green algae - chlorophytabingweb.binghamton.edu/~bio370/botany lectures/2015/370-2015...
TRANSCRIPT
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- multiple origins of multicellularity
Green Algae - Chlorophyta:
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Fungi:
Chapter 14
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heterokonts
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Oomycetes - Oomycota:
- heterotrophs - unicellular or filamentous - reproduction: - asexual: zoospores - sexual: oogonium, antheridium, oospores - habitats: - marine - aquatic - pathogens: - damping-off - potato blight - downy mildew in grapes
Encysted zoospores above empty sporangium
Oogonium with antheridium
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Oomycota: Saprolegnia
Distinguishing the sexes in sexual reproduction:
- isogamy - anisogamy - oogamy
Questions generated by studying life cycles:
Why do Sex?
What is Sex anyway??
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fungi
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Myxomycota: Plasmodial slime molds!
- plasmodium - naked multinucleate protoplasm - heterotrophic - sexual reproduction present - sporangia or similar fuctioning structures produced - spores - the product of meiosis - sclerotium - dried encysted stage
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Myxomycota:
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Dictyosteliomycota or Acrasiomycota - Cellular Slime Molds - mostly exist as free myxamoebae - feed on bacteria by phagocytosis - pseudoplasmodium (slug) - aggregates of myxamoebae for reproduction - sexual reproduction - slug produces sporangium - stalk cells with cellulose walls - asexual reproduction - walled zygotes = macrocysts
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Chytrids - Chytridomycota:
- only fungal group with motile cells somewhere in the life cycle - saprophytic or parasitic - unicellular to multicellular & filamentous - cysts - main body (in many) - rhizoids - root-like haustorium
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Chytridiomycota Allomyces: -more extensive mycelium
gametangia
sporangia
Sporic Life Cycle
anisogamy
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Zygomycota:
- nonmotile cells only - multicellular filamentous - hyphae coenocytic - mycelium & hyphae - asexual reproduction by sporangia & spores - borne on stalks sporangiophores
Pilobolus
Rhizopus
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Zygomycota: Rhizopus stolonifer
stolon
zygosporangium
Zygotic Life Cycle
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Mycorrhizae:
- an intimate nutritional association between fungi & plants
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Mycorrhizae: - their effect on growth
without with
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Mycorrhizae:
At least two kinds: - Ectomycorrhizae - found in many conifers, birches, oaks, orchids
hyphae of fungus are mostly exterior
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- Endomycorrhizae:
- hyphae invade cells of host & form arbuscles - presumed site of nutrient/energy exchange - vessicles - storage? - VAM fungi - zygomycetes
vessicle
arbuscle
arbuscles
Point of penetration
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VAM fungi:
- An obligate symbiote for the origin of higher land plants? (Pirozynski & Malloch 1970’s)
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Ascomycota - Ascomycetes: - cup fungi, truffles, morels - powdery mildews, diseases - blue, green, brown molds - yeasts
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Ascomycota: - mycelium - non- motile - septate hyphae
septum with septal pore
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Ascomycota: - sexual reproduction: - formation of asci with ascospores
- containment of ascospores useful in genetic mapping of genetic recombination
meiosis (mitosis)
recombinants in
non-recombinants vs
Neurospora & Sordaria
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Ascomycota: - types of ascomata (singl. ascoma): - cleistothecia, perithecia, apothecia
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Ascomycota: - perithecia & cleistothecia perithecium
cleistothecia
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asci
hymenium
Ascomycota: - apothecia, hymenium
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Ascomycota: - asexual reproductive phase - conidia
conidiophores
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Ascomycota:
Mycelium - the vegetative body
Life cycle involving dikaryon phase
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Ascomycota: - Sexual cycle: ascogonium, antheridium - Ascogenous hyphae - dikaryotic
ascogonium
antheridium
homothallic (self-fertile) or heterothallic (more than one mating strain) mycelium strains (red or black)
dikaryotic hyphae
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Ascomycota: - Ergot on rye - St. Anthony s Fire & LSD - drugs for migrane headaches
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Basidiomycota: - mushrooms & toadstools - rusts, smuts, - plant & animal diseases
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Basidiomycota: - mycelium - Probably the largest and oldest organisms on Earth
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Basidiomycota: - dikaryon dominant phase - septate hyphae with dolipore septum - clamp connections
clamp connection:
Dolipore septum
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Basidiomycota: - fruiting bodies (basidiomata) - base, volva (base cup), stipe (stalk), pileus (cap), hymenium (gills)
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Basidiomycota:
- basidia (singl. basidium) with: 4 sterigmata (stalks) 4 basidiospores
spore print
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Basidiomycota:
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Basidiomycota: - boletes & bracket fungi
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Basidiomycota: - coral fungi
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Basidiomycota: - puff balls, earth stars
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Basidiomycota: - stinkhorns - bird s nest fungi
splash cup
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Basidiomycota: - poisonous mushrooms: - death or destroying angels Amanita - magic mushroom Amanita muscaria - Psilocybe, Teonancatl - many others
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Basidiomycota: - rusts & smuts
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Puccinia graminis - wheat rust
Early Spring
haploid mycelium
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Puccinia graminis - wheat rust
Spring
dikaryon phase
in Barberry
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Puccinia graminis - wheat rust
Spring
dikaryon phase on wheat
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Puccinia graminis - wheat rust Summer
vegetative reinfection of wheat
dikaryon phase on wheat
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Puccinia graminis - wheat rust
Fall
Summer
Winter
Next Spring
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Lichens - An asymmetric symbiotic relationship: - photobiont (green alga and/or cyanobacteria) - mycobiont (ascomycete or basidiomycete) - ascomata & soredia (singl. soredium)
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Lichen:
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Lichen: - photobiont-mycobiont relationship
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Lichens: - crustose, & foliose forms
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Lichens: - fruticose forms
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Endolithic lichens:
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Yeast, Penicillium, Agaricus bisporus
Uses of fungi:
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Fungal predators!