Susan Pojer / Pamela K. Montague

The Planting of English AmericaThe Planting of English AmericaSpain’s European Rivals:Spain’s European Rivals:• English – John Cabot, 1497

– Newfoundland, NE coast N.Am.• French

– Verrazano, 1524, Carolina up to Nova Scotia– Cartier, 1534 – St. Lawrence River

• BUT, neither French or English are serious rivals in beginning, why?– Too much internal conflict; Protestant Reformation– Intense rivalry soon develops though between

Catholic Spain and Protestant England• By 17th century, each power has major

outpost in North America– Spanish – Santa Fe, 1610– French – Quebec, 1608– English – Jamestown, 1607

Takes the throne in 1588 & Takes the throne in 1588 & rivalry with Spain intensifiesrivalry with Spain intensifies

Crushes the Irish mercilessly – Crushes the Irish mercilessly – Protestant landlordsProtestant landlords

Too weak to break Spanish Too weak to break Spanish monopoly in New World so…monopoly in New World so… Encourages plunder of Encourages plunder of

Spanish ships and raiding of Spanish ships and raiding of Spanish settlements; DRAKESpanish settlements; DRAKE

Attempts a settlement at Attempts a settlement at Newfoundland – Sir Humphrey Newfoundland – Sir Humphrey Gilbert / unsuccessfulGilbert / unsuccessful

How did the laws of How did the laws of primogeniture encourage English primogeniture encourage English exploration?exploration?

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationElizabeth IElizabeth I

§ Sir Walter Raleigh to VA in 1585Sir Walter Raleigh to VA in 1585§ Establishes Roanoke – known as the Establishes Roanoke – known as the

“Lost Colony” – WHY? Who is Virginia “Lost Colony” – WHY? Who is Virginia Dare?Dare?

§ What delayed the English supply ship What delayed the English supply ship headed to Roanoke in 1588?headed to Roanoke in 1588?§ attack of the Spanish Armadaattack of the Spanish Armada

§ England defeats Spain & finally breaks England defeats Spain & finally breaks SP monopoly in New WorldSP monopoly in New World

§ Effects of Defeat of the SP Armada:Effects of Defeat of the SP Armada:§ Strong sense of nationalism…Strong sense of nationalism…

ShakespeareShakespeare§ Gov’tGov’t support of colonization support of colonization§ Strong, popular monarch & religious Strong, popular monarch & religious

unityunity§ Set England on path to world Set England on path to world

dominancedominance

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationVirginiaVirginia

The The CharterCharter of the Virginia of the Virginia Company of London, 1606:Company of London, 1606:

§ Guaranteed to Guaranteed to colonists the same colonists the same rights as Englishmenrights as Englishmen as if they had stayed as if they had stayed in England – will be in England – will be incorporated into incorporated into future colonial future colonial documents.documents.

§ Colonists felt that, even in Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!the rights of Englishmen!

English ColonizationEnglish ColonizationVirginiaVirginia

Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 Late 1606 VA Co. sends out 3 shipsshipsPurpose of expedition?Purpose of expedition?Spring 1607 land at mouth of Spring 1607 land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.

§ Attacked by Indians and move on Attacked by Indians and move on up the bay.up the bay.

May 24, 1607May 24, 1607 approx. 144 colonists approx. 144 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverbanks of James River

§ Easily defended, but swarming with Easily defended, but swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.disease-causing mosquitoes.

England Plants the England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”Jamestown “Seedling”

Jamestown Settlement, Jamestown Settlement, 16071607

The Godspeed, Discovery, and Susan Constant

Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental Geographic/environmental problems??problems??

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement MapMap

Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement

Jamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel, 1611Jamestown Chapel, 1611

Continuing Discovery at Continuing Discovery at JamestownJamestown

1606-1607 - 40 people died on the 1606-1607 - 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.voyage to the New World.1609 - another ship from England lost 1609 - another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.off Bermuda.Settlers died from disease, Settlers died from disease, malnutrition, starvation – only 60 of malnutrition, starvation – only 60 of 400 survive “starving time” winter 400 survive “starving time” winter 1609-1610 …why?1609-1610 …why?Early“Gentlemen” colonists would not Early“Gentlemen” colonists would not work work

§ Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.§ Wasted time looking for gold instead§ Merchant directors – ineffective guidance

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

Took over in 1608

Becomes expert forager & Indian trader

Asks London Co. for farmers, carpenters,masons, etc.Stays in colony only 2years, but it would haveperished without him

PocahontasPocahontas

Four Faces of Four Faces of PocahontasPocahontas

Pocahontas “saves” Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

What actually What actually happened?happened?

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes few dozen small tribes in the James River in the James River area when the English area when the English arrived.arrived.

The English called allThe English called allIndians in the areaIndians in the areaPowhatans.Powhatans.

Powhatan probably sawPowhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.control other Indian tribes in the region.

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian Foods

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Interpretation?Interpretation?

Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse – why?grew worse – why?

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.during the starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan First Anglo-Powhatan WarWar

De La Warr (came in 1610) had De La Warr (came in 1610) had orders to make war on the Indians.orders to make war on the Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.supplies, burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between peace between Powhatans and the English.Powhatans and the English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Powhatan Uprising of 1622Powhatan Uprising of 1622

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks periodic attacks between Indians and between Indians and settlers.settlers.

1622 1622 Indians Indians attacked the English, attacked the English, killing 347 [including killing 347 [including John Rolfe].John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” a “perpetual war” against the Native against the Native Americans.Americans.

Raids reduced native Raids reduced native population and drove population and drove them further them further westward.westward.

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Second Anglo-Powhatan WarAnglo-Powhatan War

Last effort of natives to defeat Last effort of natives to defeat English.English.

Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again. Powhatans suffered from 3 D’s Powhatans suffered from 3 D’s

– meaning?– meaning?

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646 Removed the Powhatans from Removed the Powhatans from

their original land.their original land. Formally separated Indian and Formally separated Indian and

English settlement areas English settlement areas (origins of reservations).(origins of reservations).

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

John RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver.. -- John Rolfe, 1612 -- John Rolfe, 1612

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted – planted – leads to continuous leads to continuous desire for LAND!desire for LAND!

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Promoted Promoted headright systemheadright system

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement? First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in

16191619.. Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps

slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants. Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end

of the 17of the 17cc.. And…And…

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 – – 11stst representative form of gov’trepresentative form of gov’t in in AmericaAmerica

began to assume the role of the House of began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate able to initiate legislationlegislation..A Council appointed by royal A Council appointed by royal governorgovernor

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters. Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords. High death rates ensured rapid High death rates ensured rapid

turnover of members.turnover of members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia He hated tobacco.He hated tobacco. He distrusted the House of He distrusted the House of

Burgesses which he called a Burgesses which he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition. What is . What is ““seditionsedition?”?”

1624 1624 he revoked the charter of he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company.the bankrupt VA Company.

Thus, VA became a royal colony, Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the King’s direct control.under the King’s direct control.

Virginia Virginia Becomes a Royal Becomes a Royal

ColonyColony

The term indentured servant derives its name from the indenture, or mark on two copies of the contract the master and the servant signed.To prevent one of the parties from trying to alter the contract, the two copies of the contract were laid on top of one other, and identical marks were made.If anyone questioned the contract, the two pieces of paper would be placed on top of one other to try match the marks.

Indenture Marks

This contract has been marked, but

not yet indentured.

This contract has been indentured.

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeOriginsOrigins

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeHeadright System – who benefitted?Headright System – who benefitted?

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each laborer Each Virginian got 50 acres for each laborer whose passage he paid. System used in MD whose passage he paid. System used in MD also.also.

100,000 in VA/MD by 1700 – cheaper than 100,000 in VA/MD by 1700 – cheaper than slavesslaves

Indenture Contract – general terms?Indenture Contract – general terms? Mostly young men, 15-25 4 years (skilled) -7 years (unskilled) Promised “freedom dues” [land, £, clothing,

two hoes, three barrels of corn, and fifty acres of land]

Forbidden to marry; no travel without permission.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

Majority of VA settlers came as Majority of VA settlers came as indentured servantsindentured servantsBy late 1600s By late 1600s large numbers large numbers of young, poor, discontented of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area.men in the Chesapeake area. Little access to land or Little access to land or

women for marriage.women for marriage.1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised disenfranchised most most landless men. Meaning?landless men. Meaning?

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against in a rebellion against Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley

Rebels resented Rebels resented Berkeley’s close Berkeley’s close relations with relations with Indians.Indians.

Berkeley Berkeley monopolized the fur monopolized the fur trade with the trade with the Indians in the area.Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Rebels attacked Indians, Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or whether they were friendly or not to whites.not to whites.Governor Berkeley driven from Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Jamestown.Rebels burned the capital and Rebels burned the capital and then went on a rampage of then went on a rampage of plundering.plundering.Bacon died suddenly of fever.Bacon died suddenly of fever.Berkeley brutally crushed the Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. coastal plantations. (East-West (East-West Conflict)Conflict)

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural differences/clashes between rural and urban communities which will and urban communities which will continue throughout American continue throughout American history.history.

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel BLACK BLACK SLAVES!!SLAVES!!

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes” Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children]

chattelchattel(property) for the lifetime of white (property) for the lifetime of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Bacon’s rebellion – planters fearful of Bacon’s rebellion – planters fearful of mutinous former servantsmutinous former servantsRising wages in England led to less Rising wages in England led to less willing to gamble on indentured willing to gamble on indentured servitudeservitudeRoyal African Company loses Royal African Company loses monopoly on carrying slaves to monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies (RI becomes big slave colonies (RI becomes big slave trader).trader).Servants wanted land – no one would Servants wanted land – no one would want to give land to black slaves.want to give land to black slaves.

Reasons for switch from Reasons for switch from Servants to Slaves:Servants to Slaves:

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

Barbaric conditions, at least 20% died during this passage.

As the number of slaves As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted increased, white colonists reacted to put down a perceived racial to put down a perceived racial threat.threat.

Slavery transformed from Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial economic to economic and racial institution.institution.

Early 1600s Early 1600s differences between differences between slave and servant were unclear.slave and servant were unclear.

By the mid-1680s, black slaves By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured outnumbered white indentured servants and slave codes are servants and slave codes are entrenched.entrenched.

Colonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

Stono RevoltStono Revolt – 1730, SC– 1730, SCOver 50 slaves meet at Stono River & begin Over 50 slaves meet at Stono River & begin march to Spanish Florida.march to Spanish Florida.Stole guns & ammo from store at Stono Bridge Stole guns & ammo from store at Stono Bridge & killed 2 storekeepers& killed 2 storekeepersBurned 7 plantations & killed 20 whites – Burned 7 plantations & killed 20 whites – number grows to 80 slavesnumber grows to 80 slavesMilitia comes after them – 44 slaves, 20 whites Militia comes after them – 44 slaves, 20 whites killed in putting down rebellionkilled in putting down rebellionCaptured slaves decapitated – heads spiked on Captured slaves decapitated – heads spiked on mile posts to Charleston.mile posts to Charleston.

BUT, no slave rebellion ever equals the BUT, no slave rebellion ever equals the scale of the rebellion of former scale of the rebellion of former servants such as those in Bacon’s servants such as those in Bacon’s Rebellion.Rebellion.

Slave RevoltsSlave Revolts

A royal charter wasA royal charter wasgranted to Georgegranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord Baltimore,Baltimore,in 1632.in 1632.A A proprietaryproprietary colony colony created in 1634.created in 1634.A healthier locationA healthier locationthan Jamestown.than Jamestown.

Tobacco would be the Tobacco would be the main crop. Why a “poor man’s crop?”main crop. Why a “poor man’s crop?”

His plan was to govern as an absentee His plan was to govern as an absentee proprietor in a feudal relationship.proprietor in a feudal relationship.

Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.relatives.

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

Supposed to be a haven for Catholics Supposed to be a haven for Catholics but, the irony is ….? but, the irony is ….? Colonists were only willing to come to Colonists were only willing to come to MD if they received MD if they received landland..Colonists who did come received Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.Chesapeake area.

Catholic land barons surrounded by Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.mostly Protestant small farmers.

Conflict between barons and farmers led Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17the end of the 17cc..

In the late 1600s, black slaves began to In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.be imported.

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Baltimore permitted high degree of Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.Protestants.

High number of Protestants threatened High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.Catholics.

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649 Supported by the Catholics in MD.Supported by the Catholics in MD. Guaranteed toleration to all Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.CHRISTIANS. Decreed death to those who denied the Decreed death to those who denied the

divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]. In one way, it was less tolerant than In one way, it was less tolerant than

before the law was passed!!before the law was passed!!

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

Settling the Lower Settling the Lower SouthSouth

The CarolinasThe Carolinas• Named after Charles II• Held by 8 proprietors with

wide authority• Charleston established

1680 – busiest seaport in U.S. & only seaport in the South

Crops of Crops of the the

CarolinasCarolinas

IndigoIndigo

RiceRice

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

The CarolinasThe Carolinas• Eventually splits in 1712 & both

become royal colonies:– NC – poorer region – independent!– SC – prosperous - aristocratic

• North CarolinaNorth Carolina::– Settled by poverty-stricken

outcasts & religious dissenters from VA

– Strong spirit of resistance to authority

– Hospitable to pirates– Democratic / Independent /

NON-aristocratic– “A vale of humility between 2

mountains of conceit.”

South CarolinaSouth Carolina• Strong ties with West Indies sugar

islands – many settlers from there• Adopted its slave code – Barbados Code• RICE becomes major crop• Set up strong slave trade

– Sell over 10,000 Indian slaves to sugar islands

• West African slaves become predominant labor source … WHY?– Had experience with rice– Immune to malaria– Become majority of the

population by 1710!

GeorgiaGeorgiaThe Last English ColonyThe Last English ColonyFounded by James Oglethorpe & other London

philanthropists, 1733– Took honest persons imprisoned for

debts to resettle there• English want buffer from SP Florida so

charter granted• Oglethorpe has idealistic regulations:

– No more than 50 acres land – non-transferable– No rum – to ensure sobriety– No slaves – to ensure hard work

• Founders disillusioned by 1752 – becomes royal colony

• Settlers began migration into “back-country”

Southern SocietySouthern Society• Primary religious affiliation?

– Anglican church• Highly illiterate – not much formal

schooling – why?• Slavery in all colonies• Aristocratic atmosphere (except NC!);

wealthy planters have the power• Rigid social class structure:

– Wealthy planters– Small Farmers (with slaves / without slaves)– Landless whites– Slaves

River Settlement Pattern River Settlement Pattern in the Southin the South

Large plantations [>100 acres]; Large plantations [>100 acres]; Widely spread apart [>5 miles] – Widely spread apart [>5 miles] – Impact?Impact?

Leads to few large cities; mostly rural; Leads to few large cities; mostly rural; churches & schools difficult to establishchurches & schools difficult to establish

Waterways are the main “roads”Waterways are the main “roads”

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5:

80%80% Not many children have Not many children have

grandparentsgrandparents

““WidowarchyWidowarchy””High mortality High mortality

among among husbands and husbands and fathers left fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth wealth compared to compared to women in other women in other colonial regions.colonial regions.

SOUTHERN SOCIETYSOUTHERN SOCIETY