slum in india 2011 english

8/18/2019 Slum in India 2011 English

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Slums in India A Statistical Compendium

2011

Government of India

Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty AlleviationNational Buildings Organization

G-Wing, Nirman Bhavan

New Delhi-110008


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C O N T E N T S

Title Page No.

List of Tables iList of Figures iii

List of Boxes iv

List of Acronyms v

Chapter 1

Introduction and Approach 1

Chapter 2

Definitions of Slum 6

Chapter 3

Main Sources of Data on Slums in India 14

Chapter 4

Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and its Recommendations 17

Chapter 5

Salient Features of Slums in India –Census-2001 21

Chapter 6

Slum Conditions – National Sample Surveys Organisation (NSSO) Surveys 38

Chapter 7

Urban Housing, Poverty & Unemployment 57Chapter 8

Approach to Urban Poverty and Slums 68

References 81

Data Appendices (1-30)

Demographic Profile of India-2001 83


Slum Population Estimates: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census 115


Slums in India –Census 2001 119


Slum Condition in India 149


Urban Housing, Poverty and Unemployment 193


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i

1. Estimated Population of Urban and Slum Areas in the World and different

Regions – 2001 (at mid-year), by UN-HABITAT

2. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India

3. Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources-India

4. India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001

5. India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017

6. Population & Slum Population Profiles of India -2001

7. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities in India-2001

8. Slum & Non Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001

9. Percentage of Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India -2001

10. Slum & Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others -200111. Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001

12. Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with Gender

Differential - India- 2001

13. Status of Slums in Different NSSO Survey Rounds

14. Percentage of Slums by Type of Surrounding Area in NSSO Surveys-India

15. Percentage of Slums by type of ownership of land in Different NSSO Surveys -India

16. Slums by Type of Structure of the Majority of Houses in Different

NSSO Surveys ( in Percentage) - India

17. Percentage of Slums by Type of Approach Road/lane/constructedpath -India.

18. Distribution of Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in Percentage)

in Different NSSO Surveys-India

19. Distribution of Slums by Distance in Kilo Meter (Km.) from the

Nearest Motorable Road in Different NSSO Surveys-India (In Percentage)

20. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Status of Electricity Connection

in Different NSSO Surveys -India

21. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water

available in Slum -India.

22. Type of Latrine Facility available in Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

23. Percentage Distribution of Slums by availability of Underground Drainage-India

24. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Availability of Sewerage System in different

NSSO Surveys-India

LIST OF TABLES


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ii

25. Percentage Distribution of Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal

in Different NSSO Surveys-India

26. Distribution of Slums by Distance from Primary School (in %) in different

NSSO Surveys-India27. Percentage Distribution of Slums by Distance from Nearest Health Centre

in different NSSO Surveys - India

28. Number of Houses: Rural & Urban – 2001

29. Distribution of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001 (in Million)

30. Projected Urban Housing Shortage in India 2012

31. Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line in Urban and

Rural Areas of the Country (Based on URP Consumption) - Lakdawala

Methodology

32. Urban & Rural Poverty Lines: Lakdawala & Tendulkar Committee

Methodology

33. Estimate of Population in Poverty (Percentage Below Poverty Line)

34. Relative Share of Bottom 20 Percent and Top 20 Percent of Urban

Households in Consumption Expenditure – 1993-94 & 2004-05

35. Absolute Numbers of Poor Women and Men & their Growth Rates-1993-94

& 2004-05

36. Head Count Ratio (HCR) of Poverty by Head of Household - 1993-94 & 2004-05

37. Share of Female-headed Households (FHH) in various Monthly Per Capita Expenditure

(MPCE) Quintiles - 1993-94 and 2004-05 (%)

38. Trends in Unemployment Rates (per 1000 Persons in the Labour Force): Male and Female

- 1977-78 to 2007-08

39. Trends in Unemployment Rates of Persons 15 Years & above according to Usual Status

(Out of 1000) – 1999-2000 & 2004-2005

40. Urban Sector: Major Thrust Areas and Programmes in Five Year Plans

41. Cumulative Physical and Financial Progress under JNNURM (BSUP & IHSDP)

42. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Physical and Financial Progress


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iii

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

2. Slum and Non-slum Population in India-20013. Percentage of Slum and Non-slum Population in India-2001

4. State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India-2001

5. State/UT-wise Slum Population as per Census 2001

6. Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UTs-India

7. Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Towns in India 2001

8. Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities

9. Slum & Non-slum Population in Million-plus Cities.

10. Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001

11. Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-200112. Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs & Others to Urban

Population of Respective Categories-2001

13. Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million-plus Cities-2001

14. Sex Composition of Slum & Non-slum Population in States/UTs -2001

15. Sex Composition of Slum Population in Million-plus Cities -2001

16. Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001

17. Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001

18. Sex Ratio in Age Group 0-6 for Slum & Non-slum Population in State &UTs – 2001

19. Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001

20. Status of Slum in Different NSSO Surveys

21. Status of Slum Households in NSSO Surveys in India

22. Slums by Type of Area Surrounding the Slums (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

23. Slums by Type of Ownership of Land (in %) in different NSSO Survey - India

24. Slums by Type of Structure (in %) in different NSSO Surveys–India

25. Slums by availability of Approach Roads in different NSSO Surveys in India

26. Slums by Structure of Roads in Slum (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

27. Slums by Distance from the Nearest Motarable Roads (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

28. Slums by Status of Electricity Connection (in %) in different NSSO Surveys- India

29. Slums by Major Source of Drinking Water (in %) in different NSSO Surveys -India.

30. Slums by availability of Latrine Facility (in %) in Slum in different NSSO Surveys - India

31. Slums by availability of Type of Drainage System in different NSSO Surveys -India

32. Slums by availability of Sewerage System (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

LIST OF FIGURES


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iv

33 Slums by arrangement for Garbage Disposal ( in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

34. Slums by distance from Primary School (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

35. Slums by distance from Health Centre (in %) in different NSSO Surveys-India

36. Number of Houses according to Usage: Rural & Urban – 200137. Number of Households: Rural & Urban – 2001

38. Houseless Population in India: Total, Rural & Urban 1981-2001

39. Trends in the Number of Urban and Rural Poor (URP Method) 1973-74 – 2004-05 (Lakdawala

Methodology)

1. 11th Plan: Objective for Urban Poverty Alleviation

2. 11th Plan: Objective for Slum Development

LIST OF BOXES


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v

BPL Below Poverty Line

BSUP Basic Services to the Urban Poor

CDS Community Development Society

CSC Central Statistical Commission

CSO Central Statistical Organisation

EIUS Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums

EWS Economically Weaker Sections

FAR Floor Area Ratio

FHH Female-headed Households

GIS Geographic Information System

GDP Gross Domestic ProductHCR Head-Count Ratio

HFI Housing Finance Institution

HH Household

HUDCO Housing & Urban Development Corporation

IDSMT Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns

IHSDP Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

IHSUP Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor

ILCS Integrated Low-Cost Sanitation Scheme

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal MissionLIG Low Income Group

MHH Male-headed Households

MIS Management Information System

MPCE Monthly Per-capita Consumption Expenditure

MRP Mixed Recall Period

NCU National Commission on Urbanization

NCUES National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector

NHB National Housing Bank

NHC Neighborhood Committees

NHG Neighborhood Group

NPV Net Present Value

NRY Nehru Rozgar Yojana

NSS National Sample Survey

LIST OF ACRONYMS


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NSSO National Sample Survey Organization

NUHHP National Urban Housing & Habitat Policy

OG Urban Out-Growths

PMIUPEP Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication ProgrammePPP Public-Private Partnership

RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana

RGI Registrar General of India

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SDP State Domestic Product

SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana

TDR Transferable Development Right

UA Urban Agglomeration

UBS Urban Basic ServicesUBSP Urban Basic Services for the Poor

UCD Urban Community Development

UCDN Urban Community Development Network

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns

UIG Urban Infrastructure & Governance

URP Uniform Recall Period

USEP Urban Self-Employment Programme

UTs Union Territories

UWEP Urban Wage Employment Programme

UWSP Urban Women Self-help Programme

WPI Wholesale Price Index


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Urbanising India

1.1 The 2001 Census of India reveals that the urban population of the country stood at 286 million or

27.8 per cent of the total population. This is estimated to have increased to 350 million by 2010, which is

about 30 per cent of the total population. It is projected that the urban population of India would grow to

about 470 million in 2021 and 700 million in 2041. The level of urbanization is expected to reach 50 per cent

mark in the next 3-4 decades.

1.2 Urbanisation and economic growth are closely inter-linked. Cities are the engines of economic growth.

They are the reservoirs of skill and capital. They are the sources of diverse formal and informal sector

employment opportunities. They are the hopes for millions in urban areas and the countryside. While UrbanIndia accommodates less than one-third of the country’s population at present, its contribution to GDP is far

larger. Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimates indicate that this share increased from 38 per cent in

1970-71 to 52 per cent in 1999-00. The Mid-Term Appraisal of the Eleventh Five Year Plan estimates the

urban share of GDP at 62-63 per cent in 2009-10. The 11 th Plan document projects it to increase to 75 per

cent in 2021. Since 2005-06 the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth has gone up - above 9%

with some fluctuations. In 2008-09 it was 6.8%. It is 8.6% in 2010-11. As India moves ahead to a double

digit growth, obviously a key policy issue is emerging as to how to rejuvenate and strengthen Urban India,

which will significantly contribute and sustain the economic growth momentum through economies of

agglomeration and other productivity-enhancing factors.

2 Cities and Slums

2.1 While cities are the generators of the nation’s wealth and income, there are large sections of the poor

in cities, especially slum-dwellers, who are bypassed by the process of growth. An urban-urban divide is

emerging as revealed by the trends in Gini co-efficient of urban income distribution encompassing various

monthly expenditure classes. A critical issue of public policy is thus how to make cities ‘inclusive’ in accordance

with the 11th Plan strategy of ‘inclusive growth’, and provide basic services and access to affordable shelter

and employment to the urban poor, including the dwellers of slums which manifest the worst form of poverty. The backlog and current needs of the poor, including slum-dwellers will have to be addressed along

with those from future urban growth so as to prevent the conditions that led to mushrooming of slums and

haphazardly grown cities and towns in the past. A strategy of guided urbanization will recognize that the

urban poor, including slum-dwellers, numbering millions at the bottom of the pyramid, have a key role in the

development of cities. Their number is so large that even a small increase in their productivity through

intervention by governments will mean that the contribution to GDP will be huge. The urban poverty issues

1 Introduction


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need to be tackled from efficiency considerations apart from equity.

2.2 A striking feature of the trends in urbanization in India, as elsewhere in the developing world, is the

shift in the locus of poverty to cities and towns. The NSSO 61st Round data and estimation by the Planning

Commission using Lakdawala methodology reveal that about 81 million people lived below the poverty linein 2004-05. As per this data, the number of poor in urban areas increased by 44 lakhs between 1993-94 and

2004-05. A large part of the increase in urban population occurred in slums due to natural increase factor

and inability of migrants to find space in cities other than slums. The slum population in the country is

estimated at 75 million in 2001, projected to increase to 93 million by 2011 (Report of the Committee on

Slum Statistics/Census under Dr. Pranob Sen, the then Chief Statistician & Secretary, Statistics & Programme

Implementation, 2010). The partial Slum Census conducted by the Registrar General of India in 640 towns

in 2001 revealed that about 23.5 per cent of the urban population lived in these cities in slums. Further, there

existed several cities with more than 25 per cent of population residing in slums. Mumbai topped the list with

54%, followed by Faridabad (46%), Aligarh (45%), Meerut (44%), Warangal (43%), Amravati (43%), Raipur

(37%), Nagpur (36%), Guntur (33%) and other cities. This is in spite of the restrictive definition of slum

adopted by the Census of India 2001. The Committee on Slum Statistics, referred to above, estimated the

slum population percentage in the country at a much larger figure than indicated by the partial census in 2001

by the Registrar General of India covering 1743 towns- 26% vs. 23.5% in 2001.

2.3 Slums manifest the worst form of deprivation that transcends income poverty. They are characterized

by acute over-crowding, insanitary, unhealthy and dehumanizing living conditions. They are subject to

precarious land tenure, lack of access to basic minimum civic services such as safe drinking water, sanitation,

storm drainage, solid waste management, internal and approach roads, street lighting, education and health

care, and poor quality of shelter. Many of these habitations are located in environmentally fragile and dangerous

zones prone to land slides, floods and other disasters that make the poor residents highly vulnerable. A

significant proportion of the slum dwellers also face social burdens and health problems worse than their

non-slum and rural counterparts. Many civic bodies do not provide the required municipal services in slums

on the plea that these are located on ‘illegal’ space. Moreover, the scale of the problem is so colossal that it

is beyond the means of Urban Local Bodies most of whom lack a buoyant fiscal base and are subject to

severe fiscal stress.

3. Slums and Public Policy

3.1 Recognising the plight of the slum-dwellers accounting for about 1/3rd of the urban population

globally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 recognizes the critical need for national governments

to focus on slums and urban poverty situation as part of their national development strategies. It articulates


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the commitment of Member States to improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by the year

2020. India is a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration covering the Millennium Development

Goals (MDGs). Some of the important MDGs in the context of addressing the issues of slums are:

• Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day;

• Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

• Millennium Development Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

• Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse

the loss of environmental resources;

• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water;

• By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

3.2 . The need for inclusion of the poor and disadvantaged sections in the growth process is highlighted in

the 11th Five Year Plan Strategy of the Government of India, which envisages “inclusive growth” as the key

paradigm of development for the country. This calls for a reconsideration of the approaches towards urban

development and the need for adopting policies and programme to develop “inclusive cities”. A strategy of

“inclusive and sustainable urban development planning” which is aimed at creating socially equitable,

environmentally sustainable, economically productive and slum-free cities and towns is essential.

3.3 . The major programmes started by the Government of India towards inclusive city development with

focus on slums, including the provision of basic services and affordable housing to the urban poor, are the

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) – Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)

and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) compoments - launched in 2005, and

the two schemes entitled Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP) and Affordable

Housing in Partnership, launched in 2009. Together, they address the “supply side” issues of affordable

housing and aim at enabling the construction of about 25 lakh houses with basic amenities for the Economically

Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) by the end of 11th Five Year Plan. About 15.7 lakh

houses have so far been taken up for execution, all under the flagship programme of JNNURM.

3.4 . As components of JNNURM, the BSUP and IHSDP have achieved a fair amount of success with the

overarching aims of focusing State attention on the problems of inequity in urban areas, and drawing budgetary

resources to the welfare of the urban poor. Cities have begun earmarking funds within their budgets for the

urban poor and an increasing number of State Governments have notified regulations for reservation of land

for housing the EWS/LIG sections in all new developments. There is now general awareness that encroachments

are the result of an unrealistic town planning model that saw cities as idylls of urbane living, without any

consideration of the economic profile of the country or the outcome on urban population statistics of


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economic growth. There is an increasing assumption of responsibility towards the slum dweller, and his/her

entitlement to conditions conducive to a dignified quality of life. States have accepted as the strategy of

choice for land for social housing the ‘in-situ’ development of slums wherever they are on municipal/

government, tenable and unreserved land, thereby avoiding the delay and expenditure inherent on acquiring

or developing new sites, and for the beneficiary, the distress of relocation. About 2/3rd of the JNNURM

housing is being provided by conferring entitlement in-situ and making provision for upgradation of

infrastructure of existing slums. Simultaneously, there is an acceptance at policy level, both in the State and

Municipality, that the emergence of new slums can be prevented only by increasing the availability of land

and affordable housing for the urban poor, which in turn requires that the market-distorting shortages of land

and housing be corrected.

4. Moving to Rajiv Awas Yojana

4.1 . Considering the need to intensify efforts and accord a new deal to slum-dwellers, the President of

India, in her address to both the Houses of Parliament on 4th June, 2009 declared the resolve of the Government

to usher in a Slum-free India through the launching of Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). RAY would extend

support to States that are willing to assign property rights to people living in slum areas and pursue a Slum-

free City Agenda. The most critical constraint to affordable housing and dignified living with access to basic

services for the poor in cities is the lack of availability of land at affordable prices. This is explained in terms

of factors such as lack of ‘legal’ space or tenure security in the existing slums; absence of implementation of

reservation of land for EWS/LIG housing and informal sector activities in Master Plans of cities; and

spiraling land prices that have sky-rocketed on the adoption of land as a resource policy by states and

municipalities. Another key constraint to affordable housing to the urban poor is the lack of adequate credit

flow to the segment at affordable interest rates for the construction of low-income houses which is critically

important for the poor if they are not to be squeezed out of the formal housing market. A further constraint

is the availability of rental housing for new migrants from rural areas and small towns seeking jobs in cities.

Rajiv Awas Yojana is expected to adopt a holistic approach with a package of preventive and developmental

measures to address the issues of land for housing and facilitate the construction of affordable houses for

the urban poor, with focus on public-private-community partnerships.

4.2. Preparatory activities in States to avail benefits under RAY are in progress. Cities are engaged in

preparing slum-free city plans. It is in this context that there is a critical need for building a strong data base

on slums, taking into account various sources such as Census of India, NSSO Surveys, expert group reports,

studies etc. Accordingly the National Buildings Organisation (NBO) has taken the initiative to put all the

available data on slums and urbanization-related matters together in this publication. NBO had earlier brought

out, with the first of its series of publications: ‘Urban Poverty in India – A Statistical Compendium’,

consolidated data on various aspects of urban poverty in India. It was realized that an exclusive Compendium


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on various aspects of data pertaining to Urban Slums has to be developed. In this direction, NBO has come

up with the present issue.

5. Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium

5.1 . To have a good understanding of Urban Slums and to be able to appreciate the slum problem in its

entirety and launch appropriate, timely and corrective steps to mitigate the hardships to slum dwellers, it is

imperative to have a comprehensive database on various aspects of slums in the country. This is essential for

the formulation of effective and coordinated policies at national, state and local level for their improvement/

rehabilitation. Slums have not received due attention in the process of urban planning and have largely

remained an area of neglect till JNNURM was launched. With the Rajiv Awas Yojana, slums will receive

further attention from policy-makers and planners at national, state and city levels. The National Buildings

Organisation (NBO), being the nodal agency in the Government of India for the development of a statistical

system on Housing, Slums, Urban Poverty and Buildings Construction in the country, has made special effort

to create a data base on various aspects of living by slum dwellers including urban poverty. The outcome of

this effort is “Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium 2011”.


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1. Slum Characteristics

1.1 The economic disparity between the rural and urban population is a key factor pulling/inducing the

rural poor population towards cities in search of economic betterment. Cities grow by migration, natural

increase and reclassification of rural areas as urban. The migration and urbanisation process, with city

authorities not being able to provide space to the increasing number of poor that cities need, has led to the

mushrooming of slums. These poor quality human settlements extend to public lands or wherever else space

can be found without being subjected to deterrent action by various agencies, even on road margins and

vulnerable locations like river banks, drains, swamps, garbage dumping yards, etc. It would be appropriate to

be familiar with the various definitions used by data providers before going in depth into the details of slum

statistics in India. The word ‘slum’ could be crudely defined as a compact settlement with a collection of poorly-built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate basic services

and subject to unhygienic conditions. Various agencies including international organizations like UN-

HABITAT have defined ‘slum’ in different ways, depending on the purpose and issues under consideration.

However, there are certain broad similarities in definitions adopted by countries across the world.

1.2 The Encyclopedia Britannica defines slum as “... residential areas that are physically and socially

deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions.

By bad housing is meant dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad

repair, dump and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to firehazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use”.

2 RGI & NSSO: Definition of Slum

2.1 Registrar General of India has adopted the following definition of slum in Census of India, 2001:

• All specified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT

Administration under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’.

• All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State/Local Government and UT Administration. Housing and

Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any Act.

• A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested

tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper

sanitary and drinking water facilities.

2.2 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), for the purpose of survey in 1976-77, categorized

2 Definition of Slum


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slums as including ‘declared’ and ‘undeclared’ slums. The declared slums were areas, which had been formally

declared as slum by the respective municipalities, corporations, local bodies or the development authorities.

The undeclared slums were defined as “an aerial unit having twenty five or more katcha structures mostly of

temporary nature, or inhabited by persons with practically no private latrine and inadequate public latrine

and water”. For the purpose of survey in 1993 and 2002, NSSO adopted the definition of slum as “a

compact area with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together

usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions”. The undeclared

slums were defined as “if 20 households lived in that area”. In addition, certain areas, declared as slums by

local municipalities, corporations, local bodies and development authorities, were taken as ‘declared slums’.

3 International Definitions

3.1 Internationally, the term ‘slum’, has been defined variedly in different countries. However, it is generally

identified as a densely populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. The essential

characteristics of slums thus include high densities, low standards of housing (structure and services), and

squalor. Dwellings in such settlements vary from simple shacks to more permanent structures; access to

basic services and infrastructure tends to be deficient. First appearing during the 1820s in London, the term

‘slum’ was used to identify the poorest quality housing areas and living in the most unsanitary conditions.

Since then the term has undergone many transformations leading to many connotations and meanings. Terms

such as slum, shanty, squatter settlement, informal housing and low-income community are now used

somewhat interchangeably by agencies and authorities in countries. The term used in India include chawls

(Ahmedabad, Mumbai), katras/jhuggi-jhompdi colonies (Delhi), bustee (Kolkata), zopadpattis (Maharashtra, Gujarat),

murikiwadas (Andhra Pradesh) etc.

3.2 A UN-HABITAT review of the definitions used by national and local governments, offices, institutions

involved in slum issues and public perceptions reveals the following attributes of slums (see Global Report

on Human Settlements 2003)

Lack of Basic Services

3.3 Lack of basic services – lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and improved water source,

supplemented sometimes, by the absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads andfootpaths, street lighting and stormwater drainage.

Sub-standard Dwelling

3.4 High number of substandard housing structures often built with non-permanent materials unsuitable

for housing, given local conditions of location and climate, e.g. earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls, thatched


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roofs, etc. – often in violation of housing norms and standards locally applicable.

Over-crowding and High Density

3.5 Very low space per person, high occupancy rate, co-habitation by different families and a large numberof single-room units. Often five and more persons share a one-room unit for cooking, sleeping and living.

Unhealthy/Hazardous Conditions

3.6 Unhealthy living conditions due to lack of basic services - open sewers, lack of pathways, uncontrolled

dumping of waste, polluted environment, etc. Houses may be built on hazardous lands, unsuitable for

settlement, such as floodplains, drains, river beds, garbage dumps, and on areas prone to landslide.

Insecure Tenure/Informal Settlements

3.7 Lack of formal document entitling the occupant to inhabit the land or structure - illegality of living;

informal or unplanned settlements cropping up on public lands or lands reserved for non-residential purposes,

especially for conservation.

Poverty and Exclusion

3.8 Income poverty is sometimes considered a characteristic of slum-dwellers, but not always. Slum

conditions are physical and due to statutory and regulatory factors that create barriers to human and social

development.

Minimum Settlement Size

3.9 Many slum definitions also require some minimum settlement size. The municipal slum definition of

Kolkata requires a minimum of 700 square metres to be occupied by huts. Census of India 2001 requires at

least 300 people or 60-70 households living in a settlement cluster.

4. Operational Definition of Slum

4.1 The operational definition of a slum, originally based on recommendations of a United Nations

Expert Group meeting held in 2002 and subsequently revised by UN-HABITAT in 2008, defines a slumhousehold as a household lacking one or more of the following:

• Improved water;

• Improved sanitation;

• Sufficient living area;

• Durable housing;

• Secure tenure.


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Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources:

4.2 A household has access to improved drinking water supply if it uses water from sources that include:

piped water into dwelling, plot or yard; public tap/stand pipe; tube well/borehole; protected dug well; protected

spring; or rain water collection.

Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities:

4.3 A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation if it uses flush or pour flush to

piped sewer system, septic tank or pit latrine; pit latrine with slab; composting toilet; or ventilated improved

pit latrine. The excreta disposal system is considered improved if it is private or shared by a reasonable

number of households.

Sufficient Living Area:

4.4 A house has sufficient living area for the household members if not more than three members share

the same room. Otherwise, it will mean overcrowding.

Durable Housing:

4.5 A house is considered durable if it is built on a non-hazardous location and is of permanent materials.

Hazardous sites include: geologically unstable areas (landslide/earthquakes and flood-prone areas); garbage

dump sites; high industrial pollution areas; unprotected high risk zones (e.g. railroads, airports, power

transmission lines), etc. Permanency of a housing structure is determined by: quality of construction (materialsused for wall, floor and roof) and compliance with local building codes, standards and byelaws.

Security of Tenure:

4.6 Households have secure tenure when they have effective protection against forced evictions through:

evidence of proper documentation (formal title deed to either land or residence or both) or de facto or perceived

protection against eviction.

4.7 The absence of each of these components is categorized as shelter deprivations. A slum household is

classified based on the presence of one (or more) of the above five shelter-related deprivations. Four of

these five deprivation indicators (lack of improved water, lack of improved sanitation, overcrowded conditions

and non-durable housing structures) measure the physical manifestation of slum conditions. They focus

attention on the circumstances that surround slum life, depicting deficiencies and casting poverty as an

attribute of the environments in which slum dwellers live. The fifth indicator – security of tenure – has to do

with legality, which is not easy to measure or to monitor, as the tenure status of slum dwellers often depends


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Figure 1 Urban and Slum Population Estimates by UN-HABITAT-2001 (Mid-year)

Source: UN Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects 2001.

6. Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census: Slum Definition

6.1 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation constituted the Committee on Slum Statistics/

Census under the chairmanship of Dr Pranob Sen, Principal Economic Advisor, Planning Commission, (the

then Chief Statistician & Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Pogramme Implementation) Government of

India to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding the conduct of Slum

Census in 2011.

6.2 The Committee noted that there are significant differences in the various definitions of slums used

internationally and in India. After careful consideration of the various alternatives available and keeping in

mind the need to use a simple definition, which is suitable for the purpose of public policy interventions, the

Committee decided to adopt the following definition of slum:

“A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements,

mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities

in unhygienic conditions.”

6.3 The Government of India has accepted the Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census andthe definition recommended by the Committee.

7. Data Appendices

Appendix 1-30 provide salient demographic and urbanization-related statistics for States and Union

Territories in India


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Appendix Subject Matter

1 Geographical Area of States and Union Territories: 2001

2 Total Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001

3 Rural Population of States & Union Territories: 1971- 2001

4 Urban Population of States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001

5 Number of Villages, Rural Households, Rural Geographical Area & Rural Population

Density in States & Union Territories: 2001

6 Number of Towns, Urban Households, Urban Geographical Area & Population Density

in States & Union Territories: 2001

7 Household Size in States & Union Territories: Rural, Urban and India - 2001

8 Total Number of Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories: All

India 2001 (in ‘000)9 Total Number of Rural Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories

2001 (in ‘000)

10 Total Number of Urban Households by Household Size in States & Union Territories

2001 (in ‘000)

11 Scheduled Castes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) - 2001

12 Scheduled Tribes Population of States & Union Territories (in lakhs) – 2001

13 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (India) 1901 – 2001

14 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Rural) 1901 – 2001

15 Sex Ratio: No of Females per 1000 Males (Urban) 1901 – 2001

16 India: Age Composition of Urban & Rural Population, 2001

17 Literacy Rate in States & Union Territories: 1971 – 2001

18 Rural-Urban Migrants in States & Union Territories 2001

19 Total Workers & Percentage of Marginal Workers in Total Workers: Urban India 2001

20 Estimated Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth & Infant Mortality Rate in States

& Union Territories: 2008 (Per ‘000)

21 Infant Mortality Rates by Sex & Residence in States & Union Territories : 2005

22 Area under Cities & Towns in States & Union Territories in Sq. Kms (1971- 2001)

23 Number of Towns (Statutory + Census): 1971 -2001

24 Urban Density of Population in States & Union Territories in India (Population/Sq

km) 1971 – 2001

25 Indices of Growth in Urban Population of State & Union Territories 1901-2001

(1901=100)


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26 Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population Vs. Total Population in States and Union

Territories 1971-81, 1981-91 & 1991-2001 (%)

27 Level of Urbanization in States and Union Territories (%) - 1971-2001

28 Annual Exponential Growth Rate of Urbanization across States & Union Territories

29 Distribution of Population in Different Size Categories of Towns to Total Urban

Population 1981

30 Population of Metropolitan Cities (1981-2001)


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1. Slum Statistics in India

The nodal agencies in Government of India for collection, collation and dissemination of statistics

relating to Slum Population and Slum Condition in India are:

i) Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI) and

ii) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

2. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI)

2.1 Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (RGI) collects and publishes population

statistics as part of the Population Census being undertaken by them every ten years. For the first time the

RGI published the estimates of slum population in India based on 2001 Census. This primarily confined to

cities and towns having more than 50,000 populations. Subsequently, towns with population between 20,000

and 50,000 were also considered for slum population enumeration at the request of the Ministry of Housing

& Urban Poverty Alleviation. Census data relating to slums in the 2001 throw up some interesting light on

the slum population characteristics in India. It reflects the problems inherent in not having a uniform definition

of slums, lack of a proper listing of slum settlements with the urban bodies and district authorities concerned

and lact of proactive action by States/local authorities in declaring/notifying slums. The 2001 Census data

is partial due to exclusion of towns with less than 20,000 population, and slum clusters, which are not

formally or informally recognized if the population was less than 300. Census 2001 data therefore does not

provide all information on slums in 2001.

3. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

3.1 The second most important data source on slums is NSSO. NSSO is the nodal authority in the

country to conduct major socio-economic surveys. So far NSSO has conducted four surveys on slums, which

provide data on estimated number of slums, households, basic amenities in slums, etc. The NSSO collects

data on slums as part of its survey on Housing Conditions and Slums.

3.2 The first Survey on Slum during 31st Round namely “Conditions of Slum Areas in Cities’ was conducted

in 1977 and was restricted to Class I cities. The second survey “Slums in India’ was conducted in1993; slum

data was collected separately for rural and urban areas. The third survey was conducted exclusively for urban

slum in 2002, namely “Conditions of Urban Slum”. The fourth and latest, i.e. the 65th Round Slum Survey

was conducted in 2008-09. Although four exclusive Slum Surveys have been conducted by NSSO, the 31st

3 Main Sources of Data on Slums in India


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round (1977) results cannot be compared with the rest of three survey results (1993, 2002 and 2008-09), as

it was restricted to Class-I cities only. Being sample survey, NSSO data have their own limitations. The latest

survey on Slums has been conducted in 2008-09 and the findings are restricted to ten major states in India.

Sr.No. Name of Report Round No Period Report No.

1 Conditions of slum area in Cities 31st Round July 1976 to June 1977 NA

2 Slums in India 49th Round Jan- June, 1993 417

3 Conditions of Urban Slum 58th Round July-Dec, 2002 486

4 Some Characteristics of Urban 65th Round July 2008 to June 2009 534

Slums 2008-09

4. Other Sources of Slum Statistics

4.1 Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)

Prior to the release of slum population Census results, the estimates on Slum population of India for

the year 2001 were released by the Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) functioning under the

Ministry of Urban Development. TCPO estimated the urban population at 290.9 million and slum population

at 61.8 million for the year 2001. These estimates were widely used for implementing various national

programmes concerning the development of slums in the country.

(In million)

Urban and Slum Population By

TCPO# Census -2001@ COS$

Urban Slum Urban Slum Urban Slum

India 290.90 61.80 286.12 52.37 286.12 75.26

Country

Note: # Town and Country Planning Organisation has estimated 2001 slum population on the basis of

1991 Census data prior to the 2001 actual census results were declared by the Census Commissioner of India.

@ 2001 Census has enumerated slum population in 1743 cities/towns having more than 20,000

population, spread across 26 States and Union Territories in India. The figure of 52.37 millon is for 1743

cities and towns

$. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census has estimated Slums for 2001.

Table 2 National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) Surveys on Slum Condition-India

Table 3 Slum Population for the Year 2001 by Different Sources - India


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4.2 State Governments and Urban Local Bodies have been conducting slum surveys from time to time to

obatin data in rerspect of slums for the purpose of planning for national programmes like JNNURM. Currently,

under the Slum-free City Planning Scheme, initiated in the context of Rajiv Awas Yojana, States/UTs are

undertaking slum survey, slum MIS and GIS mapping of slums. NBO has released funds to States and UTs

for conduct of slum surveys in all towns with more than 1 lakh population.


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1. Committee on Slum Statistics/Census

1.1 Rapid urbanization in last two decades has seen accelerated proliferation of slums in all developing

countries, and India is no exception. Recognising the gravity of the issue, the Government of India has

launched major national programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)

and recently announced Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the improvement of the lives of slum dwellers. However,

these programmes are constrained by the paucity of data, not only regarding the living conditions in Indian

slums, but indeed even the magnitude and dispersion of the slum population. A Committee on Slum Statistics/

Census was constituted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation under the chairmanship

of Dr. Pronab Sen, the then Chief Statistician of India and Secretary of the Ministry of Statistics and

Programme Implementation to look into various aspects of Slum Statistics/Census and issues regarding theconduct of Slum Census 2011. The Committee submitted its Report in August 2010 which has been accepted

by the Government of India.

2. Estimation of Slum Population

2.1 The first priority of the Committee was to suggest suitable adjustments/corrections to arrive at the

State-wise urban slum population for 1743 cities/towns in the country based on suitable statistical techniques.

Further, in order to get overall estimates of slum population in the country, the Committee decided to

include rest of the 3427 small towns from various states in this study.

2.2 The Committee entrusted the Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) with the task

of examining the city-wise slum population and develop State-wise and all India urban slum population

estimates, duly correcting the anomalies observed in the 2001 Census data by the use of appropriate statistical

tools. IASRI was assigned the following responsibilities:

(i) Examine city-wise slum population figures arrived at by RGI in 2 spells – first 640 towns, with

population less than 50,000 and then 1103 towns, with population between 20,000 and 50,000

(ii ) Suggest adjustments required to arrive at State-wise urban slum population and for the country as a whole;

(ii i) Develop State-wise and all India urban slum population estimates statistically correcting the anomalies

observed; and

(iv) Project state-wise and all-India slum population as on 1.4.2010, based on the urban population

figures provided by RGI - Census 2001.

4 Repor t of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census and itsRecommendations


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2.3 Based on the mandate given by the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, the estimation of slum

population in the country for the year 2001 was done by Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute

(IASRI). The estimates for the slum population in India for the year 2001 and projected slum population up

to year 2017 are shown in Table 4 and 5 below:

(In Million)

Country Urban Population Slum Population % of Slum Population to

the total Urban Population

India 286.12 75.26 26.31

Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/Census, 2010

(In Million)

Country Projected Slum Population for the Years

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

India 93.06 94.98 96.91 98.85 100.79 102.73 104.67

Source: Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics /Census, 2010

2.4 Based on the Report of Estimation of Slum Population in the Country undertaken by IASRI, the

state-wise estimation of slum population in the country for 2001 and projections (2011-17) are given in

Appendix 31 and 32 respectively.

3. Coverage for Slum Census 2011

3.1 The Slum Report based on population Census 2001 published by RGI covered 1743 cities/towns

having more than 20,000 populations in the country out of a total of 5161 cities/towns recorded at the

Census 2001. RGI covered all the notified slums during the census operations and the problem of under-

estimation occurred mainly in the case of under coverage of non-notified slums and non-enumeration of

slums with less than 60-70 households. The Committee on Slum Statistics/Census took the view that forpolicy formulation purposes it is absolutely essential to count the slum population even in cities having

population of less than 20,000.

3.2 For the purpose of planning for Rajiv Awas Yojana and Slum-free India it was considered necessary

to count the population of slums in all statutory towns in the country in 2011.

Table 4 India: Estimated Slum Population for all 5161 Towns in 2001

Table 5 India: Projected Urban Slum Population 2011 - 2017


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6. Urban Information Management System on Slums

6.1 Every State Government which receives funds from the Ministry for slum development purposes

under any of its programmes, would require to indicate exactly which slum clusters would be addressed and

over what period of time. At the end of the stipulated period, the Ministry would re-evaluate the status of the slum cluster in order to continue or drop the cluster from its list of slums.

6.2 Since the concept of census towns, by and large, captures most of the peri-urban areas, a combination

of information on the expansion of urban boundaries by the states and the Census data on Census towns

would cover most slums arising out of urban expansion. This would, however, require the development of

methodologies to geo-spatially match the expanded urban boundaries with the census information.

7. Data Appendices

Appendix 31-32 provides slum population estimate from Report of the Committee on Slum Statistics/

Census for States and Union Territories in India


31 State-wise Estimated Slum Population for all 5,161 Towns in India 2001

32 State-wise Projected Urban Slum Population from Year 2011 to 2017


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1. Size and Distribution of Slum Population: Census-2001

1.1 A total of 52.4 million people living in 10.2 million households have been enumerated in slums of

1743 cities/towns spread across 26 States and Union Territories in the 2001 Census of India. The non-slum

population was 233.75 million. The slum population enumerated constitutes 5.1 per cent of the total population

of the country. The slum population constitutes 18.3 percent of the total urban population of all the States

and Union Territories; 81.7 percent of the urban population was non-slum population in 2001. The slum

population enumerated was 23.5 per cent of the total population of the 1743 cities/towns having above

20,000 population and reporting slums. Table 6 gives population profile of the country and Figures 2 and 3

provides slum, non-slum population as per census 2001 in India.

Percentage In

Area Population Total Total Slum Reporting

(in Figures) Population Urban City (1743)

Population Population

All India /Total 1,028,610,328 - - -Rural 742,490,639 72.18 - -Urban 286,119,689 27.82 - -

Total Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 222,957,784 - - -Slum Population of 1743 Towns/Cities 52,371,589 5.09 18.30 23.5Total Non- Slums - All Urban 233,748,100 - 81.70 -Non-Slums : 1743 Cities/Towns 170,586,195 - - 76.5

Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001

Figure 2 Slum and Non-slum Population in India - 2001


5 Salient Features of Slums in India – Census 2001

Table 6 Population & Slum Population Profiles of India-2001


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1.2 The distribution of the 1743 slum-reporting cities/towns (having a population above 20,000) among

States and Union Territories is presented in Figure 4. Among the States, Tamil Nadu has the largest number

of cities and towns (242) reporting slum population, followed by Uttar Pradesh (238), Maharashtra (176),

Karnataka (154), Madhya Pradesh (142) and Andhra Pradesh (118). On the other hand, in eight States/

Union Territories, namely, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa, Haryana and Chhattisgarh,

slums have been reported from minimum of 34 cities/towns and maximum 93 cities/towns. In the remaining

States/UTs, the number ranges from 1 city in Chandigarh to 23 cities/towns in Jharkhand.

1.3 Slums in the 176 towns of Maharashtra account for 11.98 million people, which is 22.9 percent of

the total slum population of the country. This is followed by Andhra Pradesh (6.3 million), Uttar Pradesh

(5.8 million), West Bengal (4.7 million) and Tamil Nadu (4.2 million). In fact, these 5 states namely Maharashtra,

Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu account for about two-thirds (62.8 per cent) of

the total slum population of the country. Other nine States/Union Territories namely Punjab, Haryana,

Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh have reported each more

than 1 million slum dwellers in its cities/towns in 2001. Bihar, one of the major states in India, has reported

Figure 3 Percentage of Slum and Non-Slum Population in India, 2001

Figure 4 State-wise Number of Slum Reporting Towns/Cities in India - 2001



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1.4 The percentage distribution of the total 52.4 million slum population in all 1743 (640+1103) cities/

towns among States and Union Territories are presented in Figure 6 . Among the states, Maharashtra alone

accommodates 22.9 percent the slum population of the country; followed by Andhra Pradesh with 12 percent,

and Uttar Pradesh with 11 percent of slum population in the country. In addition, cities/towns of West

Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh

and Orissa, each have reported slum population in the range of 2 to 10 percent.

just 0.82 million slum population. All North-Eastern states including hilly states reported less than half a

million slum population. Figure 5 shows total slum population enumerated by States and Union Territories in

the 2001 Census.


Figure 5 State/UT - wise Slum Population as per Census 2001

Figure 6 Percentage Distribution of Slum Population in States/UT’s-India


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1.5 As a percentage of the total urban population, Andhra Pradesh has the highest proportion of slum

population (30.1%) followed by Maharashtra (29.1%), Haryana (27.5%), Chhattisgarh (26.2%), Meghalaya

(24.1%), Madhya Pradesh (23.7%) and West Bengal (20.8). In thirteen States/Union Territories of Orissa,

Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry, Andaman &

Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Gujarat 10-20 per cent of the urban population lives

in slums. Kerala has the lowest percentage of slum population in the urban areas at 0.9 %, while Assam

(2.6%) and Goa (2.7%)) have a very low proportion of the slum population.

1.6 Figure 7 shows the percentage of slum population to the total population of cities/towns reporting

slums in the state as per Census of India 2001. Meghalaya has the highest proportion (45.5%), followed by

Chhattisgarh (34.5%), Andhra Pradesh (34.4%), Haryana (32.2%) and Maharashtra (31.7%). In Madhya

Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu more

than 20 per cent of the city population lives in slums. Kerala (2.1%) has the lowest proportion of city

population living in slums, with Assam (5.7 %) and Goa (8.5 %) being the only other states with less than 10

per cent of the city population living in slums.


2. Slum Population in Million-plus Cities

2.1 About 17.7 million people live in slums in the metropolitan cities with population more than one

million, which is about 33.8 per cent of the total slum population in the country reported at the 2001 Census.In absolute numbers, Municipal Corporation area of Greater Mumbai has the highest slum population of

around 6.5 million, followed by Delhi (1.9 million) and Kolkata (1.5 million). The slum areas of Surat,

Hyderabad, Chennai and Nagpur have more than half a million population each. Except for Patna (3,592)

and Kalyan Dombivli (34,860), all million-plus cities reported considerable slum population in 2001. The

slum population in Patna and Kalyan Dombivili was based on what was reported by the authorities as

notified or declared. Patna represented a case of gross under-reporting.

Figure 7 Slum Population Percentage in Total Population of Slum Reporting Cities &Towns in India 2001


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2.2 About 54.1 per cent of the population of Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation lives in slums,

which is the highest among all cities, followed by Faridabad (46.5%) and Meerut (44.1%). The slum populationis more than a quarter of the total population in Kolkata (32.5%), Nagpur (35.9%) and Thane (27.8%).

Ludhiana (22.5%) and Surat (20.9%) have more than 20 per cent of their population living in slums.

2.3 The concentration of slum population in the metropolitan cities is evident from the fact that 33.8 per

cent of the total slum population of the country resides in these cities. Municipal Corporation of Greater

Mumbai alone accounts for about one eighth (12.4%) of the total slum population reported in the country

and more than one third (36.6%) of the total slum population of the million-plus cities (Table-7):

Name of Major Slum Slum Population % of City Slum % of City

Reporting Million Plus City of City Municipal Population to All Slum PopulationCorporation India Slum to All Million-plus

Area Population Cities Slum

Population

Chennai 819873 1.57 4.63

Delhi 1851231 3.53 10.46

Greater Mumbai 6475440 12.36 36.59

Kolkata 1485309 2.84 8.39

Hyderabad 626849 1.20 3.54

Nagpur 737219 1.41 4.17

All India Slum Population 52371589

Slum Population of Metro Cities 17696950 33.79


Figure 8 Slum Population in Major Million-plus Cities

Table 7 Slum Population in Million Plus Cities in India-2001


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Four Municipal Corporations namely Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai together account for

20.0 per cent of the total slum population of the country and around 60 per cent of the total slum population

of the million plus cities as depicted in Table 7 above.


3. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population in the Slums

3.1 Tables 8 and 9 give total SC/ST population and their percentage in slum and non-slum areas in the

country in 2001. Out of the total 52.4 million people enumerated in the slum areas in the 1743 cities and

towns during 2001 Census reporting slum population, 9.7 million were Scheduled Castes (SC) and 1.5 million

were Scheduled Tribes (ST). Scheduled Castes constituted 18.5 per cent and Scheduled Tribes constituted

2.8 per cent of the total slum population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes was higher in the slum areas

(18.5%) compared to the population of Scheduled Castes in the non-slum areas (10.2%), and urban areas of

the country (11.8%).

Population Group SC/ST Slum Population of 1743 Cities/Towns reporting Slum in India -2001

Slum Non Slum Total

Scheduled Castes 9,673,817 23,951,005 33,624,822

Scheduled Tribes 1,460,290 5,527,353 6,987,643


Figure 9 Slum & Non Slum Population in Million Plus Cities.

Table 8 Slum & Non-slum Population of SC/ST Categories in India - 2001


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Area Percentage in slum areas % in Non Slum areas % in urban areas

SC ST SC ST SC ST

Population population

All India 18.5 2.8 10.2 2.4 11.8 2.4


3.2 The concentration of Scheduled Caste population can be gauged in terms of their percentage to total

slum and urban population in States/Union Territories. The slum areas of Chandhigarh have the highest

percentage of Scheduled Castes (39.1%), followed by Punjab (31.7%). In the slums of Rajasthan, Tamil

Nadu, Delhi and Puducherry, one-fourth of the population was Scheduled Castes. In all 25 States/Union

Territories where the Scheduled Castes are notified, the percentage of Scheduled Castes population living inthe slums is higher as compared to the non-slum urban areas. In slum areas of Chandigarh, Rajasthan, Tamil

Nadu, Assam, Karnataka, Bihar and Puducherry, the percentage of the Scheduled Castes population is

almost twice that of the percentage of Scheduled caste population in the total urban population of those

states. In Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Jharkhand the Scheduled Tribe

population in slums is more than 50,000. Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal State, has the highest percentage

(58 per cent) of tribal population among slum population followed by Jharkhand (16.4%), Orissa (14.6%)

and Chhattisgarh (8.4%). In the remaining States/Union Territories these percentages range from the lowest

of 0.1 per cent in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and 5.9 per cent in Jammu & Kashmir (see Figure 10).


Table 9 Percentage of Slum & non-Slum Population of SC/ST categories in India -2001

Figure 10 Percentage of Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001


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3.3 Figure 11 gives state-wise population of the SCs and STs in the slums areas of States and UT’s. In

absolute terms, Maharashtra has the largest number of Scheduled Castes living in slums at around 1.43

million followed by Uttar Pradesh (1.21 million), Tamil Nadu (1.17 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.93 million),

Madhya Pradesh (0.76 million) and West Bengal (0.71 million). In Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan,

Haryana, Gujarat and Orissa, more than 2,00,000 Scheduled Castes population has been enumerated in the

slum areas in Census 2001.

3.4 Figure 11 shows that numerically Maharashtra has the highest number of Scheduled Tribes (3.4 lakh)

living in its slum areas followed by Madhya Pradesh (1.95 lakh), Orissa (1.59 lakh), Andhra Pradesh (1.53

lakh) and Karnataka (1.01 lakhs). For Punjab and Haryana, there was no Scheduled Tribe population reported

as per the 2001 Census.


3.5 The distribution of slum and non-slum urban population among the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled

Tribes and other than Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes of 26 States and Union Territories brings out the

fact that percentage of Scheduled Castes population is notably higher in slums in comparison to the percentage

of Scheduled Tribes and other populations. Of the total Scheduled Castes in the urban areas, 28.8 per cent

resides in the slums. This percentage is 20.9 per cent for Scheduled Tribes and 16.9 per cent for population

other than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the 26 States and Union Territories as seen from

Figure-12.

Figure 11 Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in States/UTs-2001


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Area/ * Urban Population @Total Slum Population Non-Slum population

Percentage All SC ST Others All SC ST Others All SC ST Others

India 286.12 33.62 6.99 245.51 52.4 9.7 1.46 41.24 233.7 23.9 5.5 204.3

% in Urban#

Population 18.30 28.8 20.9 16.7

* All India Total of 35 States & UTs

@ All, SC, ST Slum data relates to 26 States and UTs


# % in urban population of the respective social group


3.6 Figure 13 gives the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population residing in slums of Million

plus cities. Delhi, with 4.8 lakh Scheduled Castes slum dwellers, tops the list followed by Greater Mumbai

(3.9 lakh) and Chennai (2.7 lakh). In Bangalore, Pune, Nagpur and Meerut more than one lakh slum dwellers

have been reported as Scheduled Castes. In the slum areas of Kolkata, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Kanpur, Jaipur, Indore, Faridabad and Pimpri-Chinchwad more than 50,000 Scheduled Castes were enumerated in

slum areas. As regards Scheduled Tribes population, Nagpur Municipal Corporation accounts for more than

one lakh Scheduled Tribes in the slums, followed by Greater Mumbai (56,567) and Surat (36,236). Jaipur,

Vadodara, Thane and Nashik are the other cities where the slum areas have more than ten thousand Scheduled

Tribes population.

(In Million)

Table 10 Slum and Non-slum Population of SCs, STs and Others - 2001

Figure 12 Percentage Distribution of Slum & Non-slum Population among SCs, STs &Others to Urban Population of Respective Categories - 2001


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(Per Thousands)

*Sex Ratio

Slum Non Slum

All Age Group-India 887 904

0-6 Age Group-India 921 903

All Age Group-Million plus cities 820 874

0-6 Age Group -Million plus cities 918 888

* Ratios have been worked on the basis of population of 26 States/UTs



4. Sex Composition of Slum Population

4.1 Sex composition of slum population, i.e. the distribution of population among males and females,

can be better understood in terms of sex ratio. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand

males. There is preponderance of male population in the slum areas. The sex ratio in slums is 887 females per

1000 males, which is lower than that of the non-slum urban areas (904) of States/Union Territories reporting

slums.

4.2 The slum areas of Meghalaya, Puducherry and Kerala, however, have the distinction of having more

females than males. The lowest sex ratio in case of slum population has been recorded in the slums of Union

Territory of Chandigarh (707). In the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, West Bengal, Gujarat, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Maharashtra, the sex

ratio in slum areas is less than 900 (see Figure 14).

Table 11 Sex Ratio of Slum & Non-Slum Urban Population in India - 2001

Figure 13 Slum Population of SC/ST Categories in Million plus Cities - 2001

Group


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4.3 Among the million-plus cities, the sex ratio of the slum population stands at 820 females per thousand

males, against 874 recorded for non-slum population. A glance at the distribution of population by sex in the

slums of million plus cities (Municipal Corporations) reveals that Surat Municipal Corporation in Gujarat

has recorded the lowest sex ratio of 701 followed by Ludhiana (759) in Punjab, Greater Mumbai (778) in

Maharashtra, Haora (786) in West Bengal, Faridabad (795) in Haryana and Delhi (780) (see Figure. 15).

ource: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2001

Figure 14 Sex Composition of the Slum & Non Slum Population in States/UTs -2001

Figure 15 Sex Composition of the Slum Population in Million Plus Cities -2001


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5. Child Population in the Age Group 0-6

5.1 According to the figures reported in the 2001 Census, about 7.6 million children are living in slums in

India and they constitute 13.1 per cent of the total child population of the urban areas of the 26 States/

Union Territories reporting slums (Figure 16). In other words, every eighth urban child in the country in theage group of 0-6 is a slum dweller.


5.2 Figure 17 gives population aged 0-6 years in slums and in urban areas by States and Union Territories.

At the State/Union Territory level, around 1.7 million children (in the age group of 0-6) are residing in the

slum areas of Maharashtra, followed by Uttar Pradesh (0.97 million), Andhra Pradesh (0.83 million), Madhya

Pradesh (0.6 million), West Bengal (0.53 million) and Tamilnadu (0.51 million). Maharashtra has the highest

slum child population and Goa has the lowest child slum population.


Figure 16 Urban Child Population in Slum and Non-slum Areas in India -2001

Figure 17 Urban & Slum Child (0-6 age) Population in States/UTs -2001


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5.3 However, the highest proportion of population in this age group of 0-6 is in the slum areas of

Chandigarh (20.9%) followed by Bihar (18.7%), Rajasthan (17.8%), Uttar Pradesh (16.9), Delhi (16.5),

Uttarakhand (16.4), Madhya Pradesh (15.9), Gujarat (15.8), Haryana (15.5), Jharkhand (15.5), Chhattisgarh,

(15.4) and Goa (15.3). Besides these, in the other remaining 12 states, the percentage of child population in

the age group 0-6 is more than 10%..

5.4 Around 2.5 million children in the age group of 0-6 are living in the slum areas of million plus cities

in 2001; this constitutes 27.3 per cent of the total child population of these 27 cities. In Greater Mumbai

alone the number of children in the age group 0-6 is 0.86 million, followed by 0.3 million in Delhi and 0.15

million in Kolkata. These three cities alone account for more than half of the total child population in the

slums of the million plus cities.

6. Child Sex Ratio in the Age Group 0-6

6.1 Slum children in the age group of 0-6 accounts for 14.5 per cent of the total population residing in

the slums. The child sex ratio at 921, in the slum areas of 26 States/Union Territories where slum population

has been reported, is higher than 903, recorded for non-slum urban areas of these States and Union Territories.

The highest child sex ratio in age group 0-6 is observed in the slums of Puducherry (988), followed by

Meghalaya (986) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (965).


6.2 Figure 18 brings out differentials in the slum and non-slum child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 in

the States and Union Territories reporting slums in 2001. It is interesting to note that in 12 States and Union

Territories, child sex ratio in slums is above 943, a figure which is regarded as average natural sex ratio at

birth.

Figure 18 Sex ratio in the Age group 0-6 for Slum & Non Slum Population in States & UTs-2001


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6.3 Child sex ratio in the slum areas of million-plus municipal corporations exhibits a similar pattern.

Chennai, Patna, Nagpur and Nashik have reported a high child sex ratio of above 950 in the slum areas.

Besides these Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Haora have a child sex ratio of slum areas above 940,

which is more or less equal to the natural sex ratio at birth. The lowest slum child sex ratio of 827 is reported

in Ludhiana, followed by Agra (860), Faridabad (867) and Meerut (868). It is further observed that the childsex ratio is higher in the slum areas than the one recorded for the non-slum population in 22 million plus

cities. Indore (897) and Lucknow (909) have recorded identical child sex ratio for slums and non-slum

population.

7. Literacy Rate in Slums

7.1 It is noteworthy that in absolute terms only 32.3 million slum dwellers are literate. Expectedly, in

slum areas, males are ahead of females in terms of literacy with 19.08 million male and 13.3 million female

literates being recorded among the slum dwellers in the Census 2001. Maharashtra has the highest number of

total literates (8.24 million) among slum population. The literacy rates are 72.2 per cent for all slum dwellers,80.1 per cent for males and 63.2 percent for females. The gender inequality in the level of literacy is evident

from Table 12, which demonstrates comparatively higher literacy rates for males than females with a gap of

16.9 percentage points.

Category Literacy Rate in Slum Areas Gender Differential

Person Male Female

India (all persons) 72.2 80.1 63.2 16.9

Million Plus Cities 75.8 82.4 67.6 14.8



Table 12 Literacy Rate of Slum Population in Slum Area by Gender and with GenderDifferential - India- 2001

Figure 19 Male and Female Literacy Rate in Slums in States/UTs-2001


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7.2 Regional heterogeneity in literacy levels has been observed among slum dwellers. Overall the literacy

rate (male and female combined) in slum areas of the 26 States/Union Territories, which have reported

slums, varies from a low of 54.8 per cent in Chandigarh to 88.1 per cent in Meghalaya. All these 26 States/

Union Territories have registered higher literacy rates among males as compared to females. In case of males,

Meghalaya is again at the top spot with literacy rate of 90.9 per cent. Significantly besides Meghalaya, 13

States/Union Territories have recorded more than 80% male literacy rate among slum dwellers. In the slums

of Chandigarh male literacy rate is only 64.9 per cent, which is the lowest among these 26 States/Union

Territories. As far as females are concerned, only 3 states, viz., Meghalaya (85.3%), Tripura (81.8 %) and

Kerala (81%) have reported literacy rates of above 80 per cent among slum dwellers. Chandigarh is at the

other extreme with only 39.5 per cent of its females in slums being literates.

7.3 Among the core million plus cities, Nagpur is the only city, which has recorded a literacy rate above

85 per cent among the slum dwellers. Most of the cities fall in the range of 60 to 80 per cent of the literacy

rates of which four cities have registered literacy rate in the range 75-80 per cent. Comparatively Jaipur, Agra

and Meerut have low literacy rates among the slum dwellers. Male and female literates among the slum

dwellers in Nagpur have been recorded at 91.5 per cent and 78.9 per cent respectively, which are also the

highest male and female literacy rates among the million plus cities. Patna, which is at the bottom end of the

list with only 52.5 per cent of its slum dwellers being literate, also registers the lowest slum male literacy rate

of 56.9 per cent. Jaipur Municipal Corporation area in Rajasthan has female literacy rate of 47.0 per cent in

slums, which is the lowest of the million plus cities. As far as the differential between male and female

literacy rates in these million plus cities is concerned, Jaipur has registered the highest differential (26) while

the lowest (6.3) is registered by Ludhiana.

8. Work Participation Rate of Slum Population (WPR)

8.1 The work participation rate among the slum dwellers in 2001 demonstrates that 33.1 percent of the

slum dwellers are workers, which is quite close to the urban WPR of 32.3 per cent. Sex wise pattern reveals

that every second male in the slums is a worker (51.1%) while female WPR is low at 12.8 per cent. In fifteen

States and Union Territories the male WPR is above 50 per cent. Chandigarh slums have recorded highest

WPR for total (39.6%) as well as for male workers (58.3%) in slums.Uttar Pradesh has reported the lowest

WPR for total (26.6 %) and males (44.1%). Meghalaya has reported the highest female WPR of 20.5 per cent

followed by Karnataka (19.4%) and Tamil Nadu (19.0 %). Uttar Pradesh has registered the lowest female

WPR at 6.7 per cent.

8.2 The main workers in slums form 89.3 per cent of the total workers. In 11 States/Union Territories,

main workers are above 90 per cent and in 14 states, it is between 80-90 per cent, while in only Goa, it is

below 80 per cent. Slum areas of Chandigarh seem to be economically more vibrant with 96.2 per cent main


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workers followed by Andaman & Nicobar Islands at 95.3 per cent. Goa has the highest marginal workers at

27.1% followed by Bihar at 17.5 %.

8.3 Among the million plus cities, the total work participation rate varies between the highest in Surat

(42.1%) and the lowest in Agra (25.3%). Surat also has the highest male WPR at 63.8 per cent in slum areasfollowed by Haora (58.0%), while Agra has the lowest male WPR of 42.1 per cent. Bangalore has the highest

female WPR of 23.1 per cent followed by Nashik 17.8 per cent and Pune 17.7 per cent. Patna has reported

the lowest female WPR of 4.0 per cent followed by Meerut at 4.3 per cent. The percentage of main workers

in the million plus cities range from the highest of 97.5 per cent in Surat to the lowest of 79.0 per cent in

Bhopal.

9. Categories of Workers

9.1 Census 2001 presents distribution of working population in slums among four broad industrialcategories by State/Union Territories. As expected almost the entire work force in slum areas are engaged in

non-agricultural activities, with 87.4 per cent workers engaged in other work (OW) followed by household

industry ( 5.4%), agricultural labourers (5.4%) and cultivators (1.8%). At the State/Union Territory level,

except Bihar, which has the lowest proportion of other workers (64.4%), in eight states other workers are

more than 95.0 per cent.

9.2 The preponderance of workers in the category of OW in million plus cities is evidenced from the fact

that 95.3 per cent workers fall into this category. Among the million plus cities, the percentage of other

workers ranges from the highest in Kalyan-Dombivili (98.4 %) to the lowest in Varanasi (68.2%). Varanasihas the highest percentage (29.6%) of household industry workers, followed by Patna (9.5%) and Agra

(8.2%). In the remaining cities the household industry workers ranges from 1.2 per cent in Surat to 7.5 per

cent in Lucknow. Agricultural labourers and cultivators constitute less than 5.0 per cent of the workforce in

all million plus cities.

Appendix 33-60 provide salient demographic and slum-related statistics for States and Union Territories in

India

33 Census of India - 2001 Slum and Non-slum Population Figures at a Glance

34 Census of India - 2001 - Slum Population Figures at a Glance: 1743 Cities/Towns (640

with > 50000 Population + 1103 with 20,000 – 50,000 Population)

35 Total Number of Cities/Towns, Slum reporting Cities/Towns and Total Number of

Households in Sums and Urban India -2001



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36 Percentage Distribution of Total, Urban, Slum Population in different States/UTs of

India – 2001

37 Urban, Slum Population and their Household Size in India-2001

38 Total Urban Population, Population of Cities/Towns reporting Slums and Slum Population

- India, States, Union Territories - (Cities/Towns having population 20,000 and above in2001 Census)

39 Total Population, Slum Population and its Percentage in Municipal Corporations with

Population above one Million – 2001

40 Total Urban & Slum Population and Share of Slum Population for the Citi

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