AILEEN A. BENITEZ-TIMBANG, MD, DFM

Part-time Lecturer and Former Asst. Professor Department of Environmental and Occupational Health

College of Public Health UP Manila

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

OF THE OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY OF

INFORMAL MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

“INFORMAL SECTOR”

Household unincorporated enterprises which consists

of both informal own-account enterprises and

enterprises of informal employers either alone or in

partnership with members of the same or other

households which may employ unpaid family

workers as well as occasionally or seasonally hired

workers but do not employ these on a continuous

basis

-PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

EXAMPLE: small-scale miners in unregistered or illegal sites

“Informal Mining”

Reliance on physical labor for all types of operations (minimal technology use)

Lack of legal mining licenses, titles, leases and claims to mineral areas for exploratory and extractive activities

Low levels of productivity per mining operation resulting from a relatively small geographical area

Absence of economic, health and environmental security for miners and local communities

Transient character

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Camba, AA. Informal Mining. Global Informality Project. [Online]. 2017 Available from: URL: http://in-

formality.com/wiki/index.php?title=Informal_mining

INFORMAL = SMALL-SCALE MINING

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

OF INFORMAL MINING

“small scale-mining has become a source of

income for many people especially during

the closure of many large-scale mining

operations in the 1990s”

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Rey, EM, Saturay, RM Jr. Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development. [Online]. 2005 [cited 2015 February 17]; Available fromhttps://www.slideshare.net/AGHAM/small-scale-mining-in-the-philippines-towards-genuine-national-development

500,000 small-scale miners operating in 30 provinces as

of 2015

MGB data: 2005-2014 Gold Production in the

Philippines

30,733kg annually

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

OF INFORMAL MINING

small-

scale

63%

19,908kg

large-

scale

37%

10,825kg Jurado, FJ. Philippine Small-Scale

Mining, Tax Issues and Concerns. 2015; vol XXVII.6:14-26 NTRC Tax Research

Journal

28 tons of gold in the past decade by

small-scale miners

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION

OF INFORMAL MINING

Gamboa, R. A Reader’s View of Small-Scale Mining. The Philippine Star BIZLINKS. [Online]. 2017.Available from https://www.philstar.com/business/2017/03/21/168

0724/readers-view-small-scale-mining#l4h5twI5KG3EsQHA.99

Informal/ small-scale miners

contribute

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Informal/ small-

scale miners

Large--scale

miners >

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Informal/ small-scale miners

deserve protection

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

OF OHS

CREATION OF OHS

SERVICES & PROGRAMS

INFORMAL MINERS’ HEALTH MAINTENANCE

& INJURY PREVENTION

COMMITMENT

AO 2013-0018: NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH POLICY FOR THE INFORMAL MINING, TRANSPORT AND AGRICULTURAL SECTORS

OH TASK FORCE OF IACEH

ENROLLMENT TO PHILHEALTH

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

DOH COMMITMENT

DOH + CPH UP Manila

“Strengthening the National Occupational

Health and Safety Program and Related

Activities”

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES

IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY

AREAS

DEVELOPMENT & IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES, POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

MANAGEMENT

OF

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH & SAFETY

PRESERVE LIFE

AND ITS QUALITY

Objective

Assess the Occupational Health and Safety

conditions that affect the life and health of

the informal miners in the Philippines though

a Situational Analysis

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

a.) determination of existing laws, policies, rules, and regulations pertaining to OHS

b.) identification of occupational hazards, existing control measures and risk communication activities

c.) identification of resources dedicated to OHS services delivery

d.) identification of communication/information gaps among stakeholders

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

METHODOLOGY

DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

Review of Literature

KII

FGD

WTS

SELECTION OF PARTICIPANTS: PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

(gold mining sites)

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICS

Informed Consent Form

Ethical conduct

Data confidentiality

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVES SOURCE OF

DATA

DATA

COLLECTION SITE

DATA

COLLECTION

METHOD

a. To determine

if there are new

or updated laws,

rules, and

regulations

Journals and

websites of

government

offices

Review of

Literature

Technical person

from DOH-DPCB

DOLE (BWC,

OSHC, ECC)

PhilHealth

SSS, DILG

LGUs, MGB

(MSESD,MTD)

LGU Admin

Central Offices

Regional Offices

Provincial

Offices

Key Informant

Interview

PURPOSIVE

SAMPLING

METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVES SOURCE OF

DATA

DATA

COLLECTION SITE

DATA

COLLECTION

METHOD

b. To identify

hazards, existing

control

measure, and

risk

communication

activities

Informal miners Informal Mining

Sites

Focus Group

Discussion

Technical person

from DOH-DPCB

DOLE (BWC,

OSHC, ECC)

PhilHealth

SSS, DILG

LGUs, MGB

(MSESD,MTD),

NGOS, NAPC,

Provincial admin

Central Offices

Regional Offices

Provincial

Offices

Key Informant

Interview

Project

Management

Team

Informal Mining

Sites

Walkthrough

Survey

PURPOSIVE

SAMPLING

METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVES SOURCE OF

DATA

DATA

COLLECTION SITE

DATA

COLLECTION

METHOD

c. To determine

availability of

resources

dedicated to

the delivery of

OH services

d. To identify

communication/

information gaps

among the

agencies and/or

workers

Informal miners Informal Mining

Sites

Focus Group

Discussion

Technical person

from DOH-DPCB

DOLE (BWC,

OSHC, ECC)

PhilHealth

SSS, DILG

LGUs, MGB

(MSESD,MTD),

NGOS, NAPC,

Provincial admin

Central Offices

Regional Offices

Provincial

Offices

Key Informant

Interview

PURPOSIVE

SAMPLING

FINDINGS

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Laws, Rules, Regulations,

Policies, Issuances

People’s Small-Scale Mining Act of 1991 aka Republic Act (RA) 7076 (DAO 97-30)

People’s Small-scale Mining Protection Fund created through RA 7076 Section 20

Revised Implementing Rules and regulations of RA 7076

Rules and Regulations on the Implementation of Social Development and Management Programs or SDMP for Mining Projects (DAO 2000-99)

"Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 7942, otherwise known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995” (DAO 2003-46)

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Laws, Rules, Regulations,

Policies, Issuances

Amendments to DENR Administrative Order No. 96-40 (DAO

2004-54)

RA 9501

Mine Safety and Health Standard (DAO 2000-98)

Executive Order (EO) 270, known as the “National Policy

Agenda on Revitalizing Mining in the Philippines“

EO 79 which instituted reforms in the Philippine Mining Sector

“Magna Carta of Workers in the Informal Economy”

“KaSAPI”

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Hazards & Control Measures

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES

KII FGD WTS KII FGD WTS

PHYSICAL ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ^ improvised improvised

BIOLOGICAL ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✖

CHEMICAL ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ^ ✖ ✖

**PSYCHOSOCIAL ✖ ✔ ✔ ✖ ✔ ✖

ERGONOMIC ✖ ✖ ✔ ✖ ✖ ✖

UNSAFE CONDITIONS ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ^ ✔ improvised

UNSAFE ACTS ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ^ ✖ ✖

LEGEND: ✔ - YES ( at least 1 mentioned/seen) ✖ - NONE ^ - MB

Risk Communication

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

KII RESULT FGD RESULT WTS RESULT

Present for those

covered by

“Minahang

Bayan” through

trainings and

Safety seminars;

none for health

No risk communication

from outside the

community in terms of

hazards, risks and controls

No signages

“community news”

“tsismis” that something

happened to ____;

learnings are then passed

Saw equipments that

can communicate

danger within the work

environment

Resources Dedicated to

OHS Services Delivery

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

RESOURCES KII RESULT

(only for Minahang

Bayan”)

FGD

RESULT

WTS RESULT

1. INFRASTRUCTURE MGB office;

“big brother” sharing

of facilities; c/o LGU

✖ ✖

2. PEOPLE MGB personnel;

Trainors from bigger

mining companies as

CSR; c/o LGU

✖ ✖

3. BUDGET From CSR of bigger

companies; c/o LGU ✖ ✖

Communication/

Information Dissemination

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

AREAS KII FGD

TECHNOLOGY

TRANSFER

✖

^

>none across CO—RO---LGU

>present among family members, friends,

community, co-workers, NGOs

KNOWLEDGE

TRANSFER

✖

^

>none across CO—RO---LGU

>present among family members, friends,

community, co-workers, NGO

ROLL OUT OF

PROGRAMS &

SERVICES

✖

^

✖

SWOT

STRENGTH

WEAKNESS

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

STRENGTH

Knowledge on hazards

Inclusion in PhilHealth through 4Ps

Awareness of SSS membership benefits from

previous employment

Social support through corporations/associations

Informal

SEC-registered

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

WEAKNESS

Exposure to hazards and risks in all forms (psychosocial, physical, chemical, biological, unsafe conditions, unsafe acts)

Informal miners have limited social rights, power, influence.

Lack of awareness regarding health-related issues concerning the nature of their work

Informal miners do not have access to established mechanisms of support from the government and private agencies.

Out of pocket health expenses when sick or injured

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

OPPORTUNITY

There are existing policies for small-scale miners and promotion of Minahang Bayan through which OHS issues can be delivered

The barangay health center is the go-to resource where informal miners first seek advise in terms of their general health and work related concerns.

Other government agencies such as NAPC and NGOs as helping hands (financial, legal, health education, medical missions)

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

THREAT

Operations of informal miners run contrary to certain

existing policies (e.g. PD 463, DAO 2000-98)

Application for Minahang Bayan is difficult because it is

costly and some requirements are difficult to comply.

Limited Minahang Bayan sites at present

Facilities and technology for the other processes not

involving the use of mercury in the treatment of gold

are not readily available and expensive.

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

SWOT ANALYSIS

•STRENGTH

OPPORTUNITIES

• WEAKNESS

THREATS • PRIORITY AREAS

OHS ROADMAP

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

CONCLUSION

SITUATIONAL

ANALYSIS OF THE

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

OF INFORMAL

MINERS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

MINAHANG

BAYAN

OHS HAZARDS & RISKS

LACK OF RISK

COMMUNICATION

LACK OF RESEOURCES

FOR OHS

LACK OF OHS

COMMUNICATION

ILLEGAL STATUS

OHS SERVICES

LIFE

IMPROVEMENT

HEALTH

PRESERVATION