seminar six
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
1/78
SEMINAR SIX (6)SELF-EFFICACY
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
2/78
Surens Angels
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
3/78
Surens Angels
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
4/78
Movie Clipping
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
5/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
6/78
At the end of this Seminar Presentation participants will be able to
To explain the concepts Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem etc
Relate what is learnt at this seminar to real life experiences
Understand the basic tenets of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
Understand the relationship among Self Efficacy & Group Work & Self
Regulation
Have a fair idea the Current State of the Field And critique of the Social Cognitive.
Purpose and Objectives
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
7/78
Introduction
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
8/78
Introduction
(Mahatma Gandhi)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
9/78
Self - Efficacy
Self Efficacy can de defined as apersons belief in his/her capability to
successfully perform a task
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
10/78
Albert Bandura (1986)Introduction
the belief in ones capabilities toorganize and execute the sources of
action required to manageprospective situations.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
11/78
In most cultures :-
Esteem Needs, Status and
Work Motivation1
2
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
12/78
The Need for Esteem
Maslow (1954)
a need or desire for self respector self esteem and for the esteem
of others
desire for strength,achievement, adequacy,
mastery and competence
desire for reputation or prestige,status, fame and glory,
dominance, recognition, attention,importance, dignity or
appreciation.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
13/78
The Need for Esteem
profound psychological need.
low self esteem, experience self- doubt, anxiety,self-contempt and ultimately depression.
Efficacy :- In a general sense, the ability to deal
effectively with the rigors of life.
Worth :- the conviction that one is morally good
Locke, Mc Clear and Knight(1996)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
14/78
The Need for Esteem
Branden (1969)
the sum of ones confidence and self-respect.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
15/78
Facets of Self-Esteem at WorkPierce, Gardner, Cummings and Dunham
(1989)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
16/78
Organization Based Self-Esteem
(OBSE)
Pierce et al stated that the determinants of
OBSE include :-
Managerial respect.
Organizational structure
Job complexity.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
17/78
Organization Based Self-Esteem
(OBSE)Some of the factors influenced by OBSE
Global self-esteem
Job performance
Intrinsic motivation
Organizational commitment General satisfaction
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
18/78
Implications for Managers
Managers should therefore ensure that
employees are :-
Respected.
Given meaningful tasks.
Recognized as an integral part of theorganization despite job status.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
19/78
Theorist
Brockner (1988)
1) Employees come to work with their various levels of
self-esteem, which in turn influence how they feel and
behave on the job.
2) As a consequence of the significant importance of
esteem needs, a lot of what people do and feel on the
job is in some way related to their desire to satisfy that
need. Such behaviors include developing work skills,
seeking promotion and advancement.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
20/78
Korman (1970, 1976)
a persons level of self-esteem greatly influences
the career path and jobs that he/she will seek.
People with high self-esteem will aspire to
optimize their careers and job positions, they
believe that they would be successful in their
careers.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
21/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
22/78
Dooley and Prause (1995)
Self-esteem was closely related to jobsatisfaction. This study involved 11,000
American high school graduates between
1980 and 1987.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
23/78
Self-Esteem vs Self-Efficacy
Self esteem refers to ones overall self-evaluation
Self efficacy can be described as a personsbelief about his/her capability to successfullyaccomplish a specific task.
Self-efficacy is a concept from Albert
Banduras(1986) Social Cognitive Theory(SCT).
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
24/78
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Job-
Performance and SatisfactionBrockner (1998)
There is no evidence to show that high self esteem has a
relationship with job performance, when performance is
viewed in terms of productivity.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
25/78
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Job-
Performance and SatisfactionAshford and Cummings (1983) :
They further stated that:- employees who have concerns with self-esteem and
status may not seek feedback on their performance normay they act on any given feedback.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
26/78
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Job-
Performance and SatisfactionNorthcraft and Ashford (1990)
low self-esteem avoided feedback on theirpersonal task performance, although notnecessarily about their performance in
comparison to other people.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
27/78
Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Job-
Performance and SatisfactionSanna (1992) Self-efficacy may also affect :-
Social facilitation
Social loafing
Lawrence J. Sanna (1992)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
28/78
Our View on Self-Esteem
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
29/78
Albert Bandura was born on December 04,1925 in Alberta, Canada
Social CognitiveTh
eory
The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) has its rootsin Miller and Dollard, Social Learning Theory
(SLT) (1941)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
30/78
In 1986, Bandura officially launched the SCTwith his book Social Foundations of Thoughtand Action: A Social Cognitive Theory
Social CognitiveTh
eory
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
31/78
Social Cognitive Theory SCT is a learning theory that describes how
behaviors are learned.
SCT defines human behavior as a triadic,
dynamic and reciprocal interaction ofpersonal factors, behavior and theenvironment or triadic reciprocal causation.( Bandura,1986)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
32/78
Social Cognitive Theory
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
33/78
Social Cognitive TheoryBandura stated that the SCT is based on a
concept called reciprocal determinism
Personality is made up of a combination of theenvironment, behavior and psychologicalprocesses.
Reciprocal interaction does not imply that that
all sources of influence are of equal strength orthat they occur simultaneously.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
34/78
Social Cognitive TheoryBandura gave the example of watching television todemonstrate the interaction among the person, his/herbehavior and the environment. He stated that -
Therefore all three factors, viewer preferences, viewingbehavior and televised offerings reciprocally affect eachother.
Personalpreferences
The televisedenvironment
Viewingbehavior
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
35/78
Social Cognitive Theory The Social Factor:- SCT places a lot of
focus on social experiences.
SCT also places a lot of focus vicarious
learning or learning by observation and selfregulation.
Self regulation can be described as an internal
control mechanism that guides thoughts,feelings and actions towards ones goals.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
36/78
Social Cognitive TheoryZimmerman (1998) stated that goals are
involved across the different phases of self-
regulation:-
Forethought :- setting a goaland deciding on strategies
erformance control :-
emplo ing goal directed actionsand monitoring performance
Self-reflection:- evaluating onesgoal progress and adjustingstrategies to ensure success
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
37/78
Social Cognitive TheoryThe Environment in Social CognitiveTheory
(Lerner, 1982)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
38/78
Social Cognitive Theory
The Environment in Social CognitiveTheory
The environment does not influence behavior in
a mechanical direct manner.
Instead, because of the bi-directionality of
influence between behavior and environmental
circumstances, people are both products and
producers of the environment.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
39/78
Social Cognitive TheoryDistinctively Human Capabilities
In support of the concept of reciprocal
determinism, in which both personal and
environmental factors influence behavior,
Bandura (1986) stated that individuals are
characterized in terms of a number of basiccapabilities.
These include: Anticipationand
ForethoughtSymbolizing
Vicariouslearning
Self-regulatory
Self-reflective
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
40/78
Social Cognitive TheoryAnticipation and forethought capability :-
The SCT states that individuals consider the
likely consequences of their actions before
performing them.
Symbolizing capability :- The SCT maintains
that most external influences affect behavior
through cognitive processes.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
41/78
Social Cognitive TheoryVicarious learning capability :- Vicarious
learning refers to learning by observation. This
is a basic tenet of the SCT as opposed to the
traditional behavioral theories that have
emphasized learning by direct experience.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
42/78
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura further proposed that observational
learning is governed by four processes :-
Attention
span
Retention
processes
Behavioral
productionprocess
Motivational
Process
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
43/78
Social Cognitive Theory Self-regulatory capability :-
I am going to do it!
Self-reflective capability :-
Introspection is a capability that allows
individuals to analyze their experiences,
thoughts and motives.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
44/78
Implications of Social CognitiveTheory for ManagersOrganizational environment influences employees
behavior and is also influenced by employeesbehavior.
Managers should therefore recognize that:-o The organizational environment both influences the
behavior of its employees and is influenced by itsemployees behavior.
o Organizational climate should promote favorable
behavior through equity, however there must be policiesand procedures to deal with errant behavior.
o Managers actions can improve performance by buildingself-efficacy.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
45/78
Our View on Social Cognitive Theory
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
46/78
Social Cognitive Theory andWork Motivation
Wood & Bandura (1989)
There are three aspects of the SCT that are
directly relevant to understanding work
behaviour.
They are : -
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
47/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
48/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
49/78
Self-efficacy and Group Work
The concept of self efficacy does not only refer
to individuals, but is also applicable in group
and team work. Groups and teams worktogether to achieve their desired outcomes, that
cannot be accomplished on their own.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
50/78
A soccer team with high self-efficacy willperform better than one with lowself-efficacy.
Self-efficacy and Group Work
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
51/78
Self-efficacy and Group Work
Bandura,1993 stated that beliefs of collective
efficacy predict level of group performance. The
stronger the beliefs people hold about their
collective capabilities, the more they achieve.
"Self-confidence is the first requisite to great undertakings."~ Samuel Johnson ~
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
52/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
53/78
Building Self- Efficacy
Most important Factor in Building Self EsteemMost important Factor in Building Self Esteem
Successful Past PerformanceSuccessful Past Performance
Provides the Strongest Information for Enhancing EfficacyProvides the Strongest Information for Enhancing EfficacyBeliefsBeliefs
Provides Direct Performance InformationProvides Direct Performance Information
Leads to the Formation of More Accurate EfficacyLeads to the Formation of More Accurate Efficacy
JudgmentsJudgments
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
54/78
Building SelfBuilding Self--EfficacyEfficacy
ObservingOthers Perform and Be Reinforced by a Similar TaskObservingOthers Perform and Be Reinforced by a Similar Task
MODELINGMODELING
Behavioral ModelingBehavioral Modeling
Strategy DevelopmentStrategy DevelopmentVerbal PersuasionVerbal Persuasion
Gaining (Successful) Enactive MasteryGaining (Successful) Enactive MasteryIncrease in SelfIncrease in Self--efficacyefficacy
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
55/78
Building Self- Efficacy
Verbal EncouragementVerbal Encouragement
by:by:
Credible (trustworthy)OthersCredible (trustworthy)Others
ExpertiseOthersExpertiseOthers
(Diagram / flow chart)(Diagram / flow chart)
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
56/78
Building Self- Efficacy
Physical FatiguePhysical Fatigue
Vulnerability to Stress, Fear,Vulnerability to Stress, Fear,AnxietyAnxiety
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
57/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
58/78
Implications of Self-Efficacyfor Managers
Acknowledge that self-efficacy affects theeffort of employees to perform particulartasks.
Self-efficacy could be assessed during jobinterviews.
Provide appropriate training to increase self-
efficacy of employees.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
59/78
Implications of Self-Efficacy for Managers
Implications of Self-Efficacyfor Managers
PerformanceSelf-efficacy
Enactive self-
mastery
Verbal Persuasion
Role Modelling
Staff ExperienceCoaching
Participation
Demonstration
Manager Actions
Inspiration
Rewards
Mentoring
a
a
a
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
60/78
Surens AngelsView on Self-
Efficacy
We believe that this is anextremely importantcomponent of the SCT. Highself-efficacy can certainly lead
to higher performance andsuccess.
This can be seen in theclassroom and on the job.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
61/78
Self - RegulationKaroly (1993)
those processes internal and/or transactional
that enable an individual to guide his/her goal
directed activities over time and acrosschanging circumstances.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
62/78
Self-Regulation
Schunk & Zimmerman
self-regulation means that a person is
meta-cognitively, socially, motivationallyand behaviorally active in his/her ownproblem solving processes.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
63/78
; code and rehearse information to beremembered (invoking meta-cognitive skills),maintain a positive sense of self-efficacy,
establish a productive work environment, usesocial resources effectively and experience apositive anticipation about the potentialoutcomes of learning new behavior.
Self-Regulation
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
64/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
65/78
Self-RegulationSelf-regulation is a human capability that has
several sub-functions:-
Goal setting
Self-observation and monitoring
Performance judgment and evaluation
Self-reaction (self-satisfaction, self-worth,
distress).
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
66/78
Self-Regulation and IntrinsicMotivation
(Deci & Ryan 1985)
Individuals are said to be intrinsically motivated
if when they participate in an activity for its own sake.
Individuals will be intrinsically motivated to participate
in an activity if they :-
Believe they have some control over it.
Feel a sense of relatedness to it.
Feel good about themselves while engaging in it.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
67/78
Self-Regulation ofOrganizationalBehavior/Training and Self-Efficacy
Step 1
Fr e t (1 )Self- e e t ec i e
Gist itc ell (1 2) :- 3i spects of Self-Effic c
Ts i As for (1 4) :-Self Re l tor Tec i es
Theor
Theor
Theor
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
68/78
Self-Regulation of EmotionsGoleman,1995
The basic premise of emotional intelligence is that
success requires the effective awareness, control and
management of ones own emotions and those of other
people. It embraces two aspects of intelligence:-
1) Understanding oneself ones goals, intentions,responses and behavior.
2) Understanding others and their feelings
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
69/78
Self-Regulation, Implicationsfor Managers
Managers must realize that :-
Goals enhance self-regulation throughtheir effects on motivation, learning,self-efficacy and self-evaluations of
progress (Schunk 1995).
Goals motivate employees to exert thenecessary effort necessary to meet
task demands and persist over time.
Goal attainment builds self-efficacyand leads people to select new,
challenging goals.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
70/78
Self-Regulation, Implications forManagers
To assist in the achievement of goals Managers should :-
Involve employees in the goal setting process and ensure
that they agree to goals that are challenging but attainable.
Sub-divide a long-term goal into proximal sub-goals andinform employees of the specific sub-goals that must beaccomplished to attain their long-term goals.
Provide verbal encouragement (You can do this) to assistin motivating them to accomplish their goals.
Provide progress feedback on tasks to build self-confidence and commitment.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
71/78
Our View on Self-Regulations
Surens AngelsView on Self-Regulations
We believe that self-regulationtheory has merit and relevance
to work motivation.
Its veryimportant to setting andachieving goals.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
72/78
Current State of the Field
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
73/78
Social Cognitive Theory, Self Efficacy and Self Regulation
Researchhas shown that influences at any of these life cyclestages can influence ones self-concept, or ones self-
efficacy about the skills and abilities theyhave toperform and master career-related tasks (Bandura,
1997).
Current State of the Field
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
74/78
Current State of the FieldSelf-efficacy beliefs have been found to be related to
:-
Clinical problems such as phobias
Addiction Depression
Assertiveness
Stress in a variety of contexts.
Smoking behavior Pain control
Athletic performance.
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
75/78
Critique of Social CognitiveTheory
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
76/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
77/78
-
8/7/2019 SEMINAR SIX
78/78
Questions????