Seating ChartSeating Chart

Kristina Gilbert

Hallie Gaffney

Brooke Friot

Kenzi Coon

Tucker Barry

Paige Barber

Kyle Koehler

Kailyn Jenning

sTaylor House

Sarah Harring

ton

Joseph Howard

Samantha

TaylorMegan Snow

Dylan Smith

Kelsey Prye

Cody Peterso

n

Danielle Gratz

Marissa Waite

Catherine

Halstead

Teachers Desk

Block 3 - Chemistry

Jordan Bailey

James Adydan

Valerie Grange

r Danielle

Goncalves

Megan Nutting Ulyana

Nikolayeva

Austin Gray

Shannon Gerni

Mason Fahnest

ock

Tiffany Brodeur

Casey Bright

Devin Borland

Briell Hardy

Susan Hillenbr

and

Augustus

Jordal

Krista Kingsle

y

Emily Hilliker

Adam Perkins

Ryan Ripka

Taylor Rose

Taylor Scranto

n

Sierra Shaw

Jonathan Wood

Peter Whitak

er

Jonathan

Pastuf

Maurina

Kirkland

Teachers Desk

Block 7 - Chemistry

Brikel Wilson

Tarissa Atkinso

n Claire Atkinso

n

Christopher

Masuicca Dylan

Moran

Stanley Skotnis

ki Zackery Stanard

September 9, 2010September 9, 2010Welcome back! My name is Mr. Nylen, Welcome back! My name is Mr. Nylen,

and I will be your Chemistry teacher this and I will be your Chemistry teacher this year. Please take this time to fill out the year. Please take this time to fill out the

Student Information Card. Student Information Card.

Schedule:Schedule: Go over SyllabusGo over Syllabus

Hand in Student Information SheetHand in Student Information Sheet Lab SafetyLab Safety

PACS 2010PACS 2010

Lab Safety & Lab Check inLab Safety & Lab Check in

Carl NylenCarl NylenPulaski Academy Pulaski Academy

High SchoolHigh School

20082008

Why is Lab Safety Important?Why is Lab Safety Important?

Lab safety is a major aspect of every lab Lab safety is a major aspect of every lab based science class.based science class.

Lab safety rules and symbols are needed Lab safety rules and symbols are needed so that students do not injure themselves so that students do not injure themselves or their classmates. or their classmates.

Lab Safety RulesLab Safety Rules1. 1. Always follow the teacher’s directions and Always follow the teacher’s directions and

only do lab work when a teacher is present.only do lab work when a teacher is present.2. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner.2. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner.3. Do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or 3. Do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or

other materials until told to do so. other materials until told to do so. 4. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum 4. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum

in the lab. in the lab. Do not use lab glassware as food Do not use lab glassware as food or beverage containers.or beverage containers.

5. Report 5. Report ALLALL accidents to your teacher accidents to your teacher immediately.immediately.

ClothingClothingWear:Wear:

• Goggles/safety Goggles/safety glassesglasses

• Closed-toed shoesClosed-toed shoes

• Tie back long hairTie back long hair

DoDo NOT NOT Wear: Wear:

• SandalsSandals

• JewelryJewelry

• Loose or Baggy Loose or Baggy

clothingclothing

Lab Safety EquipmentLab Safety Equipment

Safety ShowerSafety Shower Safety GogglesSafety GogglesEye Wash

Lab Safety EquipmentLab Safety Equipment

FireFire

ExtinguisherExtinguisher Fire BlanketFire Blanket Fume Hood

Other Chemical Hazards Other Chemical Hazards and Symbolsand Symbols

FlammableFlammable

ExplosiveExplosive

Toxic/PoisonToxic/Poison

IrritantIrritant

CorrosiveCorrosive

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

Accidents and InjuriesAccidents and Injuries Report Report ALLALL accidents and injuries to your teacher accidents and injuries to your teacher

immediately!!! immediately!!! Be aware of safety hazards associated with each Be aware of safety hazards associated with each

chemical you use.chemical you use. Eye accident – Wash the eye with copious amounts Eye accident – Wash the eye with copious amounts

of water for at least 15 min.of water for at least 15 min. Wear safety glasses and this will NEVER HAPPEN!Wear safety glasses and this will NEVER HAPPEN!

Fire Burns – Stop, Drop, and be covered with a fire Fire Burns – Stop, Drop, and be covered with a fire blanket or soaked with water. Do not remove blanket or soaked with water. Do not remove clothing stuck to victim. Get medical attention clothing stuck to victim. Get medical attention immediately.immediately.

Waste DisposalWaste Disposal

First ask your teacher where/how First ask your teacher where/how to dispose of waste.to dispose of waste.

Never pour anything down the Never pour anything down the drain unless you are told to do so.drain unless you are told to do so.

A waste bottle will be supplied for A waste bottle will be supplied for substance that cannot go down the substance that cannot go down the draindrain

Reasons for proper waste Reasons for proper waste disposaldisposal

Hazardous chemicals down the drain can Hazardous chemicals down the drain can lead to pollution of ground water, lakes, lead to pollution of ground water, lakes, rivers, etc.rivers, etc.

Plants and animals will die if they are Plants and animals will die if they are exposed to hazardous chemical waste.exposed to hazardous chemical waste.

Serious health problems will become Serious health problems will become present in people if hazardous waste finds present in people if hazardous waste finds its way into drinking water. its way into drinking water.

September 10, 2010September 10, 2010

Locating Safety/Emergency Locating Safety/Emergency EquipmentEquipment

This will be your first lab. First This will be your first lab. First organize into your lab groups at the organize into your lab groups at the tables to the side of the room.tables to the side of the room.

Lab Activity, take 15-20 minutesLab Activity, take 15-20 minutes

You only need 1185 more minutes of You only need 1185 more minutes of lab time!lab time!

Lab Groups SlideLab Groups Slide

Block 3 – Chemistry Lab Groups

Kristina Gilbert

Hallie Gaffney

Brooke Friot

Kenzi Coon

Tucker Barry

Paige Barber

Kyle Koehler

Kailyn Jenning

s

Taylor House

Sarah Harring

ton

Joseph Howard

Samantha

Taylor

Megan Snow

Dylan Smith

Kelsey Prye

Cody Peterso

n

Marissa Waite

Catherine

Halstead

Jordan Bailey

James Adydan

Valerie Granger

Danielle Goncalv

es

Megan Nutting

Ulyana Nikolaye

va

Block 7 – Chemistry Lab Groups

Austin Gray

Shannon Gerni

Mason Fahnest

ock

Tiffany Brodeur

Casey Bright

Devin Borland

Briell Hardy

Susan Hillenbra

nd

Augustus

Jordal

Krista Kingsle

y

Emily Hilliker

Adam Perkins

Ryan Ripka

Taylor Rose

Taylor Scranto

n

Sierra Shaw

Jonathan Wood

Peter Whitak

er

Jonathan Pastuf

Maurina Kirkland

Tarissa Atkinso

n

Claire Atkinso

n

Christopher

Masuicca

Dylan Moran Stanley

Skotniski

Zackery Stanard

Lab Station Check inLab Station Check in

Familiarize yourself with the type of Familiarize yourself with the type of glassware we will be using all year.glassware we will be using all year.

Get a Check-In sheet and do a drawer Get a Check-In sheet and do a drawer inventory. (30 min lab)inventory. (30 min lab)

If you are missing something, write it If you are missing something, write it on a piece of paper and leave it on on a piece of paper and leave it on your table with your drawer OPENyour table with your drawer OPEN

Only 1155 more minutes!Only 1155 more minutes!

Lab EquipmentLab Equipment

Evaporating Dish

Scoopula

Graduated CylinderCrucible Tongs

Beaker Tongs

Gas collecting bottle

Beaker

Watch Glass

Erlenmeyer Flask

Sign and turn in safety Sign and turn in safety contractcontract

Papers get turned in at the Papers get turned in at the bins on the side of the bins on the side of the

room.room.

September 10, 2010September 10, 2010

Today's AgendaToday's Agenda

Begin Unit – MeasurementBegin Unit – Measurement 5 minute problem set5 minute problem set Taking accurate measurementsTaking accurate measurements Significant FiguresSignificant Figures

Unit 1: MeasurementUnit 1: Measurement

Mr. NylenMr. NylenPulaski Academy Pulaski Academy

High SchoolHigh School

20082008

Reading instrumentsReading instruments

What is an instrument?What is an instrument? A device used to gain A device used to gain quantquantitative itative

information (information with numbers)information (information with numbers) Examples:Examples:

ClockClock SpeedometerSpeedometer Graduated cylinderGraduated cylinder BeakerBeaker RulerRuler

Estimating and Estimating and MeasurementMeasurement

All measurement have one and only All measurement have one and only one estimated digit. The reported one estimated digit. The reported measurements below DO NOT mean measurements below DO NOT mean the same thing:the same thing:

Recorded Measurement

Precision Notation

Range of reproducibility

Smallest Calibrations on Ruler used

2 cm

2.0 cm

2.00 cm

Estimating MeasurementsEstimating Measurements

Each measurement is read from the Each measurement is read from the ruler by estimating one digit ruler by estimating one digit (placeholder) beyond the smallest (placeholder) beyond the smallest calibration on the ruler. Estimated calibration on the ruler. Estimated measurements are read and measurements are read and recorded this way (to the correct # recorded this way (to the correct # of significant figures)!of significant figures)!

ExampleExample

Get a white board, tissue, Get a white board, tissue, and markerand marker

I’m going to put up a measurement, I’m going to put up a measurement, you will need to write it to the correct you will need to write it to the correct number of significant figuresnumber of significant figures

Reading “Instruments”Reading “Instruments”

centimeters

Answer:

Answer:

Smallest Calibration on Ruler Used:

Smallest Calibration on Ruler Used:

To what decimal place can To what decimal place can you read the following you read the following

instruments:instruments:

Answer

Reading Instruments LabReading Instruments Lab There are five lab stations set up at the tables There are five lab stations set up at the tables

on the side of the room.on the side of the room. Go to your lab station and record the given Go to your lab station and record the given

measurement as accurately as you can on your measurement as accurately as you can on your white boards (remember you can always white boards (remember you can always estimate one digit beyond the calibration of the estimate one digit beyond the calibration of the instrument). instrument).

Write the name of the lab instrument being usedWrite the name of the lab instrument being used Switch stations once I see your answer and it is Switch stations once I see your answer and it is

correct.correct.

September 13, 2010September 13, 2010

Why do we need significant Why do we need significant figures?figures?

I would guess that it is 25.632293 I would guess that it is 25.632293 miles from here to my house.miles from here to my house.

62/41 = 1.512195122…62/41 = 1.512195122… How many do we need to round to?How many do we need to round to? Significant figures will tell youSignificant figures will tell you The answer is right in front of you!The answer is right in front of you!

What are Significant FiguresWhat are Significant Figures

Significant “others” are importantSignificant “others” are important They mean something to youThey mean something to you You aren’t the same without themYou aren’t the same without them

Significant “figures” are importantSignificant “figures” are important They mean something to a numberThey mean something to a number Numbers can “look” the same, but are Numbers can “look” the same, but are

scientifically differentscientifically different Important when recording numbers in labImportant when recording numbers in lab

Notes Significant FiguresNotes Significant Figures Use the Atlantic/Pacific RuleUse the Atlantic/Pacific Rule

If a decimal is If a decimal is PPresent, count from the resent, count from the Pacific side (L Pacific side (L R) R)

If a decimal is If a decimal is AAbsent, count from the bsent, count from the Atlantic side (R Atlantic side (R L) L)

Count all #’s, including zeros, starting with Count all #’s, including zeros, starting with the first non-zero numberthe first non-zero number

Examples (pg. 1)Examples (pg. 1)(Work together on white boards)(Work together on white boards)

20002000

20012001

2000.2000.

2000.012000.01

2 x 102 x 1033

2.0 x 102.0 x 1033

2000.01002000.0100

0.00020.0002

0.000200.00020

What is a significant figureWhat is a significant figure

A significant figure is a digit in a A significant figure is a digit in a recorded measurement that adds recorded measurement that adds to the certainty of the to the certainty of the measurement.measurement. If a digit is removed from the If a digit is removed from the

beginning or end of a measurement beginning or end of a measurement and a random digit is put in its place, and a random digit is put in its place, but the overall measurement doesn’t but the overall measurement doesn’t really change, then it is significant.really change, then it is significant.

Guided PracticeGuided Practice

Try doing a-j on the practice sheet Try doing a-j on the practice sheet provided in your notes (between provided in your notes (between page 2 and 3)page 2 and 3)

Look over the rules listed, you may Look over the rules listed, you may use those or the Atlantic/Pacific way use those or the Atlantic/Pacific way we mentioned.we mentioned.

Let me know if you have any Let me know if you have any questions!questions!

Practice:Practice:

Do the top of page 3.Do the top of page 3.

PACS 2008PACS 2008

Go over top of page 3Go over top of page 3

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Calculations with Calculations with measurementsmeasurements

Notes: Values that don’t need to be Notes: Values that don’t need to be calculated, or conversion factors, are calculated, or conversion factors, are not subject to anything “sig fig” not subject to anything “sig fig” related. They are exact numbers related. They are exact numbers and represent the highest degree of and represent the highest degree of accuracy possible.accuracy possible.

PACS 2008PACS 2008

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Multiplication and Division Multiplication and Division (pg. 2)(pg. 2)

Answer is limited to the number Answer is limited to the number containing the least amount of containing the least amount of significant digits.significant digits. ExamplesExamples

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Addition and Subtraction with Addition and Subtraction with Significant DigitsSignificant Digits

Limit significant digits to least Limit significant digits to least number of decimal places present in number of decimal places present in ANY numberANY number 1.50003 + 1.493003 + 11 =1.50003 + 1.493003 + 11 = 1.50003 + 1.490003 + 11.00013 =1.50003 + 1.490003 + 11.00013 =

Other examples:Other examples:

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Notes pg. 3Notes pg. 3

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Density ActivityDensity Activity

Notes pg. 5-8Notes pg. 5-8

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Hand out Reference TablesHand out Reference Tables

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The Metric SystemThe Metric System

Metric Prefixes (reference table C)Metric Prefixes (reference table C) The metric system is based on a “base The metric system is based on a “base

unit”unit” grams, litres, meters, etc. (notice no prefix)grams, litres, meters, etc. (notice no prefix)

All metric prefixes are relative to the All metric prefixes are relative to the “base unit”“base unit”

micrograms, millilitres, centimeters, etc.micrograms, millilitres, centimeters, etc. The base unit is “1” or “10The base unit is “1” or “1000””

PACS 2008PACS 2008

The Metric SystemThe Metric System

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Metric ConversionsMetric ConversionsFactor Label MethodFactor Label Method

Equality – Relationship between 2 Equality – Relationship between 2 units that measure the same units that measure the same quantityquantity Ex. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams (or 10Ex. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams (or 1033

grams)grams)

10 x 10 10 x 10 x 10x 10

Conversion factor – fraction with a Conversion factor – fraction with a value of one based on an equalityvalue of one based on an equality Example:Example:

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Metric ConversionsMetric Conversions Two basic typesTwo basic types

Converting Converting toto a base unit (one step a base unit (one step problem)problem)

Ex:Ex:

Converting Converting throughthrough a base unit (two a base unit (two step problem)step problem)

Ex:Ex:

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Sample Problems – p.9 Sample Problems – p.9 Identify for a, b, and c, whether it will Identify for a, b, and c, whether it will

be a single step, or double step, be a single step, or double step, problem.problem.

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Sample Problems (p.4)Sample Problems (p.4)

First identify single or double step First identify single or double step problemproblem

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Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

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Scientific NotationScientific Notation

Useful for writing very large or very Useful for writing very large or very small numberssmall numbers

The number has to be greater than 1, The number has to be greater than 1, and less than 10and less than 10 1 ≤ number < 101 ≤ number < 10

Example: 1.57860 x 10Example: 1.57860 x 1044

Writing numbers in scientific Writing numbers in scientific notationnotation

Move decimal to the left or right to Move decimal to the left or right to get the exponent.get the exponent.

Stop when the number is between 1 Stop when the number is between 1 and 10and 10

Put it in the correct formatPut it in the correct format

PACS 2008PACS 2008

Examples:Examples:

Write the number of carbon atoms in Write the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon:12 grams of carbon: 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000

Mass of an electronMass of an electron .000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 91.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 91

How can we remember if it is a How can we remember if it is a positive or negative exponent?positive or negative exponent?

PACS 2008PACS 2008

Moving around exponentsMoving around exponents Tell whether the exponent would be Tell whether the exponent would be

positive or negative once converted positive or negative once converted to scientific notation, and what the to scientific notation, and what the scientific notation would be:scientific notation would be:

32.4532.45

.00569.00569

896.45896.45PACS 2008PACS 2008

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Guided PracticeGuided Practice

Try doing a-j on notes page 12Try doing a-j on notes page 12

Are you beginning to notice a Are you beginning to notice a correlation between significant figures correlation between significant figures and scientific notation?and scientific notation?

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Scientific Notation and Scientific Notation and Significant Figures are related!Significant Figures are related!

Scientific Notation can directly tell Scientific Notation can directly tell you the number of significant figures you the number of significant figures presentpresent

Scientific notation simplifies numbers Scientific notation simplifies numbers by only showing significant figuresby only showing significant figures

Lab – Uncertainties in Lab – Uncertainties in MeasurementMeasurement

This is your first actual labThis is your first actual lab Take it seriously!Take it seriously! Work in your lab groups onlyWork in your lab groups only Don’t be afraid to ask for helpDon’t be afraid to ask for help ProcedureProcedure

Prepare the instrument to be usedPrepare the instrument to be used Place a random amount of substance on the Place a random amount of substance on the

instrument to be usedinstrument to be used Draw a picture of the readingDraw a picture of the reading Write the reading to the correct # of sig. figsWrite the reading to the correct # of sig. figs Convert it to scientific notation if necessaryConvert it to scientific notation if necessary

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Problem SetProblem Set

Convert 247 mm Convert 247 mm km km

Convert 43,493.49 pm Convert 43,493.49 pm nm nm

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GraphingGraphing Typical graphs usually follow two Typical graphs usually follow two

relationships, they can be relationships, they can be

DirectDirect or Indirector Indirect

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Important things to consider:

The independent variable is plotted on the x-axis (ALWAYS) The independent variable is INDEPENDENT of

the experiment (it isn’t the data you are gathering)

Determine the range of values to be plotted Use an appropriate scale Number and labels, with units Draw a “best fit” line/curve to show trends Give a descriptive title

Slope The slope of a graph is usually denoted

by “m” The data from a graph can all be summed

up using an equation Y=mx + b

(mL)

Plotting a graph Using the scenario below

What is the independent variable What is the dependent variable What variable is on the x axis What variable is on the y axis What does the slope of the graph tell us?

You are calculating the density of an unknown object. You have five samples to collect data from. The masses of the samples run from 2.6 -12.0 grams, and the volumes of the samples range from 18.5mL – 49.3mL

Percent Error

Tells you how far away you are from a “true” value

Formula is on the back of your Reference Tables

Try the sample problem below Mr. N finds the volume of an object to be

1.4 g/ml. The actual value is 1.8 g/ml. What is Mr. N’s percent error?

Notes p. 15 - GraphingNotes p. 15 - Graphing

Plot the graph on pg. 15 using the Plot the graph on pg. 15 using the graph paper in your notes. graph paper in your notes. Make an appropriate scaleMake an appropriate scale Label the axis’Label the axis’ Use an appropriate titleUse an appropriate title

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Scientific MethodScientific Method

Notes pg. 16Notes pg. 16

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Scientific Method ActivityScientific Method Activity

Determining an unknown metalDetermining an unknown metal

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Work in your Lab GroupsWork in your Lab Groups

We will use the scientific method to We will use the scientific method to help us determine an unknown help us determine an unknown element.element.

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Begin test prep 18-22 in Begin test prep 18-22 in notesnotes

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HomeworkHomework Complete the Uncertainties in Measurement Complete the Uncertainties in Measurement

lablab

Next Class: Lab quiz on Uncertainties in Next Class: Lab quiz on Uncertainties in measurement.measurement.

Notes p. 18 – 22 is due the day of the exam. Notes p. 18 – 22 is due the day of the exam. It is review for the exam, and is worth 10% It is review for the exam, and is worth 10% of your exam grade. We will be going over of your exam grade. We will be going over it/reviewing next classit/reviewing next class

Lab – Measuring Mass

Work in your lab groups Make sure every member has done

at least 1 measurement