ship ops i lesson i

8/6/2019 Ship Ops I Lesson I

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Ship Operation1-

SeamanshipWhat is it?

It is the art of making things work in a safe

and efficient manner?

What manner?

Navigation, maneuvering, conduct of ship in

terms of maintenance, saving the ship,behavior of the crew in respect of each other.


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SEAMANSHIP (LESSON I)Manning of a medium sized cargo vessel

Mast

er

DeckDept.

EngineDept.

Purser /ChiefSteward.CooksSteward

Pantry Boy

Catering Dept.

RadioOfficer

RadioDept.

ChiefEngineer2nd Eng.3rd Eng.4th Eng.

Electrician, Eng.Cadet orApprentice.Oiler

FitterStorekeep

Chief officer (1stMate)

2nd officer (2ndMate)

3rd officer (3rd

Mate)Cadets/apprenticeBosunCassabCarpenter

QuartermasterAB Able Body


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TIME KEEPING SYSTEM AT SEA

Middlewatch0000 0400

2nd Officer3rd

Engineer000000300100

0130020002300300033003450400

MorningWatch

0400 0800Chief Officer

2nd Engineer

0400043005000530

060006300700073007450800

Forenoonwatch

0800 12003rd Officer

4th Engineer080008300900093010001030

1100113011451200

Dog WatchSecond

1800 2000

Chief Officer2nd .Engineer

18301900193019452000

AfternoonWatch

1200 - 16002nd Officer

3rd Engineer120012301300133014001430

1500153015451600

Dog WatchFirst

1600

1800ChiefOfficer

2nd Engineer

160016301700

17301800

FirstWatch

2000 2400

3rd Officer4th Engineer

2000203021002130220022302300

233023452400

BELLS8 Bells IIIIIIII1 Bells I2 Bells II3 Bells III4 Bells IIII5 Bells IIIII6 Bells IIIIII7 Bells IIIIIII

1 Bells I8 Bells IIIIIIII


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Duties and responsibilities of the various departmentsDeck

Responsible to the captain in the safe navigation and watch

keeping at sea and in port the safe and efficient cargo

operation.

Engine

Responsible to the master in the safe and efficient maintenance

and operation of the main engine, machinery, fittings and

equipment.

Catering

Responsible for the domestic aspects of the operation of the

ship

Communication

Responsible for the efficient and safe communication


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ROPES

Ropes are classified into two basic types.

a. Fibre b. Steel wires

a. Fibre rope:- i. Natural ii. Synthetic

Natural fibre ropes manufactured from manila, hemp, sisal, coir, cotton or

flax fibres process of making ropes consist of twisting the fibres into

strains and turning the strains in opposite direction to form

yarns.

ropes can be left or right hand laid. a right hand laid rope, strain is laid up right handed

(clockwise), yarn is laid up left handed and fibred right

handed


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Properities of natural fibers

i. Kamp

Rots easily so sometimes, tarred expensive so used in smallsizes.

Does not swell when wet. Smooth, pale straw colour.

ii. Manila

Made from Abaca fibres does not rot easily but swells whenwet. Very popular at sea.Hairy golden brown.

Breaking Strength(BS) = 2d / 300

Work out the BS of a manila rope of 20mm?


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iii. Cotton

Almost never used very popular in yachts before synthetics. Rots easily. white, soft, &

smooth.

iv. Sisal

Made mainly in Tanganyika (Tanzania). Substitute for manila. White, rough, not stronger

than manila

v. Boar fibre from coconuts. Weak, when immense stretch

floats.


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Varieties of Synthetic ropes.

a) Polyamides (Nylon)

Attacked by acids, immune to alkalis, strongest, most elastic(30-40% extension) B.S. (Breaking strength) 5d2/300 tonnes whered = Diameter in mm.

Calculate the breaking strength of a polyamides rope of 25mm?

= 3125/300 = 10.4 Tonnes

b) Polyester (Terry Len & Dacron, Tetron)

Damaged by alkalis, not acids less elastic.

B.S. = 4d / 300

c) Polypropylene (Olstron, Nelson)

Damaged by ultra violet light but not acids or alkalis

B.S. = 3d / 300


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ROPES-Dangers!There are many deaths and injuries related to the mishandling of ropes

at sea. Special references should be made with regard to the usage ofropes in the code of Safe working practices for merchant seaman.

Ropes stretches before they part and there will be a backlash hazard.

Ultraviolet rays are the worst enemies of synthetic ropes

Never stand in the bight of ropes. Protect the ropes from sharp edges

from loads

Proper care and handling of ropes is vital as your life might

depend on it!


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Construction of a right hand lay rope

Fibres

Yarns

Strains

Jaws

Right hand lay of the rope

'clockwise'


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CONSTRUCTION OF 3 STRANDED Hawser-laid Fibre rope

Fibres Twisted R.H. Into a yarn.

Yarns Laid up L.H. into a stand

Strands Laid up R.H. into a rope.


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advantages more elasticity, lessprone to rot


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Long lay- Strong, more flexible, doesnot rot easily


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II. Shroud laid - 4 strand with heart.

III. Cable laid 3 R.H. hawser laid ropes laid up L.H. or 3 L.H.

Hawser Laid up R.H.


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Ship Operation I

3 strand twisted

4 strand twisted

8 strand plaited


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Manila should be used for pilot ladder construction, gantlines, lizards etc.

Advantages:-do not meltgive audible warning if breaking point is approachingdo not recoil as much as synthetic when brokennot susceptible to moderate heat and sunlight damage

can be surged and rendered on drum endscan be opened for internal inspection without damaging the ropeeasily spliced

Disadvantages:-susceptible to rot and mildew

not as strong as synthetic


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Ship Operation I

Measurement: - circumference, diameter (inches or mm)

Care of natural fibre ropes:do not put a heavy strain on a line in service under moderate strainEnsure the line is wound around the same way it is coiledtake off enough turns off the bitts so it can surge smoothlynever stow when wet or damp

remove all kinks before putting strainavoid short nips and buds through fairleads etc.diameter of sheave of block at least 2 times the circumference

Inspection:-

not to use after 5 yearsbroken fibresinternal wear and tearmildew and dry rot (dark mouldy looking spots)softness and brittleness


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Ship Operation I

Synthetic fibre rope:-

Use extensively on board ships.technical information available from manufacturer

Nylon rope:-strongest of all synthetic rope, strench up to 30%impervous to water, melting point of 250oC

pliable and suitable for most form of riggingsdo not float, stiffen up in cold climate and difficult to handlegive no audible sound when about to part

Polyester rope:-

resistant to acids, oils and organic solvents compare to nylonstrength remain the same whether dry or wet conditionuse for mooring tails or ropes

similar to nylon ropes


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Ship Operation I

Disdvantages of synthetic ropes:-due to the ability to stretch, a considerable whiplash effect if the rope

breaksno audible warning prior breakinglow melting point, tends to melt or fuse on drum endssusceptible to heat and sunlightcan be weaken by chemicals etc. with little evidence

plaited ropes require special splicing instructions

Care and handling of synthectic ropes:-stowed in well ventilated dry compartments away from chemicals, acids,

alkalis etc.do not stow on deck even for short passages between portsin port cover coiled mooring ropes as exposure to strong light is

detrimental to ropesstow on gratings to avoid unavoidable contaiminationdo not stow near heat source e.g. engine room bulkheadsinspect regularly for internal and external for wear and tear, look for

powdering between strands


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Ship Operation ICare and handling of synthectic ropes:-eyes splices should have not less than four tucks, tapered by halving

and quatering the strands for two tucks respectively, the tapered partsecurely wrapped with adhesive tapeshould provide grip similar to natural ropesavoid overloading the rope around sharp anglesnever put strain on a kink

wash with fresh water if splash by corrosiveswhere wire rope is joined to a rope, ensure that a timble is used and

the wire and rope are laid the same waykeep ropes and wire in different leadssections of the ropes which are vulnerable to abrasion e.g. the eyes

should be protected with sheathsdo not cut ropes on drumsdo not surge or render on drums, not to use more than three turnsalways stopper off with the same type of rope using 'west country'

stoppertry to prevent mooring ropes from snagging on quays or cargo ashore


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Ship Operation ICare and handling of synthectic ropes:-new coils should be unwrapped in an anti-clockwise direction from the

coil centre, or suspended by a swivel and the rope taken from outsidewarn ship personnel that there is no audible warning when a synthetic

rope is approaching breaking point

Formulae for breaking stresses

Type Size Factor

Grade 1 manila 7mm - 144mm 2D2/300

Polypropylene 7mm - 80mm 3D2/300

Polythene 4mm - 72mm 4D2/300

Polyesther (terylene) 4mm - 96mm 4D2/300

Polyamide (nylon) 4mm - 96mm 5D2/300

SWL is taken as 1/5 of the breaking stress


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Wire ropes.-Properties

Tendency to spring when opening a coil and unlay itself when cut.

Resist bending and does not absorb turns so easily as compared to

fibre ropes resulting in kinks and snarls.

When this happens, a kink which is about to develop should neverbe pulled out, otherwise the rope is long jawed and permanently

damaged.

Never subject wires to sharp nips such as altering its direction of

lead by passing it through shackles, eyebolts, or over plate edges.

Wires ropes should be opened from the outer coil ideally from a

drum and stowed on reels or coil down when not in use.


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Wires ropes should be whipped before cutting.

Splicing of wire rope.

Efficient splice three full tucks with two half tucks, all against

the lay. The second tuck is a locking tuck.

Formulae for breaking stresses

Type Size Factor

6 strands 12 wires per strand 15D2/500



Chains 30D2/600

SWL is taken as 1/5 of the breaking stress but CHECKand

VERIFYthe rope before use and refer to any technical

specifications to ascertain the SWL!


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Ship Operation I

Manila Nylon Polypropylene

Nylon Mooringropes


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Painting

Why do you need to paint a ship?

Protect the ship from the danger of corrosion (rust).

Provide an beautiful outlook to her.

Gives confidence and pride to the crew who sailson her?

Makes her presentable?

Provides an identification for her ?


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Painting -dangers

Paints are made up of chemical pigmentresins

Before applying any paints, ensure that thearea is efficiently ventilated.

Surface preparation

ship ops i lesson i

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