second mini-exambingweb.binghamton.edu/~bio370/botany lectures/2015/370... · 2015. 10. 15. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Second Mini-Exam: 20 October 201 (T) in lecture First Midterm Exam: 29 October 2014 (R) in lecture
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Plant Chemistry – Chapter 2
Plant Cells – Chapter 3
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p. 36
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Carbohydrates: - Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose - Disaccharides
sucrose
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cellulose Cellulose microfibril
alpha glucose polymers
beta glucose polymers
Polysaccharides: - Starch: amalose & amalopectin - Cellulose - Chitin
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Lipids:
- Triglycerides –oils & fats
- Cutin, suberin & waxes
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Phospholipids:
cell membranes
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Steroids: hormones & other biotropic compounds
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Amino acids and Proteins:
globular proteins
protein sheets
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Nucleic acids: - DNA, RNA - ATP
nucleotide
Nucleotide polymers
ATP ADP + Pi
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-alkaloids (nitrogenous compounds) morphine, cocaine, nicotene, caffeine
Secondary Metabolites:
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- phenolics (phenols)
flavonoids, anthocyanins,
tannins, lignins, salicylic acid
- terpenoids (made of isoprene units)
isoprene units
essential oils
taxol, cardiac glycosides
Secondary Metabolites:
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Nucleus: - chromosomes - chromatin: histone-bound linear DNA - nucleolus - nuclear envelope - nuclear pores - endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - �rough� w. ribosomes - �smooth�
Plant cell:
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Endomembrane system: - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi complex (dictyosomes)
- cisternae - vesicles
- Site of biosynthesis especially lipids, oil bodies, & cell wall
Side view
Top view
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Cytoskeletal system (proteins): - microtubules & actin filaments
Flagella: (singl. Flagellum)
9+2 arrangement of microtubules
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Plant cell:
Boundary System: - capsule or - middle lamella - primary wall - secondary wall - pits - primary pit fields - plasma membrane - plasmodesmata
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Plasma membrane & Plasmodesmata (singl. Plasmodesma)
Corresponding �holes� in cell wall are:
Primary pit fields - in primary wall Pits - in secondary wall
Phospholipid bilayer
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It�s simply amazing!
How Cell wall microfibrils are laid down:
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Primary wall:
Secondary wall:
Wall Layers: Polysaccharides: - cellulose - hemicellulose - pectins
birefringence
- micelle - microfibrils - macrofibrils
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birefringence - polarizing effect on light caused by crystalline structure of materials
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fluorescence - adsorption and re-emission of light due to elemental/chemical content of materials
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Single Membrane-bound
organelles:
- vacuole with tonoplast
- vacuole contains: - anthocyanin pigments - tanins - water soluable
- peroxisomes - contains hydrolytic enzymes
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Double membrane-bound organelles:
- Mitochondrion
Chief site of respiration - cristae - matrix - intermembrane space
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Double membrane-bound organelles:
- Plastids: - Chloroplasts:
thylakoid membranes:
- grana (singl. granum) - stroma - chlorophyll
thylakoid spaces
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Chromoplast with carotenoid granules
Other Plastids:
- proplastids = immature plastids - amyloplasts = modified chloroplasts containing starch grains also birefringent - chromoplasts = contain carotenoid pigment granules (not water soluble) - leucoplasts = generally without color
Amyloplast with starch grains
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Energy:
The fundamental currency of Life! Readings from your text:
- Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 5 (part) - Respiration Chapter 6 (all) - Photosynthesis Chapter 7 (all)
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Laws of Thermodynamics: First Law: Conservation of Energy Energy is neither created nor destroyed in reactions i.e.: Tb = Ta where T = Total Energy, P = Potential Energy K = Kinetic Energy
High potential energy
Tb = Pb + Kb
Ta = Pa + Ka
endergonic reaction
exergonic reaction
before:
after:
Pa > Pb
Pa < Pb but
Ka > Kb
Low potential energy
before:
after:
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Laws of Thermodynamics: Second Law: Increasing Entropy (�Times Arrow�) TOTAL Entropy always increases in reactions
T = P + K + En Total Energy T is the same both before and after, but some P or K is converted to En
Entropy: En - disorder, randomness heat.
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Question: - If the Second Law of Thermodynamics stipulates that Entropy (randomness, disorder, heat) is always increasing, and - If a major feature of the Theory of Evolution talks about the origin of more complex (less entropic) organisms from simpler (more entropic) organisms over time, Isn�t there a contradiction here???
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- Complexity can increase over time in dissipative structures: weather, crystals, Earth, galaxies, etc.
The Laws of Thermodynamics only apply to closed systems:
Open system:
Closed system:
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Photosynthesis and Respiration: - flow of Energy in an open system - but cyclic flow of matter
CO2, H2O Energy Poor
Energy Flow
Matter (carbon)
Plants and The Earth as a whole
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- Obtaining energy from energy rich compounds (e.g., glucose)
- Conversion into ready energy currency [ATP]
- Doing biochemical work
Glycolysis
Respiration
-glycolysis -Kreb�s (citric acid) cycle -electron transport chain -oxidative phosphorylation
Energy Running Downhill:
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Krebs cycle: - aerobic
- located in matrix and inner membrane of cristae of mitochondrion
Count Carbon! - 2 CO2 lost on each turn - ATP & high energy electrons produced on each turn - grinds up pyruvate - recycles intermediates
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Electron transport chain: - powers proton pump across cristae which creates electrochemical gradient - gradient powers ATP synthase complex
ATP synthase complexes
Between membranes
crista
matrix
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Final tally sheet for Respiration:
38% efficient!
Human machines ~ 25% efficient
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Question:
- Respiration normally runs down hill, but can Respiration run backwards???
CO2, H2O Energy Poor
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Photosynthesis: Running a different process uphill!!
- Utilization of light energy to power life processes
CO2, H2O Energy Poor
IncreasedEntropy
Increased Entropy
No!