ship management i

8/18/2019 Ship Management I

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REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY

ACCRA – GHANA

FACULTY OF MARITIME STUDIESPORT AND SHIPPING DEPARTMENT

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SHIP MANAGEMENT I

TEACHING SYLLABUS

OBJECTIVE ONE: TYPES OF SHIPS √

1 Presents and describes the design and constrction o! "arios t#$es o! shi$s %ith $artic&ar re!erence

to sitabi&it# !or cargoes and trades' (r# b&) carriers* Tan)ers* Container shi$s* +o,+o shi$s*

Genera& cargo shi$s* +ee!er shi$s* -&ti,$r$ose "esse&s* Co.bination carriers* etc/

OBJECTIVE TWO: CA+GO TYPES

1 Presents and describes "arios t#$es o! cargoes in genera&' Brea) b&) cargo* Uniti0ed cargo* +ee!er

cargo* Obnoios cargo* Li"estoc)* (angeros cargo* Passenger* etc/

OBJECTIVE THREE: CA+GO HAN(LING GEA+S √

1 Presents and describes the "arios t#$es o! shi$ borne cargo hand&ing gears2 Li!t,on3&i!t,o!!* +o&&,on3+o&&,o!!* Sc)ing* Grabbing

4 (erric)s* nion $rchase* s%inging derric)s* hea"# &i!t derric)s* cranes* con"e#or s#ste.s* $i$e&ine

s#ste.s

OBJECTIVE FOUR: TE+-INOLOGY OF -EASU+E-ENTS

1 (i.ensions' dis$&ace.ent* dead%eight* si0e* TEUs* etc/

2 Tonnage 5gross* net6

4 Cbic ca$acities7 Se0 and Pana.a cana& tonnage si0e

OBJECTIVE FIVE: -ETHO(S OF +EGIST+ATION AN( CLASSIFICATION

1 8esse& registration √

2 C&assi!ication √

4 Certi!ication √

7 cre%ing

TYPES OF SHIPS √


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It is i.$ortant to describe the di!!erent )inds o! shi$s that are in co..on se* their e.$&o#.ent*

the )ind o! e9i$.ent that can be !ond on board the. and the criteria e.$&o#ed b# shi$o%nersin deciding %hat sort and si0e o! "esse& to b#/ It is !rther i.$ortant to nderstand the di!!erent

%a#s o! describing a shi$:s si0e and di.ensions so that one "esse& .a# be co.$ared against

another or the sitabi&it# o! a "esse& !or a $artic&ar trade .a# be assessed/

Shi$s are e.$&o#ed either as &iners or as tra.$s/ ;hat de!ines a shi$ as a &iner is that it trades

according to a sched&e* bet%een t%o designated areas and its cargo is .ade $ o! "er# .an#di!!erent consign.ents !ro. n.eros shi$$ers* genera& .an!actred or se.i,.an!actred

goods/ Freight rates are sa& $b&ished in a tari!! and .a# "ar# according to the co..odit#/

The nor.a& doc.ent co"ering the contract o! carriage %i&& be a Bi&& o! Lading/

On the other hand* the na.e

e"en the %ho&e &i!e o! the shi$/ In either case* the rate o! !reight or hire %i&& be !ree negotiated

and its &e"e& %i&& de$end $on the strength or %ea)ness o! the shi$$ing .ar)et at the ti.e/

A&thogh in the $ast tra.$s tended to be .ain genera& $r$ose shi$s* the sitation toda# is one

o! a high degree o! s$ecia&i0ation/

Shi$s can be di"ided into three .ain categories'

•

(r# Cargo• Tan)ers

• -isce&&aneos

DRY CARGO √

(r# cargo* as the na.e sggests are designed to carr# dr#* non,&i9id cargo* and can be !rther

sbdi"ided into'

, B&) carriers

, -&ti$r$ose, Container shi$s

, +o,+o shi$s

BUL? CA++IE+S √

B&) carriers* so.eti.es ca&&ed b&)ers* are the nso$histicated tra"e&&ing boes o! the oceans/The# are sing&e dec) shi$s designed to carr# ho.ogenos n$ac)ed dr# cargoes sch as sgar*

cerea&s* ores etc/ The# range in si0e !ro. the s.a&&est coaster o! abot 2@ tons dead%eight $ to

the &argest ore carriers o! .ore than 2@* tons dead%eight/ Access to the genera&


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nrestricted ho&ds is b# %a# o! hatches o! the &argest si0e* co..ensrate %ith the "esse&:s

strctra& integrit#* to a&&o% !or ra$id &oading and discharge o! cargo/ The# are $ri.ari

designed !or the carriage o! b&) cargoes* sch as ores* grains* coa&* !erti&i0ers and so on* andconse9ent the ho&ds are constrcted to be se&!,tri..ing* i/e/ sha$ed in sch a %a# that %hen

&oaded into the ho&ds the cargo %i&& tri. itse&! e"en o"er the area o! the ho&d %ithot resorting

to etensi"e .ana& &abor to achie"e this/ The &arge hatch%a#s a&so !aci&itate cargo hand&ing*ho$$er sides and %ing tan)s/

Sch e"en distribtion is necessar# !or t%o reasons/ First to ensre .ai.. ti&i0ation o! theshi$:s ho&ds/ ;ere the shi$ to be &oaded throgh a s.a&& hatch* the cargo %o&d ado$t a conica&

sha$e/ The sha$e o! that cone %o&d be dictated b# the natra&


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the shi$ brea)ing $ and ths %as designed and bi&t the OBO > Ore3B&)3Oi& carrier/ An

interesting co.bination carrier to e.erge too) into consideration the basic $rob&e. o!

internationa& shi$$ing %hich is that so .ch trade needs di!!erent t#$es o! shi$s !or e$orts 5ra%.ateria&s6 !ro. i.$orts 5.an!actred goods6/ The Con,B&)er 5Container3B&) Carrier6 .et

this $rob&e. head on/ It too) no great brea)throgh in design techni9es* si.$ co..ercia&

!oresight and so.e container !ittings in the botto. o! the ho&ds and on the dec) o! an other%isenor.a& b&) carrier/ The sbse9ent so$histication o! the container trades has res&ted in &i.ited

se o! these t#$es toda#/

-ULTIPU+POSE 8ESSELS √

These "esse&s are the .odern sccessors o! the


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is a&so a heightened and


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.ore co.$&icated > in so.e cases stea. being necessar#/ Other e9i$.ent %hich can be !ond

are cargo heating coi&s* needed %hen the cargo beco.es too "iscos to $.$ or e"en so&idi!# at

a.bient te.$eratres/ The other $iece o! e9i$.ent !ond on tan)ers is a crane or derric) !orhand&ing the &oading3discharging hoses* and is !ond b# the cargo .ani!o&d a.idshi$s/

MISCELLANEOUS VESSELS √

These co"er e"er#thing e&se that !&oats ece$t %arshi$s and $ri"ate #achts/ The $artici$ants in

this !i&ed are'

TUGS √

+anging !ro. the &arge ocean going sa&"age tgs %hich are a&so sed to to% oi& rigs arond the%or&d* to the s.a&& harbor tgs the $o%er o! these tgs can either be e$ressed b# the bra)e horse

$o%er 5bh$6 o! their engines or 5.ore sa& b# the bo&&ard $&& the# can eert/

OIL +IGS

These are se&do. se&! $ro$e&&ed* sed in o!!,shore oi& !ie&ds/ The# are sa& di"ided into t%ocategories* dri&&ing and $rodction $&at!or.s/

OFF,SHO+E 8ESSELS √

These are easi recogni0ed b# their &arge !&at cargo carr#ing $&at!or. a!t bi&t s$eci!ica& to

ser"ice oi& rigs/ The .ore $o%er!& "esse&s are described as Anchor Hand&ing "esse&s and as sch

can so.eti.es dob&e as tgs/

C+UISE3PASSENGE+ LINE+S" √

These are g&a.or "esse&s o! the oceans no%ada#s designed %ith short ,17 da#s "o#ages in.ind %ith as .an# $orts o! ca&& as $ossib&e inserted into the sched&e/ The# are sa& o! a "er#

sha&&o% dra!t* %hich enab&es the. to enter or get as c&ose as $ossib&e to as .an# eotic $orts as

$ossib&e/

FE++IES √

These are designed to $ bet%een the sa.e t%o $orts as 9ic) as $ossib&e and as o!ten as isecono.ica& "iab&e/ The# are a&.ost a&& +o,+os and are designed !or the ra$id

&oading3n&oading o! the $assengers* cars and &orries/ The# range in si0e !ro. the s$er !erries

%ith !aci&ities %hich %o&d not sha.e a crise &iner do%n to the h.b&e cross ri"er or harbor!err#/

OTHE+S √

Se"era& other na.es are sed to describe t#$es o! shi$s* o!ten the na.e re&ates to si0e or

e.$&o#.ent &i.itations/ So.e ea.$&es are'


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Laker > This "esse& is ca$ab&e o! trading into the Canadian3USA Great La)es %here there is a

bea. restriction in the St/ La%rence Sea%a# &oc)s o! 24/1@. and a dra!t restriction o! 2!t !resh

%ater 5$ to abot 4*d%at $art &oaded becase o! the dra!t &i.itation to abot 1* d%at6/

Paa!a" > A &arge "esse& ca$ab&e o! transiting the Pana.a Cana& %here there is a bea.

restriction o! 42 .etres and a dra!t o! abot 12 .etres !resh %ater 5"ariab&e6 > 5abot * d%t $art &oaded to abot @@* d%t becase o! the dra!t &i.itation6/

A#ra!a" > This is no% &oose a$$&ied to tan)ers =st nder *d%t/ Its origins go bac) to aco..ittee !or.ed at the behest o! the .a=or oi& co.$anies ca&&ed A"erage Freight +ate

Assess.ents 5AF+A6/ These rates %ere sed !or a "ariet# o! $r$oses e"en inc&ding &ong ter.

contracts in %hich the Parties agreed to re&ate the !reight rate to the crrent AF+A in so.e %a#/

One categor# o! si0e !or %hich an AF+A %as ca&c&ated %as 7@* to * and there %as a big dro$ in rate a!ter that !or the * to 1@* si0e/ It %as there!ore sensib&e !or o%ners

ha"ing shi$s bi&t o! arond * to ensre that* in !act* the# did not eceed */ The $ane&

sti&& eists bt is no% inde$endent o! the oi& co.$anies and it ca&c&ates AF+As co..ercia&

!or an#one %ishing to se the ser"ice/

S$e%!a" > This is a &arge tan)er ca$ab&e o! transiting the cana& !& &oaded %here there is adra!t restriction o! abot 1 .etres sa&t %ater* increasing to 21 .etres b# 21 5&ess than abot

1@*d%t6/

Ca&'(%e > This is a b&) carrier too &arge to transit the Se0 Cana& and ths co.$e&&ed to rond

the Ca$e o! Good Ho$e 5abot 1@*d%t $%ards6/

VLCC > This is a "er# &arge crde carrier* a crde oi& tan)er o! bet%een abot 2* and4*d%t/

ULCC > U&tra Large Crde Carrier* a crde oi& tan)er in ecess o! abot 4*d%t/

SHIP MANAGEMENT √

Ha"ing reached a decision on the t#$e and si0e o! shi$ as %e&& as the trade to be engaged in* the

o%ner .st then consider ho% the shi$ %i&& be .anaged/ The =ob o! the shi$ .anager is si.$&eD

to trans&ate the o%ner:s ideas into rea&it# so that the "esse& can $er!or. the tas)s set b# the o%ner

e!!icient* sa!e and $ro!itab/

In so.e cases shi$ .anage.ent %i&& be carried ot b# the shi$o%ner:s o%n organi0ation* and in

others an inde$endent organi0ation %i&& be e.$&o#ed nder contract/ In either e"ent the !nctionsare basica& si.i&ar/

Shi$ .anage.ent inc&des registration and doc.entation o! the shi$ as re9ired b# nationa&and internationa& athoritiesD it co"ers cre%ing* "icta&&ing* stores* s$are $arts* .aintenance and

re$airsD it etends to arranging insrance and the hand&ing o! c&ai.s and reco"eriesD it inc&des

the a$$oint.ent o! sr"e#ors and a host o! other tas)s designed to )ee$ the shi$ rnning


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$ro$er/ In short* it is the shi$ .anager:s res$onsibi&it# to ensre that the shi$ is tight* stanch

and strong* and in e"er# %a# !itted !or the "o#age/

CARGO HANDLING E)UIPMENT √

FACTO+S (ETE+-INING TYPE OF EJUIP-ENT +EJUI+E(

The !actors deter.ining the t#$e o! cargo e9i$.ent re9ired to .o"e containers in a containerter.ina& inc&de the !o&&o%ing'

1/ S$ace a"ai&abi&it#

2/ E$ected "o&.e o! tra!!ic* %hich is based on historica& data and tra!!ic !orecasting4/ (istance to tra"e& %ithin container #ard

An anasis .st be .ade o! the "arios o$erating s#ste.s i/e/ co.$aring the costs o! sing

stradd&e carriers* rbber,t#red gantries etc/ in the case o! a container ter.ina&/ Once the .ethodo! o$eration has been deter.ined* the t#$e o! e9i$.ent and its s$eci!ication can be de!ined/ The

choice o! e9i$.ent %i&& no% de$end on'

i6 A"ai&abi&it# i/e/ de&i"er# ti.eii6 S$eci!ications

iii6 Cost

i"6 Per!or.ance"6 Ease and cost o! .aintenance

"i6 Financing3&easing arrange.ents

"ii6 ;arranties

The choice o! e9i$.ent %i&& &arge de$end on the a$$&ication that the .achine is re9ired !or/A decision can on be .ade a!ter an anasis is .ade %ith res$ect to the a"ai&ab&e stac)ing

areas* the "o&.e o! tra!!ic and !&eibi&it# re9ired/ Sa!et# and ease o! hand&ing are other

considerations/ En"iron.enta& as$ects o! the .achiner# need to be stdied %hen choosing thee9i$.ent/

CONTAINE+ TE+-INAL EJUIP-ENT

1/ THE CHASSIS SYSTE- √

The chassis s#ste. or %hee&ed o$eration is a s#ste. %hereb# an i.$ort container* %hen

discharged !ro. a shi$* is $&aced direct on to a high%a# chassis and .o"ed b# a ter.ina&

tractor to a $&ace in the .arsha&&ing area/

A(8ANTAGES OF THE ;HEELE( SYSTE- √

• There is read# access to e"er# container in the container #ard at a&& ti.es/

• Container da.age is )e$t to a .ini../

• The dra#.an:s trnarond ti.e is a&so redced to a .ini../

• Fe% $ersonne& are re9ired to o$erate the container #ard/

• The on e9i$.ent re9ired b# the ter.ina& o$erator is a !&eet o! tractors to .o"e the

chassis and containers to and !ro. the shi$:s side/


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(ISA(8ANTAGES OF THE ;HEELE( SYSTE- √

• ;hen both shi$ and gate o$erations are sing the container #ard* the res&ting congestion

can case con!&ict and &oss o! $rodction in both o$erations/

• -ch &and is needed/• The container #ard needs constant .onitoring to $date container &ocations/

2/ ST+A((LE CA++IE+ √

The stradd&e carrier has the abi&it# to &i!t "ertica& and to tra"e& hori0onta& %ith the container*

$ro"iding the ser %ith !&eibi&it# and "ersati&it#D it can stac) three or !or high/ It is a&so ab&e tostradd&e rai&cars to &oad or n&oad containers and .o"e the./

Stradd&e carrier co&d a&so be ca&&ed shtt&e carrier/ Ho%e"er* the shtt&e carrier cannot &i!t a

container o"er another/ It is designed to $ic) $ a container and tra"e& %ith it at high s$eed/

A(8ANTAGES OF THE ST+A((LE CA++IE+ SYSTE- √

• On one $iece o! e9i$.ent is needed !or trans$orting and stac)ing the container

• Land ti&i0ation is reasonab&e co.$ared to the chassis s#ste.

• No $rob&e. o! inade9ate chassis s$$

• Becase shi$,to,shore cranes $&ace the containers on to the grond instead o! a trai&er* the

cranes are ab&e to o$erate at .ai.. ca$acit#

(ISA(8ANTAGES OF THE ST+A((LE CA++IE+ SYSTE- √

• -aintenance costs .a# be high

• O$erators need to be %e&& disci$&ined to .aintain tra!!ic contro&

• Abo"e a"erage da.age .a# occr to sides and roo!s o! containers

4/ +UBBE+ TY+E( GANT+IES 5+TGs6 √

This .achine o$erates a&ong a &ane o! containers that .a# be stac)ed three* !or or !i"e high and

$ to se"en ro%s %ide/ The .achine can be .o"ed !ro. one &ane to another b# sto$$ing it at a

s$eci!ic $oint at the end o! the &aneD %ith the %hee&s trning throgh degrees it a&&o%s the

.achine to .o"e to the si.i&ar &ocation at the chosen &ane %here the %hee&s are retrned to theorigina& a&ign.ent/ The +TG does not tra"e& %hi&e ho&ding a container/ It rather &i!ts the

container to trans!er it bet%een the trai&er and the stac)/In the +TG .ethod o! o$eration* the i.$ort container is discharged !ro. the "esse& to theste"edore:s chassis 5bo.bcart6/ The nit is then to%ed to the a$$ro$riate +TG* %hich %i&&

re.o"e the container !ro. the bo.bcart and $&ace it into storage/ The e$ort container is ta)en

!ro. the stac) b# the +TG and $&aced on to the bo.bcart/ The container is then to%ed to thecrane !or &oading to the "esse&/


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A .achine si.i&ar to the +TG is the +ai& -onted Gantr# 5+-G6/ As the na.e i.$&ies* this

.achine rns on on rai&s/ This co&d be a &ane o! containers in the container #ard or it co&d

stradd&e the on doc) rai& trac)s/ The .achine is .ore stab&e than the +TG and can be designedto hand&e containers otside o! its &egs bt &i.ited to a gi"en area o! o$eration/

A(8ANTAGES OF THE +TG √

• Land is better ti&i0ed co.$ared to the chassis s#ste.

• The e9i$.ent sed to .o"e the containers %ithin the container #ard costs &ess than the

stradd&e carrier s#ste.

(ISA(8ANTAGES OF THE +TG √

• Accessibi&it# to a container beco.es .ore di!!ic&t as stac)ing densit# increases

• The ne% +TG is an e$ensi"e .achine

• Bs# $eriods case a shortage o! .achines to .eet a&& o$erations

• The +TG cannot tra"e& %ith a container attached

• -ore &abor is needed than %ith the stradd&e carrier s#ste.

7/ TOP,PIC? O+ TOP,LIFT T+UC? 5TLT6 √

The to$,$ic)* a&so )no%n as to$,&i!t or to$,rac) is a hea"#,dt# to$ &i!ting trc)/ It is econo.ica&!or o$erating %ithin a s.a&& container #ard/ ;ith the to$,&i!t s$reader it is ca$ab&e o! stac)ing

!& &oaded containers !or high/ The .achine can be sed to carr# containers bet%een the

shi$:s side and the container #ard* bt it is better sed in con=nction %ith tractors and bo.bcartsas in the +TG s#ste./

A "ariant to this .achine is the +each Stac)er %hich is 9ite "ersati&e %ith s$erior ca$acit#*e!!icienc# and sa!et#/ It is ca$ab&e o! reaching across a container to $&ace or reco"er another in

the ad=acent ro%/ It can be sed at rai& sidings %here it can reach across a bo.bcart to the rai&car

beside it/

-ane"erabi&it# nder &oaded condition the to$,&i!t trc) can %or) %e&& %ithin a 1@,.etre %ide

ais&e 5$assage%a#6 stac)ing or retrie"ing &oaded containers/ The reach stac)er can do the sa.e*

bt .a# not be ab&e to o!!er the second ro% ca$abi&it#/ The tre second ro% reach stac)er %o&dneed a 1,.etre ais&e ths redcing the storage ca$acit# o! the container #ard/

A(8ANTAGES OF THE TOP,PIC? T+UC? √

• The .achine is "ersati&e* can tra"e& an#%here* and b# re$&acing the s$reader bea. %ith

!or)s* it can be sed to hand&e other cargoes

• It is co.$arati"e ine$ensi"e and eas# to ser"ice

(ISA(8ANTAGES OF THE TOP,LIFT T+UC? √


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• The %hee&s $&ace hea"# stresses $on the sr!ace o! the container #ard

• -ore s$ace bet%een the container b&oc)s is needed than %ith an +TG to a&&o% the

.achine to .anoe"re

• Containers are not so easi se&ected b# n.ber becase o! the si0e o! the storage b&oc)s

@/ YA+( T+ACTO+ √

This is a&so )no%n as #ard hst&er/ It is "ersati&e and sed etensi"e in .&ti$r$ose

ter.ina&s !or .o"ing other cargoes/

/ (OC?SI(E CONTAINE+ GANT+Y C+ANE √

This is !aster to hand&e the increased "o&.es o! containers being carried/ It is higher becase o!the increased height o! "esse&s and o! their on,dec) sto%age/ The boo.s are &onger to be ab&e to

etend across the .odern shi$/

CA+GO GEA+S √

A/ Co&&ar chain s&ing 5genera& $r$ose chain %ith good %ear and shoc),absorbing 9a&ities6/

B/ ;ire cargo net 5genera& $r$ose cargo net o! strd# constrction6/C/ Cargo board 5s$reader !or &i!ting &oose cargo stac)ed on cargo boards6/

(/ (r.3can hoo)s 5these can &i!t $ to si dr.s at a ti.e6/

E/ Pi$e s&ing 5a"ai&ab&e in "arios e!!ecti"e %or)ing &engths and S;Ls6/F/ +o$e net 5genera& $r$ose ro$e .esh net !or &oose cargoes6/

G/ 8ehic&e &i!ting s$reader 5s$reader %ith %ire .esh nets* !or hand&ing cars and 2, or 2,a&e

&orries > 9ic) and si.$&e to o$erate6/

H/ T%in ro&& &i!t nit 5!or &i!ting t%o $a$er ree&s at a ti.e6/

I/ ;ire be&t s&ing 5!&eib&e stee& s&ing* in "arios %idths and a&ternati"e end !ittings6/K/ 7,&eg chain s&ing 5genera& $r$ose s&ing !itted %ith


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• (esigned and bi&t to acco..odate a n.ber o! trades in %hich it can engage e/g/ OBO

carriers/

• Con,b&)er 5Container3B&) Carrier6* another t#$e o! co.bination carriers is designed

%ith container !ittings in the botto. o! the ho&ds and on the dec)/

-ULTIPU+POSE 8ESSELS √

• (esigned and constrcted to ta)e b&) cargo* bagged cargo* containers and genera& cargo

%ith e9a& ease and e"en at the sa.e ti.e/

• The# sa& ha"e t%o dec)s* &arge hatches and so.e cargo gears o! s!!icient ca$acit# to

&i!t cargo/

• Narro% si0e range bet%een @* and 2@* d%t/

O+E CA++IE+S √

• (esigned and constrcted to carr# ore/

• Cargo ho&ds s.a&&er in si0e becase o! the densit# o! the ore occ$#ing on the botto.

ha&! o! the ho&d .a)ing the shi$ "er# sti!!/ The &argest ore carrier is abot 2@* d%t/

TERMINAL OPERATIONS AND OPERATIONS* PLANNING

The o$erations .anage.ent o! a container ter.ina& is res$onsib&e !or coordination o! a&&

acti"ities not on re&ated to &ong ter. $&anning !or insta&&ation* e9i$.ent* and .an$o%er bt as

%e&& !or short,ti.e $&anning and dai rotine as e!!ecti"e contro& $oints !or the bene!it o! the

$ort/ ;hi&e &ong ter. $&anning has to inc&de $o&itica&* econo.ic* and in!rastrctra& as$ects and

ths %i&& be added to 9ite a &arge n.ber o! deter.inants !or $&anning the short ter. $&anning

concentrates on the dai ter.ina& o$eration and coordinates the needs o! .an$o%er and

e9i$.ent in the di!!erent %or)ing areas o! the ter.ina&/

TAS?S OF CENT+AL OPE+ATION (ISPOSITION

The ter.ina& organi0ation $&an s$&its the %or)ing areas o! the nit into shi$s: o$eration

de$art.ent* #ard contro& de$art.ent* and the CFS de$art.ent/ ;or)!orce and .achiner# in

those de$art.ents are $art interchangeab&e and there!ore the dai %or) &oad o! the di!!erent

de$art.ents .st be coordinated and contro&&ed b# the centra& dis$osition/

The centra& dis$osition %i&& co&&ect the %or) &oads o! a&& o$erationa& de$art.ents and .a)e ot a

!ina& res&t o! the $orts: %or) &oad $er shi!t/ An o"erhang o! .an$o%er in one o$erationa&

de$art.ent .a# no% be shi!ted to another de$art.ent %hich has .an$o%er shortage/ The need

o! additiona& .achines %i&& be co"ered b# shi!ting .achines !ro. other o$erationa& areas or e"en

b# &easing .achines/


14/23

SHIPS: OPE+ATION (EPA+T-ENT

The shi$s: o$erations de$art.ent is in charge o! the o$erationa& $re,$&anning on the basis o!

o$ti.. a&&ocation o! the a"ai&ab&e resorces to garantee a 9ic) and econo.ica& dis$atch o!

the "esse&/ The shi$s: dis$atch $re,$&anning can be se$arated into three basic areas'

1/ O"era&& shi$s: $&anning

2/ F&& da# $&anning

4/ Shi!t $&anning

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS √

INTRODUCTION

The e!!icienc# o! $ort is i.$ortant becase the cost o! the shi$s and the goods at $orts deter.ine

the .a=or $art o! the .ariti.e trans$ort chain/ According to se"era& stdies* it is ad.itted that

t%o,thirds o! the tota& .ariti.e cost are incrred in $orts* .ain %har!age* hand&ing* and

storage o$erations/ Ho%e"er* cost not on inc&des the $ort des and the $rice in"oiced b#

agents !or the o$erations* bt a&so the ti.e in $orts and the 9a&it# o! ser"ices/ This .eans that

the res$onsibi&it# o! the .anager o! the $ort is t%o,!o&d' !&eibi&it# > to s.ooth o$erations as

.ch as $ossib&eD and !orecasting and $&anning > to $re$are !or the !tre b# good $&anning/

(es$ite the !act that .ore and .ore $orts a&& o"er the %or&d ha"e engaged in a $rocess o!

$ri"ati0ation* the $ort athorit# is sti&& in"o&"ed in the contro& o! e!!icienc# becase the sr"i"a&o! the $ort in a co.$etiti"e .ar)et or the econo.# o! the contr# in case o! .ono$o* are

deter.ined b# e!!icienc#/ E!!icienc# is the )e# %ord o! ter.ina& .anage.ent/ ;hate"er the

stats o! the $ort* the o$erator and3or the $ort athorit# .st ha"e ob=ecti"e in!or.ation on the

acta& sitation on %hich to base decisions/ For this reason* it is i.$ortant to create too&s to

contina& .easre the e"o&"ing sitation at the ter.ina&* to assess $er!or.ance and enab&e

ti.e decisions to i.$ro"e $rodcti"it#* heighten ser"ice &e"e&s and in!or. in"est.ent

decisions > these too&s are the $er!or.ance indicators/ Per!or.ance indicators .easre

e!!icienc#/

Per#+r!a,e ((,a.+r' are .++/' ,rea.e .+ ,+.($a//0 !ea'$re e1+/1(2

'(.$a.(+'3e##(,(e,0 a. .4e &+r.3.er!(a/ .+ a''e'' &er#+r!a,e a ea5/e .(!e/0 e,('(+'

.+ (!&r+1e &r+$,.(1(.06 4e(24.e 'er1(,e /e1e/' a (#+r! (1e'.!e. e,('(+'7 Sch a

contro& instr.ent or better .anage.ent in!or.ation s#ste. is no%ada#s an abso&te necessit#

!or $ort .anage.ent de to the co.$&eit# and &arge "ariet# o! di!!erent acti"ities in the $ort

indstr#/


15/23

DEFINITIONS √

;HAT IS PO+T PE+FO+-ANCEM √

PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE

Ph#sica& $er!or.ance is the ot$t o! the eisting !aci&ities/ The $er!or.ance o! the $ort can be

ca&c&ated as a %ho&e or the $er!or.ance !or each )ind o! !aci&it# 5berth* s$ecia&i0ed berth* #ard*

crane* shed* storehose* &abor !orce* etc/6/

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE √

Financia& $er!or.ance is the contribtion o! each categor# o! ser"ices $ro"ided

QUALITY PERFORMANCE √

Ja&it# $er!or.ance is beco.ing a .ore i.$ortant !actor o! co.$etition than $rice/ +e&iabi&it#*

!&eibi&it#* a$$&ication o! r&es* ti.e s$ent reso&"ing con!&icts and arg.ents are inc&ded in the

9a&it# o! ser"ice* as %e&& as the hand&ing ca$acit#/ Ja&it# $er!or.ance denotes the abi&it# to

so&"e $rob&e.s/

;HAT IS AN IN(ICATO+M √

An indicator is a too& o! .easre.ent o! the $er!or.ance/ The indicators are a&%a#s 9anti!ied

as .athe.atica& !or.&as in order to be ob=ecti"e and ca&c&ated in a har.oni0ed %a#/ Fro. the

abo"e* it is c&ear that the 9a&it# o! the indicators de$ends on the re&iabi&it# o! the in!or.ation/The descri$tion o! the indicators %i&&* there!ore* be &in)ed %ith the )inds o! in!or.ation %e need

and the $rob&e.s %e .a# .eet %hen co&&ecting the data/ These indicators eist !or a&& the

o$erations and !or an# )ind o! cargoes or #ards/

Thogh a $ort is a %ho&e* %hen anaing the e!!icienc# o! a $ort %e are ob&iged to se$arate the

acti"ities and .easre their e!!icienc# se$arate to deter.ine the strengths and %ea)nesses o!

the $ort/ This anasis o! the indicators %i&& be !o&&o%ed b# the .ethodo&og# !or esti.ating the

.ai.. ca$acit# o! the $ort:s !aci&ities and the %a#s to $grade it than)s to the se o! the $ort

$er!or.ance indicators/

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR THE BERTHS √

The berths ser"e the shi$s/ The !irst !nction o! a $ort is to recei"e shi$s and $ro"ide the. %ith

ser"ices sch as she&ter* $i&oting* tgging* and .ooring !aci&ities/ The $er!or.ance indicators !or

the berth are .ain necessar# !or the $&anning de$art.ents and !or the harbor .aster %ho is in

charge o! &ocating the shi$s/ A &ac) o! berths res&ts in %aiting ti.e !or the shi$s bt an o"er,


16/23

ca$acit# o! berths is a %aste o! ca$ita&/ There!ore* the ot$t* ser"ice and ti&i0ation ratios are

e$&ained !ro. the $&anning and the co..ercia& as$ects/

BERTH OUTPUT INDICATORS √

The berth ot$t indicators are "er# se!& !or the ter.ina& $&anner becase the# sho% the

e"o&tion o! the $er!or.ance o! each berth and deter.ine the ter.ina& ca$acit#/ T4e 5er.4

.4r+$24&$. ((,a.+r (' .4e .+.a/ $!5er +# TEU' +r $(.' 4a/e + +e 5er.4 ( a '.a.e

&er(+ 8$'$a//0 a 0ear9/ For containers* BT tota& TEU3one #ear on the berth concerned/

SOU+CE AN( +ELIABILITY OF THE (ATA √

The genera& statistic tab&es o! the ter.ina& are the .ain sorce/ This sho&d be genera&

a"ai&ab&e* bt it is necessar# to chec) care!& the !o&&o%ing di!!ic&ties that %e .eet %hen %e

anae the acta& sitation'

CONTAINERS √

TEU 52 !oot e9i"a&ent nits6'

• Con"entiona&* one 7!t container is e9i"a&ent to t%o 2!t containers/

• ;hen the tota& tonnage hand&ed inc&des the containers* the %eight o! the &oaded boes

inc&des the tares o! the containers !& &oaded and e.$t#/

BERTH √

The berth .st be identi!ied/ The si.$&e case is one shi$ !or one berth bt there are .an# other

cases* sch as'

• Ports are not ho.ogeneos/ There are berths o! 1@* 2* 2@ or 4 .etres according to

the tra!!ic the# are dedicated to or according to the date o! their constrction/

• Conse9ent* t%o s.a&& shi$s can be o$erated on the sa.e berth or* in"erse* one &ong

shi$ can be berthed a&ong t%o short berths/

• The case o! the &ighterage 5ti.ber &ogs or hand&ing on the both sides o! the "esse&6 the

shi$ is berthed a&ong one berth bt the &ighters o$erate on another one/

• T%o shi$s can be dob&e,ban)ed a&ong the sa.e berth/

• -an# other cases can be seen in $orts > #or e$erience %i&& sho% it/

DOUBLE COUNTING √

So.e o$erations i.$ a dob&e hand&ing o! the co..odities'

• The transshi$.ent 5.ain containers6 are registered t%ice* and


17/23

• The shi!ting !ro. one ho&d to the other 5"ia the 9a# on are conted t%ice

FACTO+S INFLUENCING THE +ESULTS √

So.e indicators can be ca&c&ated se$arate to e"a&ate the %eight o! each in!&encing !actor in

the $resent sitation/ For ea.$&e* (irect (e&i"er# +ation TEU direct de&i"ered3tota& TEU

hand&edD A"erage Shi$&oad Tota& TEU hand&ed3n.ber o! shi$s berthed/

BERTH SERVICE INDICATORS √

The ser"ice indicators are se!& !or the shi$o%ners and the shi$$ers becase the trnarond ti.e

the shi$s s$end in $orts is $aid b# the shi$o%ner and a&so b# the shi$$er 5es$ecia& in the case

o! chartered shi$s becase he has to $a# de.rrage6/

(EFINITIONS √

The trnarond ti.e is the ti.e s$ent in the $ort b# a&& the "esse&s ca&&ing in a s$eci!ic $eriod/ It

inc&des'

WAITING TIME (WT) √

This is de&a# bet%een the shi$:s arri"a& in $ort and its t#ing $ at the berth/

A"erage ;T +atio c.&ated ti.e !or %aiting 5in hors63tota& n.ber o! shi$s/

It can be ca&c&ated !or a s$eci!ic berth or ter.ina& or ca&c&ated !or the %ho&e $ort or ca&c&ated

!or a t#$e o! "esse&s as %e&&/

TIME AT BERTH OR SERVICE TIME (ST) √

This is the ti.e the shi$ sta#s berthed 5bet%een the berthing and the de$artre ti.e6/

A"erage ST +atio c.&ated ser"ice ti.e3tota& n.ber o! shi$s/

It can be ca&c&ated !or a s$eci!ic berth or ter.ina& or ca&c&ated !or the %ho&e $ort or ca&c&ated

!or a t#$e o! "esse& as %e&&/ ST inc&des the %or)ing ti.e !or o$erations and the id&e ti.e/

TIME IN PORT (PT) OR TURN-ROUND TIME √

This is the ti.e that the shi$ s$ends in the $ort !ro. the arri"a& in !ront o! the $ort $ to the

de$artre a!ter &ea"ing the &i.its o! the $ort/

A"erage PT +atio c.&ated ;T ST3tota& n.ber o! shi$s/

F+r ,+!!er,(a/ rea'+' it is "er# !re9ent ca&c&ated as the !o&&o%ing ratio'

Grade o! %aiting c.&ated ;T3c.&ated ST/


18/23

Indeed* the co.$arison o! the %aiting ti.e %ith the ser"ice ti.e $ro"ides good in!or.ation

abot %hat is acce$tab&e to shi$o%ners/ The# sa& acce$t a 1 rate !or b&) and genera&

cargo "esse&s/ Be#ond this rate* the# consider the $ort as a &o% 9a&it# one/ For +o,+o and

container shi$s* shi$o%ners sa& do not acce$t an# %aiting ti.e/ It can be ca&c&ated !or a

s$eci!ic berth or ter.ina& or ca&c&ated !or the %ho&e $ort or ca&c&ated !or a t#$e o! "esse& as

%e&&/

SOU+CE AN( +ELIABILITY OF THE (ATA √


Factors in!&encing the berth ser"ice indicators: res&ts inc&de'

• To$ogra$hic and geogra$hic !actors inc&ding estar# $ort* tide ti.e* &oc)s* %eather etc/

• O$erationa& !actors inc&ding $ort congestion* na"ai&abi&it# o! berths* $riorities o! other

shi$s* na"ai&abi&it# o! $i&ots or tgs etc/

BE+TH UTILIATION IN(ICATO+S √

Berth ti&i0ation indicators indicate the acta& intensit# o! se o! the berths/ The de!initions are

gi"en as'

1/ Ber.4 +,,$&a,0 ra.(+ sho%s the &e"e& o! de.and !or ser"ices/Berth occ$anc# ratio Q ser"ice ti.e R hrs in a #ear or other $eriod

2/ Ber.4 +rke .(!e ra.(+' sho% the n.ber o! hors that the shi$s are e!!ecti"e

o$erated/ It gi"es indication abot the 9a&it# o! ser"ices to shi$s/

Berth %or)ed ti.e ratio Q ti.e %or)ed R Q ser"ice ti.e


The !actors in!&encing the berth ti&i0ation indicators: res&ts can inc&de the !o&&o%ing'

• The 9a&it# o! the hand&ing o$erations/

• The o$ening hors o! the $ort

• The socia& c&i.ate/

• The %eather/

HANDLING OUTPUT INDICATORS √

1/ SHIP OUTPUT √

Shi$ ot$t indicators .easre the rate at %hich cargo is hand&ed to and !ro. a "esse&/ The# are

c&ear indicators o! ho% good the cargo hand&ing o$erations are/

There are three shi$ ot$t 5SO6 indicators'


19/23

;SO > TEU $er shi$ %or)ed hor Q TEU hand&ed R Q %or)ed hors

BSO , TEU $er shi$ at berth Q TEU hand&ed R Q ser"ice hors

PSO > TEU $er shi$ hor in $ort Q TEU hand&ed R Q hors in $ort

FACTO+S INFLUENCING THE +ESULT √

The shi$ ot$t de$ends on the hand&ing .ethods at the 9a# and* there!ore* the .eans

.obi&i0ed !or the hand&ing &abor !orce i/e/ n.ber o! gangs and e9i$.ent/

2/ GANG OUTPUT √

The shi$ ot$t de$ends* a.ong other things* on the n.ber o! gangs sed !or the hand&ing andthe e!!icienc# o! the gangs/ There!ore* the gang inc&des not on %or)ers bt a&so the hand&ing

e9i$.ent !or shi$ to shore o$erations and 9a# trans!er o$erations/

For.&a' A"erage ot$t $er gang $er hor Q TEU hand&ed R Q 5gang hors %or)ed6

FACTO+S INFLUENCING THE +ESULT √

• The gang $rodction de$ends .ore on the 9a&it# and ca$acities o! the e9i$.ent sed

than on the n.ber o! %or)ers/

• A&& other !actors being constant* e$erience de.onstrates'

, Ja# hand&ing e9i$.ent a&%a#s .ore e!!icient than the shi$ hand&ing e9i$.ent, To o$erate o&d shi$s is a&%a#s .ore ti.e,cons.ing than ne% ones

, An o"ersta!!ed gang does not increase the ot$t

, The socia& c&i.ate and the incenti"e $o&icies

CALCULATIONS

The -38 UNCTA( arri"ed o!! $ort +a$id at 1'4hrs on Thrsda#* 1th October to discharge

21 tonnes o! genera& cargo and to &oad 177 tonnes o! tea* co!!ee* sisa& and !orest $rodcts/ No

berth %as "acant* and the "esse& %as instrcted to anchor and a%ait a berth/ A berth e"enta&

beca.e a"ai&ab&e at 1'4hrs on Satrda#* 12th October* and the "esse& berthed at 7'4hrs/(ischarge o$erations co..enced at 'hrs and $roceeded on a 2,shi!t basis 5each shi!t o!

hrs dration* $&s o"erti.e %hen re9ired6 nti& &oading %as co.$&eted at 1'4hrs on

-onda#* 21st October/

The %or)ing detai&s %ere as !o&&o%s'


20/23

SHIP REGISTRATION √

T4e U(.e Na.(+' C+1e.(+ + .4e La +# .4e Sea ; 8UNCLOS9 re9ires e"er# shi$

to sai& nder one !&ag in accordance %ith Artic&e 2* and a&so con!ers a right to e"er# State*

%hether &ittora& or &and,&oc)ed* to ha"e shi$s !ing its !&ag in accordance %ith Artic&e 1/ In

eercising this right* a State .st ass.e the ob&igation o! .a)ing sre that the shi$s are sb=ect

to its e!!ecti"e =risdiction and contro&* according to Artic&e 7 %hich states the dties o! the !&ag

State/ This a&so is to sa# that the !&ag State .a# o!!er a condci"e en"iron.ent !or shi$ o$erators*

!or ea.$&e in the !o&&o%ing areas'

• Fisca& regi.e e/g/ ee.$tion o! ta* !oreign echange contro&s etc/

• Lega& regi.es e/g/ &i.itation o! &iabi&it#* .ortgage &a%s* &itigation &a%s etc/

•

O%nershi$ re9ire.ents/• Bi&atera& and .&ti&atera& agree.ents %hich accord s$ecia& rights to its shi$s e/g/ cargo

sharing* taation* right o! entr# etc/

• -anning re9ire.ents e/g/ nationa&it#* recognition o! certi!icates* .anning sca&e* %age

sca&es etc/

It !rther .eans that the State .st ensre that'

• The shi$ is sb=ect to its ec&si"e =risdiction on the high seas

• It has =risdiction nder its interna& &a% o"er each shi$ and its .aster* o!!icers and cre% in

res$ect o! ad.inistrati"e* technica& and socia& .atters concerning the shi$ 5Artic&e

752b6/

In $rsance o! this ob&igation the !&ag State has &a%s and reg&ations co"ering standards o!

constrction* e9i$.ent and sr"e# o! its shi$sD the .anning o! shi$s* &abor conditions and the

training o! cre%sD sa!e na"igation o! shi$sD redction and contro& o! .arine $o&&tionD

in"estigation o! casa&ties in"o&"ing its shi$s/

T4e U(.e Na.(+' C+1e.(+ + C+(.(+' #+r Re2('.ra.(+ +# S4(&' %hich %as ado$ted*

bt #et to enter into !orce* %as intended to !i&& the "ac. &e!t b# UNCLOS/ It is intended to &a#

do%n the ob&igations that a !&ag State has to ass.e in re&ation to the registration o! shi$s in that

State/ Its .ain $ro"isions are'

a6 It a$$&ies on to se&!,$ro$e&&ed sea,going shi$s o! @ G+T and abo"e %hich are sed in

internationa& seaborne trade !or the trans$ort o! goods or $assengers/

b6 The !&ag State .st ha"e an ade9ate and co.$etent .ariti.e ad.inistration and sha&&

i.$&e.ent a$$&icab&e internationa& r&es and standards 5e/g/ those o! the I-O and the

ILO6/c6 O%ners or o$erators are ade9ate identi!iab&e !or the $r$ose o! ensring their !&&

accontabi&it#/


21/23

d6 A State o! registration has an o$tion to co.$ %ith either the $ro"isions on o%nershi$ or

.anning 5or %ith both'

Oer'4(& – A !&ag State .st $ro"ide in its &a%s and reg&ations a$$ro$riate $ro"isions

!or $artici$ation b# that State or its nationa&s as o%ners o! shi$s !ing its !&ag or in the

o%nershi$ o! sch shi$s and !or the &e"e& o! sch $artici$ation/

Ma(2 – A State o! registration sha&& obser"e the $rinci$&e that a satis!actor# $art o!the co.$&e.ent consisting o! o!!icers and cre% o! shi$s !ing its !&ag be nationa&s or

$ersons do.ici&ed or &a%!& in $er.anent residence in that State* either on a shi$*

co.$an# or !&eet basis/

e6 A State o! registration .st ensre that the shi$,o%ning co.$an# or its sbsidiar#

co.$an# or its $rinci$a& $&ace o! bsiness is estab&ished %ithin its territor#/ Other%ise

there .st be a re$resentati"e or .anage.ent $erson %ho sha&& be a nationa& o! that State!6 A State .a# register "esse&s chartered in b# a charterer in that State in con!or.it# %ith the

Con"ention/

TYPES OF SHIP +EGIST+IES √

There are* broad s$ea)ing* !or t#$es o! registries* "i0'

a6 The traditiona& or c&osed registries > These genera& ha"e .ore stringent criteria !or

o%nershi$ i/e/ on citi0ens and co.$anies incor$orated in the contr# can 9a&i!#/

b6 The o$en registries > These are estab&ished as a ser"ice to the internationa& shi$$ing

co..nit#/ Ea.$&es are Liberia and Pana.a/c6 The o!!,shore or internationa& registries > These registries are set $ b# the contries

%ith traditiona& registries to ste. the eods o! shi$s !ro. their origina& registries/ These

are designed to &o%er the o$erating costs o! o%ners and so.e are a&so designed to attract

!oreigners/ Ea.$&es are the Nor%egian* (anish and Ger.an internationa& registers/

d6 The da& or bareboat registries > These registries a&&o% bareboat chartered shi$s to be

registered/ Ea.$&es are Ger.an#* Astra&ia* Liberia and the Phi&i$$ines/

;AYS THAT NATIONAL GO8E+N-ENT CAN ASSIST ITS O;N NATIONAL FLEET √

1/ Prchasing &oans at a &o% rate o! interest

2/ Assistance %ith socia& secrit# $a#.ents !or the cre%s

4/ Pre!erence !or the nationa& !&eet !or go"ern.ent cargoes and !or cargoes contro&&ed b# the

.a=or indstria& concerns in the contr#

7/ Ec&si"e e.$&o#.ent o! nationa& !&ags in certain $rotected trades 5sch as coasting6@/ Ad"antageos taation sche.es so that $ro!its gained !ro. shi$,o%ning acti"ities bear

&itt&e or no ta

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON TONNAGE MEASUREMENT OF SHIPS6 ;


22/23

A+TICLE 2' (EFINITIONS √

• Internationa& "o#age .eans a sea "o#age !ro. a contr# to %hich the $resent

Con"ention a$$&ies to a $ort otside sch contr#* or con"erse/

• Gross tonnage .eans the .easre o! the o"era&& si0e o! a shi$ deter.ined in accordance

%ith the $ro"isions o! the $resent Con"ention/

• Net tonnage .eans the .easre o! the se!& ca$acit# o! a shi$ deter.ined in

accordance %ith the $ro"isions o! the $resent Con"ention/

• Ne% shi$ .eans a shi$ the )ee& o! %hich is &aid* or %hich is at a si.i&ar stage o!

constrction* on or a!ter the date o! co.ing into !orce o! the $resent Con"ention/

• Eisting shi$ .eans a shi$ %hich is not a ne% shi$/

A+TICLE @' FO+CE -AKEU+E

1/ A shi$ %hich is not sb=ect to the $ro"isions o! the $resent Con"ention at the ti.e o! itsde$artre on an# "o#age sha&& not beco.e sb=ect to sch $ro"isions on accont o! an#

de"iation !ro. its intended "o#age de to stress o! %eather or an# other case o! !orce

.a=ere/2/ In a$$ing the $ro"isions o! the $resent Con"ention* the Contracting Go"ern.ents sha&&

gi"e de consideration to an# de"iation or de&a# cased to an# shi$ o%ing to stress o!

%eather or an# other case o! !orce .a=ere/

A+TICLE ' ISSUE OF CE+TIFICATE

1/ An Internationa& Tonnage Certi!icate 516 sha&& be issed to e"er# shi$* the gross and nettonnages o! %hich ha"e been deter.ined in accordance %ith the $resent Con"ention/

2/ Sch certi!icate sha&& be issed b# the Ad.inistration or b# an# $erson or organi0ation

d athori0ed b# it/ In e"er# case* the Ad.inistration sha&& ass.e !&& res$onsibi&it#

!or the certi!icate/

A+TICLE ' ISSUE OF CE+TIFICATE BY ANOTHE+ GO8E+N-ENT

1/ A Contracting Go"ern.ent .a#* at the re9est o! another Contracting Go"ern.ent*

deter.ine the net and gross tonnages o! a shi$ and isse or athori0e the isse o! an

Internationa& Tonnage Certi!icate 516 to the shi$ in accordance %ith the $resent

Con"ention/

2/ A co$# o! the certi!icate and a co$# o! the ca&c&ations o! the tonnages sha&& be trans.itted

as ear as $ossib&e to the re9esting Go"ern.ent/

4/ A certi!icate so issed sha&& contain a state.ent to the e!!ect that it has been issed at the

re9est o! the Go"ern.ent o! the State %hose !&ag the shi$ is or %i&& be !ing and it sha&&


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ha"e the sa.e "a&idit# and recei"e the sa.e recognition as a certi!icate issed nder

Artic&e 5isse o! certi!icate6/

7/ No Internationa& Tonnage Certi!icate 516 sha&& be issed to a shi$ %hich is !ing the

!&ag o! a State the Go"ern.ent o! %hich is not a Contracting Go"ern.ent/

TYPES OF MEASUREMENT √

1/ T+a2e' are the acta& %eights o! the shi$ and its cargo/2/ L(24. ('&/a,e!e. .+a2e is the acta& %eight o! the "esse& as constrcted and a!&oat

ec&ding !e&* stores* cre%* etc/4/ T+.a/ ('&/a,e!e. .+a2e is the &ight dis$&ace.ent tonnage $&s the %eight o! a&& !e&*

stores* &bricants* cre%:s e!!ects and e"er#thing e&se that .a)es the shi$ read# to go to

sea/

7/ Deae(24. ,ar2+ ,a&a,(.0 8DWCC9 is the %eight o! cargo that can be carried b# the

shi$ %hen !& &oaded to the s..er &oad&ine/

@/ Deae(24. a// .+/ 8DWAT9 is the tota& %eight o! a !& &oaded shi$ i/e/ (;CC $&stota& dis$&ace.ent/

/ Gr+'' .+a2e is the interna& cbic .easre.ent o! a&& the enc&osed s$aces %ithin the

shi$:s h&& and s$erstrctre/

7. Ne. .+a2e is the gross tonnage &ess those s$aces sch as engine roo. and cre%

acco..odation that cannot be sed !or co..ercia& i/e/ re"ene earning $r$oses/

ship management i

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