho nhau v cho nhn xt. Viclm ny gip cho ngi hc tr nn tch cc hn v hp tc tt hn.

Cu hi hay khuyn khch cc cu hi khc, thm ch l cc cu hica ngi hc.

8. Cho php thi gian suy ngh. Dng li vi giy cho n khimt s cnh tay gi ln to cho mi hc vin, c bit l hc vinkm, c c hi suy ngh v cu hi.

9. Tip tc vi nhng cu tr li khng ng. Tn dng th li canhng cu tr li khng ng hay gn ng. Khuyn khch ngihc suy ngh v cu tr li.

10. Tip tc vi nhng cu tr li ng. S dng nhng cu tr li ng dn dt cu tr li khc. Cu tr li ng i khi cn phi chi titho v c th c dng khuyn khch ngi hc tho lun.

11. Gi c hc vin xung phong v khng xung phong. Mt s hc vinxu h v cn s ng vin ca gio vin. Nhng hc vin c xuhng xao nhng cn s h tr ca gio vin ch hn n bihc. Phn b cc cu hi u trong lp hc mi hc vin u cth tham gia c.

12. Gi nhng hc vin khng ch . Vic lm ny s chm dt ctnh trng c nhng hc vin khng lm bi hoc khng tham giavo cc hot ng ca lp.

13. Tm tt bi hc di hnh thc cc cu hi, hoc di hnh thcmt vn khuyn khch ton lp phi suy ngh.

14. Thay i v tr ca bn v di chuyn quanh lp hc to ra stng tc vi ngi hc v hn ch s xao nhng v nhng hin

tng v k lut trong ngi hc.

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(Bin tp t ti liu Cc chin lc dy hc c hiu qu caAllan C. Ornstein v Thomas J. Lasly, II)

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XY DNG CU HI T LUN

I. DNG CU HI T LUN

Nhng cu hi c cu tr li ngn nhn chung khng nh gi cs a dng trong suy ngh - nhng suy ngh mang tnh ch quan hoctng tng. bit c ngi hc suy ngh nh th no, tip cn vn ra sao, vit v khai thc nhn thc mc no, ... l nhng iuvt xa yu cu ca dng bi c cu tr li ngn. Nhng cu hi dng tlun, c bit l nhng cu hi khng c cu tr li ng c th, yu cua ra s nh gi nhng d liu, l loi cu hi c gi tr ng k. Mtchuyn gia v ra coi dng bi t lun l dng bi kim tra c tin

cy tt v xc thc nht vi hc vin t trung hc n i hc v c ll bin php tt nht nh gi qu trnh t duy cao cp.

Cc chuyn gia bt ng quan im v vn cc cu hi t lunnn c vit nh th no v c th n mc no. V d mt s c

so tay ppgd dg

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