small-scale wind for hydrogen production for rural power supplies: hylink system at totara valley...
TRANSCRIPT
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Small-Scale Wind for Hydrogen Production
for Rural Power Supplies:
HyLink System at Totara Valley
Small-Scale Wind for Hydrogen Production
for Rural Power Supplies:
HyLink System at Totara Valley
MUCER Energy Postgraduate ConferenceWellington 3-5 June 2008
presented by Peter Sudol (Massey University)
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Totara Valley• Demonstration site for Massey University and Industrial Research Limited on distributed generation
Aims: - design a renewable hybrid micro-power system at the end of 11 kV distribution line - provide network support
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HyLink System
Demonstration on hydrogen as a means of balancing and transporting the fluctuating wind power
System implementationby IRLSystem analysis by Massey University
Massey University’s 2.2 kWwind turbine incl. control system will be used in conjunction with a larger electrolyser currently being developed at IRL.
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Characteristic HyLink System Power Line Initial cost
incl. labour NZ$55,000 - current configuration - incl. pipeline mole ploughing
NZ$60,000 -NZ$100,000- underground wiring requires a trench- overhead wiring complicated due to difficult terrain
Cost of
conversion devices
NZ$17,000- electrolysis setup
NZ$16,000- fuel cell system
2 x NZ$2,500- step up and step down transformers
Energy loss at
conversion
devices
ηe/conv = 60%- converter/electrolyser subsystem
ηpemfc/inv = 35% (electr.)- fuel cell/inverter subsystem
2 x 200 W power loss- power consumption at both
transformers
Lifetime 50 years- MDPE gas pipeline
4,000 operational hrs- ReliOn PEM fuel cell
10,000 operational hrs- PEM electrolyser
60 years
Energy Storage Hydrogen pipeline/tank- easy to scale up
Batteries- expensive for large-scale storage
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Hylink in the IRL Laboratory
Electrolysis setup
Hydrogen was stored in 150m MDPE pipeline located in a container filled
with sand, outside of the lab.
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Alkaline Fuel Cell DCI 1200 Setup
Source: IRL
The electricity produced was used to charge batteries or was inverted to the grid.
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Electrolyser Stack Connection
hydrogenoutlet
water inlet
positive electricalpotential
water and oxygen outlet
negative electricalpotential
hydrogen pressure meter
Distilled water is pumped just through the anode compartment (oxygen side) of the electrochemical cells
which is not pressurised.
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Lynntech Electrolyser Stack
catalysedmembrane
metal flow field
The right stainless steel endplate (+ electronics) was used for a previous application and was replaced by a titanium
endplate.
Source:LynntechIndustries
active area of 33 cm2
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Electrolyser Stack - VI Curves
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Current Density (A*cm-2)
Ave
rag
e C
ell V
olt
age
(V)
8.2ºC
17.4ºC
22.5ºC
30.1ºC
36.4ºC
60ºC Lynntech
At higher stack temperature there is a higher electr. current flow (higher hydrogen production) at the same voltage due to improved reaction kinetics.
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System Efficiency Estimation• Electrolyser: η = 65.3% electricity (+heat)/hydrogen conversion efficiency (at a current flow of 23,5 A)
- Not considered: hydrogen pressure energy output, power consumption of the 12W water pump, heat transfer with circulating water
The above efficiencies were calculated using the lower heating value (LHV) of hydrogen.
Hydrogen production/consumption was estimated by measuring the pressure increase/drop in the pipe.
• Alk. FC DCI 1200: η = 41.1% hydrogen/electricity conversion efficiency (at 650 W electrical power output)
- Not considered: thermal energy output (approximately 20% combined heat and power efficiency over 60%)
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Proven Wind Turbine• Rated power output: 2.2 kW• Zebedee furl (+ cone) system allows for dynamic balance between the rpm and the pitch of the airfoil. During stormy winds turbine doesn’t stop, instead, keeps generat. at nearly rated power.
Drawing: Proven Energy Limited
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Air-X400 W
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Wind Power Control and Electrolysis Container
Distilled water tankfor the electrolysis
3 x 48 W solar panels for additional battery charging
Hydrogen pipeline- the top riser
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Source: IRL
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Electrolyser in the Container
Deionisation column
Recombiner
Flash arrestor
Dehydration unit
Water pump
Electrolyser stack
Circulating water reservoir
Source: IRL
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Hylink Transition to Totara Valley
Pipeline mole ploughing (60 cm deep)
Electrofusion joint betweenthe pipeline sections
MDPE Internal diameter: 16 mm Outer diameter: 21 mm Wall thickness: 2.5 mm Length: 2 km Volume: 402 L
Welder for electrofusionSource: IRL
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Fuel Cell Connection in the Woolshed
IRL controller
IRL grid-connected inverter
PEM fuel cell ReliOnIndependence 1000 (J48C)
Pressure sensor
Source: IRL
The batteries power the control and data logging equipment as well as provide a necessary buffer for the fuel cell and inverter.
Operating PEMFC supplies the inverter and the controller as well as charges the batteries.
48 V gel battery bank
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Hydrogen Diffusion Rate Estimation
z
ptAPQ mean
The pipeline was pressurised with 4.1 barg hydrogen and then the pressure drop was recorded.
Result:Hydrogen loss: 42.5 kPa/week 7.5mol/week 15 g/week 0.5 kWh/week at LHV 3 W
Currently, the fuel cell operates at pipeline pressure between 1 barg and 2 barg, so at average 2.5 bar abs.
Using: 1.5 W mean power loss due
to H2 diffusion through pipe
walls during fuel cell operation
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Hydrogen Permeability through PE - Comparison
Massey University (at 20°C) :Industry (at 23°C):
Pasm
mmolP
2
151045.1
Totara Valley (at 10°C):
Pasm
mmolP
2
16105.5
RT
EP
ePP
0
General rule of thumb for Arrhenius equation: for every 10°C increase the reaction rate doubles.
0ln1
ln PTR
EP P
Or EP and P0 can be estimated by measuring P at different T and solving:
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Frictional Pressure Drop Estimation at Fuel Cell’s max. Output
• According to the manufacturer, the fuel cell consumes at 1 kW
15 stdL H2 /min mean H2 velocity is 1.24 m/s
• Due to the gas flow is laminar, and hence, the
friction factor f independent of roughness .
• Then the frictional pressure drop can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation as follows:
• Considering that the fuel cell requires low H2 pressure for operation, the calculated pressure drop can be neglected.
1057Re idV
061.0Re
64lamf
barkPafV
d
Lp lam
i
026.06.22
2
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HOMER Simulation of the current HyLink System Configuration
Selected Results
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Data Inputs• Batteries’ task is not to store energy to meet community’s
load requirements. They cover the system internal electricity needs, and PV panels can be thought as the power source for that. For this reason batteries as well as PV panels were excluded from the simulation.
• Wind resource data was taken from the NASA website, however the four wind parameters (Weibull shape factor etc.) derive from the previous study at Massey University.
• The average of one of the eight monitored sites at Totara Valley was used as the primary load data.
• Furthermore, factual and not projected data was used e.g. for the ReliOn fuel cell the lifetime of 4,000 operational hours and not 40,000 operational hours.
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HyLink System Schematics used in HOMER
grid-connected stand-alone
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Providing Back-up Power for Peak Loads (May)
May9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
AC Primary LoadPEMFC ReliOn Pow erGrid PurchasesCapacity Shortage
- Grid purchase capacity constrained at 2.3 kW- max. hourly peak load throughout a year: 3.3 kW- 1 kW fuel cell
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July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
AC Primary LoadPEMFC ReliOn Pow erGrid PurchasesCapacity Shortage
Providing Back-up Power for Peak Loads (July)
- Grid purchase capacity constrained at 2.3 kW- max. hourly peak load throughout a year: 3.3 kW- 1 kW fuel cell
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July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5P
ow
er
(kW
)Air-XPEMFC ReliOn Pow erCapacity Shortage
Providing Back-up Power for Peak Loads
Due to small system configuration, esp. wind turbine/electrolyser,very dependent on the prevailing wind conditions.
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Daily Pipeline Filling Process Fluctuations due to changing Wind
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
Sto
red
Hyd
rog
en
(kg
)
PEMFC ReliOn Pow erCapacity ShortageStored Hydrogen
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Scenario for HyLink with added Massey University’s
2.2 kW Wind Turbine and IRL’s 1 kW Electrolyser
July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
AC Primary LoadPEMFC ReliOn Pow erGrid PurchasesCapacity Shortage
The previous capacity shortageon 24th July is compensated dueto improved systemresponse.
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July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
Proven/Air-XPEMFC ReliOn Pow erCapacity Shortage
Scenario for HyLink with added Massey University’s
2.2 kW Wind Turbine and IRL’s 1 kW Electrolyser
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
July23 24 25 26 27 28 29
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Po
wer
(kW
)
Sto
red
Hyd
rog
en
(kg
)
PEMFC ReliOn Pow erCapacity ShortageStored Hydrogen
Scenario for HyLink with added Massey University’s
2.2 kW Wind Turbine and IRL’s 1 kW Electrolyser
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Outcomes• Low durability and high replacement cost of
electrochemical conversion devices represent the main barrier in introducing the HyLink system
• Small-sized system very dependent on the prevailing wind conditions – low energy buffer capability
• The 36%-efficient fuel cell/inverter subsystem consumes the full pipe content (3.3kWh at 3bar pressure difference) in ca. 1 hr at 1kW ac output.
• The wind turbine/electrolyser subsystem needs ~9hrs at its rated power (80 stdL/hr, 360 W) to provide this hydrogen content – at optimal wind conditions
• Hence, the fuel cell/inverter efficiency (36% electr.) constrains the overall system performance and the small wind turbine/electrolyser size slows the system’s response.
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General Outcome• Successful demonstration of a new energy
concept – in operation since May 2008• The HyLink system reveals barriers and
opportunities of hydrogen based energy systems.
• The HyLink system proves, that an energy carrier can be produced from a renewable resource high efficiently.
• The HyLink system proves that this energy carrier can be transported via cheap pipelines.
• The HyLink system proves that this energy carrier can be converted to electricity high efficiently (not Carnot Cycle constrained), carbon neutral and noiseless in fuel cells.
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Acknowledgements
• Prof. Ralph Sims (Massey University)• Attilio Pigneri (Massey University)• Steve Broome (IRL) • Edward Pilbrow and Eoin McPherson (IRL)• Jim Hargreaves (Massey University), Phil
Murray, Mark Carter• Totara Valley residents• and many others at Massey