section 2: the agricultural south section 3: the commercial north era 2: colonies & settlement...
TRANSCRIPT
SECTION 2 : THE AGRICULTURAL SOUTHSECTION 3 : THE COMMERCIAL NORTH
ERA 2 : COLONIES & SETTLEMENT
Chapter 3– The COLONIES Come of Age
Mercantilism
An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by:
1. Obtaining large amounts of gold & silver
2. Establishing favorable trade
THE ORIGINAL COLONIES
1. Colonies were self – governing
Benefitted from trade with their Mother country ( England)
2. England’s perspective: the purpose of having colonies was to extract resources, and expand trade.
Clarification!
When England took over its neighbors- Wales & Scotland in 1707, they started calling themselves
Great Britain
CHAPTER 3
Section 2: The Agricultural South
Plantation Economy in the Southern Colonies
Plantations developed instead of towns
Plantations were self sufficient
Depended on: cash crops –
agricultural products grown primarily for sale
Ex: tobacco, rice, cotton
Life in Southern Society
The majority of the population were small farmers
Plantation owners (wealthy) controlled the South’s economy
Overall, people prospered between 1713-1774 due to demand for tobacco
Women in Southern Colonies
Had few legal or social rights
Wealthy women were taught to read, write, do basic math
Poor women expected to take care of home
All women had to obey their fathers and husbands!
Society in Virginia – Mid 1600’s
Society Divided into 2 groups:
1. Large, wealthy plantation owners
2. Former Indentured Servants:
Landless laborersUnhappyPoor
Former Indentured Servants
Wanted Land that was Guaranteed for Native Americans
Governor Sir William Berkeley honored treaty with Native Americans
Nathaniel Bacon Led…
Former indentured servants, poor, landless men in a rebellion called…
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
Nathaniel Bacon & his Followers
Wanted: 1. Land!Native American
Land!2. Respect!Formed citizen’s
armyRaided Native
American villages in 1676
Nathaniel Bacon & His Men
Defeated Governor Berkeley’s forces
Nathaniel Bacon and his men celebrated victory by…
Burning down Jamestown in 1676!!!
What Would You Do?
Governor Sir William Berkeley had to deal with this group of rebels who threatened his authority And the safety of the population.
How should he deal with the situation???
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
Ended when Nathaniel Bacon died due to natural causes
His men were left without a leader
Bacon’s Rebellion
1. Signaled problems of social division
2. Is an example of Resistance against royal governance/authority
3. Illustrated the difficulty of controlling former Indentured servants
Governor Berkeley’s Resolution:
20 rebels were hanged
House of Burgesses decided to (Virginia’s assembly)
1. Cut taxes2. Opened Native
American lands to colonists
3. More African slaves were brought in (“less troublesome”)
Slavery in the South
By 1690, 13,000 African slaves in the plantation colonies
By 1750- 200,000!!
Slavery in the South
80- 90% worked in the fields
10-20% worked inside homes (cook, clean, take care of master’s children)
Stono Rebellion, 1739
Earliest known act of rebellion against slavery
Organized and led by slaves
Place: Charleston, South Carolina
Stono Rebellion, 1739
Group walked 10 miles, killed 25 white slave owners
Rebel Slaves tried to escape to Florida
Rebel slaves were either killed or captured in the following months
CHAPTER 3
Section 3: The Commercial North
Commerce Grows in the North
Diversified economy:
1. Grew a variety of crops
2. Raised livestock 3. Fishing4. ship manufacturing5. Iron production6. Lumber
Urban Life in the North
Colonial towns grew and were beginning to prosper by the 1700’s
Elfreth’s Alley, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Elfreth’s Alley, Philadelphia Pennsylvania
Women in the North
Had few legal rightsCould not vote buy or sell propertyOr keep their wages
if they worked outside the home
“…Wives ought to be under the Husband’s government…They should obey their own husbands”.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, GENDER, AND ECONOMICS IN MASSACHUSETTS,
Salem Witchcraft Trials, 1692
Historical Background
1400’s-1600’s – Witch hunts in Europe
Coincided with political instability (war)
Last witch convicted in England: 1682
Salem Massachusetts, 1691-1692
Abigail Williams (11) & Elizabeth Parris (9)
in Salem Villageasked slave Tituba to
“teach them” the black arts
“Victims of Witchcraft”
Girls began to act strangely as if “possessed”
Dr. Griggs suggested witchcraft might be the cause of their odd behavior
“She’s a WITCH!”
girls identified Tituba and 2 white women (Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne) as “witches”
Accusations began!
Economic & Social Divisions
Salem divided into 2:1. Salem Town –
Salem divided into 2:
1. Salem Town – Prosperous port , commercial center
2. Salem Village – Poor farming region on the periphery
Relationship Between Town & Village
Town depended on Village for food
Town collected (and) set taxes for Village
Villagers resented Salem Town for their materialism
Who Were Accused? WHY?
The Accused…
Females ages 11-20 From Village (“poor” side”) Accused…
Middle Aged wives & widows from Town (“prosperous” side)
Characteristics of the Accused: Unfeminine, aggressive, disliked
Historical Re-enactment (Scene #1)
Historical Re-enactment (Scene #2)
The Trials…
Spectral Evidence allowed in court
Hearsay (gossip) allowed in testimonies!
You’re Accused! What Would You Do????
You’re Accused! What Will You Do????
A) FLEE SALEM (B) ACCUSE SOMEONE ELSE (C) QUICK! GET PREGNANT (D)
CONFESS, EVEN THOUGH YOU ARE INNOCENT
(E) PLEAD INNOCENT AND STAND FOR TRIAL (F)
REFUSE TO STAND FOR TRIAL AND FACE THE CONSEQUENCES
Mathew Hopkins's Witch Finder
Mathew Hopkins-17th century “witch hunter” wrote:
“suspects must be bound and tossed in a pond”
Guilty! – if they float
Innocent! – if they sink
Statistics- 1692
150 were imprisoned19 accused witches were hanged on
Gallows Hill in 1692The 1st: June 10th -Bridget BishopThe last: September 22nd: Samuel Wardwell1 man Giles Corey, was pressed to death on
September 19th
Salem Witchcraft Trials Memorial
Salem Today
Hysteria Ended as…
1. Doubts grew when respected citizens were convicted and executed
2. Accusations of witchcraft included the powerful and well-connected
3. The educated elite of Boston pressured Gov. to exclude spectral evidence (lacked legal credibility)
1692- The End of Puritan New England
Salem Witchcraft Trials- Impact on American History:
1. Future generations “retained” Puritanical values (discipline, hard work)
2. Skepticism of church & state combined as 13. The importance of “innocent until proven guilty”
Salem Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB1OWwFTZ8U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDDMtfJ2OEM
RELIGIOUS REVIVAL 1730 ’S -1740 ’S
The Great Awakening
By the 1700’s…
A large percentage of population no longer attended church regularly
Church membership declined as people grew more prosperous
1730’s – 1740’s Religious Revival
New Ministers:1. Gave effective
Sermons – emotion, guilt, fear
2. Revitalized American Protestant Christianity
New Light Preachers
1. Jonathan Edward’s fiery sermons instilled fear in public
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
In Massachusetts
“the God that holds you over the pit of hell, much like a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire abhors you…” – J. Edwards
New Light Preachers
2. George WakefieldHeld outdoor
“meetings”Emotionally charged
sermonsToured the colonies!
Impact of Great Awakening
Mass social movement
Provided a common identity regardless of socio-economic status
Christian Protestant Denominations gained new members:
1. Baptists 2. Methodists
Great Awakening & Impact on Higher Education
Modern Day “Ivy League” schools were founded
1. Princeton University - 1746
2. Brown University - 1764
3. Columbia University - 1754
4. Dartmouth University - 1769
Population by the 1770’s
1. 2.5 million ( in 13 colonies)
2. Diverse Populations
Germans 6%Scots-Irish 7%French Protestants,
Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss 5%
African 20%
What happens when the parent who has allowed their child freedom tries to enforce rules????
Colonies by the 1770’s
1. Economically independent
2. Diverse3. Socially Stratified
(social classes)4. Politically
independent5. An emerging
“American “identity