selecting, refining and defining research problems
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Selecting, refining and Defining Research Problems. Dr. Nazik Zakari Dr. Hanan A. Ezzat Dr. Olfat Salem Nursing Administration & Education Dept. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Selecting, refining and Defining
Research Problems
Dr. Nazik Zakari Dr. Hanan A.
EzzatDr. Olfat Salem
Nursing Administration & Education Dept.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
2
Research Topic: The broad general area expected to investigate. It is a broad idea or concept from which many problems may be delineated.
Research Problem:
Situasi atau keadaan yang membutuhkan solusi yang harus dideskripsikan, dijelaskan, atau diprediksi. Ini merupakan situasi yang tidak “memuaskan” yang ingin dijawab.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Jika ada kesenjangan pengetahuan di daerah yang perlu diselidiki, masalah penelitian mengidentifikasi kesenjangan ini. Dimana sebagai topik penelitian hanyalah sebuah wilayah yang luas dari MINAT, masalah penelitian mengidentifikasi apa yang bermasalah tentang topik itu.
Research Statement: A statement specifies exactly what is being studied.SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Rumusan masalah penelitian (research statement) harus mencakup enam unsur:
1. Information about the research topic that provoked the study
2. The scope of the problem (e.g.. how many people are affected by it).
3. Why it is important to study the problem
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Rumusan masalah penelitian (research statement) harus mencakup enam unsur:
1. How nursing science would be influenced by the study
2. General characteristics of the population of interest
3. The overall goal or aim of the study or the question to be answered.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Kebisingan yang berbahaya merupakan masalah kesehatan kerja penting karena dapat
menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran dan dapat menyebabkan peningkatan stres dan efek fisiologis
lain yang merugikan......... Lebih dari 30 juta pekerja yang terkena kebisingan berbahaya ini
pada pekerjaan ........ Penggunaan alat perlindungan pendengaran, khususnya telinga-busi dikenal untuk mengurangi paparan kebisingan dan
mencegah ketulian yang disebabkan gangguan pendengaran ............ ada, namun relatif sedikit
peneliti yang telah meneliti faktor yang berhubungan dengan rendahnya penggunaan alat
pelindung pendengaran oleh pekerja.
Contoh Rumusan Masalah penelitian
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
It is the specific aim or goal hope to be accomplished. It reflects “ why the
problem is being studied”
Contoh rumusan Tujuan Penelitian:
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji hubungan antara kepuasan kerja perawat dan kecenderungan
untuk pindah kerja.
Research Purpose
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It is a direct rewording of the statement of the purpose phrased interrogatively
rather than declaratively
Questions that are simple and direct invite an answer and help to focus
attention on the kinds of data needed to provide that answer.
Research Question
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Example of a research question:
What is the relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and their tendency to leave the work setting?
Research Question
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Where do ideas for research problems come from?
Social issues Ideas from external sources Research priorities Clinical experience Nursing literature
Sources of research problems
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Step 1: Selection of the research topic:
write down general areas of interestAt this stage, it doesn’t matter if the terms used are broad or specific, abstract or concrete., The important point is to put ideas on papers.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 1: Selection of the research topic:
Then a list of ideas can be classified into Interesting topics.
Familiar topics.Perplexing topicsFeasible/not feasible topics
And then, choose the most suitable one to work in
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 2: Contemplating the ideas : then explore the phenomena by examining the following eight areas
1. The topic’s, situation’s problem’s precipitating factors.
2. How it is exactly viewed or perceived by the researcher.
3. What are the responses of others who are involved in the situation?
4. The personal involvement in the situation.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 2: Contemplating the ideas :
5. Emotions felt.6. Values and biases inherent in or related
to the topic/situation.7. Risk factors associated with searching
this topic/situation/problem.8. What contribution the research would
offer.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 3: Narrowing the topic Once a research topic has been specified
and contemplate, the researcher must then narrow it down in order to develop a research problem.
This is done through generating questions from the research topic.
List of questions can be developed from the research topic, and then investigated in relation to its feasibility to research.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Reviewing the related literature at this stage may throw light on:
Theoretical framework.Methodology.Data collection methods.Data collection tools
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Data collection techniques. Sampling method…etc.
Review of literature will also help to identify what is known and what is not known about the research problem. Therefore, the research problem could be specified and stated at this point.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 5: Writing the statement of the research problem :
Expressed in a statement
This statement serves as a guide to the researcher in the course of designing the study.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Step 5: Writing the statement :The problem statement should have the
following characteristics:1. Identify the key variables in the study.2. Express a relationship between two or
more variables. (If not descriptive).3. Specify the study population.4. Imply the type of the research.5. Identify the study setting.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
The problem statement could be done in two forms:
Declarative: “The relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work”
Interrogative: “ Is there a relationship between the nurses’ job satisfaction and tendency to leave work?”
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
Time: enough time will be available for the various steps of the research.
Timing :When the timing requirement of a task do not match
Money : the researcher should ask the following questions:
Will I have enough money to complete this research?
Will be any sources for funding the research?
Does the anticipated cost outweigh the value of the expected findings?
Evaluation of the research problem
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1. Availability of research participants:
2. Ethical consideration 3. Facilities and equipment 4. Co operation of the others 5. Researchability 6. Qualifications and experience of
the researcher 7. Significance of the problem
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
Perumusan Masalah penelitian
It is the research’s prediction of the outcome of the research study. That is the expected relationship between the study variables.
Thus, RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS translates the research purpose into a clear prediction of the expected results or outcome of the study
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Importance of R.H.: It provides direction for the type
of research (i.e. design, sampling, data collection .. etc.).
Suggests the type of statistical analysis to be used in the study.
Identifies the variables to be manipulated and/or measured
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
How to state a R.H.: Research hypothesis should be
stated clearly, concisely, measurably, and in the present tense.
For a hypothesis to be stated clearly, concisely, and measurably, three criteria should be considered:
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Three criteria should be considered:
1. A relationship should be addressed in each hypothesis.
2. The variable/condition/relationship must be testable or measurable.
3. The aim of the research guides what is included in the research hypothesis.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
When the research aim is to describe, the R.H. will include the target population and study variables.
When the research aim is to explore, the R.H. makes prediction about population and the relationship among study variables.
When the research aim is to predict, the R.H. concentrates on the population and independent variables.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Simple It predicts the relationship o\between one
independent variable and one dependent variable.
Example: Newborns of smoking mothers (I.V) have
lower birth weight (D.V.) than those of non-smoking mothers.
Lower levels of exercise postpartum (I.V) will be associated with greater weight retention (D.V )
Types of hypothesis
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HIPOTESIS
Complex It predicts the relationship between 2 or
more I.V. and 2 or more D.V.Example:
Structured preoperative support (IV).is more effective in reducing surgical patient’s perception of pain (D.V) and request of analgesics (D.V) than structured post operative support (i.v.)
Types of hypothesis
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HIPOTESIS
Associative It predicts an association between
the I.V. and the D.V. without specifying either a directional or causal relation.
Example: Maternal age (I.V.) is associated
with pregnancy complications (D.V)
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Causal It predicts a cause-and effect relationship
between the I.V. and D.V.
Example: Older mothers (I.V.) give birth to newborns
with lover age (D.V.) than those of younger mother (I.V)
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Hipotesis Null It predicts no relationship between I.V.
and D.V. It is used when statistical testing
procedures are applied to the data.
Example: There is no relationship between
maternal smoking and newborn’s birth weight.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS
Alternative It is the opposite of the null hypothesis. So, it
predicts a relationship between the I.V. and D.V.
Example: All the previous examples are alternative
hypotheses.
SUMBER: faculty.ksu.edu.sa/Dr.olfat/Documents/.../Research%20problem.ppt
HIPOTESIS