SEABEE COMBAT WARFARE

COMMON CORE

Unit 101GENERAL SAFETYFUNDAMENTALS

NAVEDTRA 43904-C

GENERAL SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS

• References:

- OPNAVINST 5100.23G, Navy Occupational Safety

and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual

- COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2B, Naval Construction

Force Occupational Safety and Health Program

- 29 CFR Part 1926, Construction Safety Standards

- NAVEDTRA 14026, Construction Electrician Basic

- NAVEDTRA 14167, Naval Safety Supervisor

- OPNAVINST 3500.39B, Operational Risk

Management

• PQS Question 101.1: Explain the responsibilities of the following personnel as applied to safety:

a. Commanding Officer b. Executive Officer c. Safety Officer

d. Department Head e. Division Officer f. Work Center Supervisor g. Safety Petty Officer h. All Hands

Reference:

NAVEDTRA 14167, Chapter 1

GENERAL SAFETY FUNDAMENTALS

Commanding Officer

– Responsible for the safety and health of all military and civilian personnel, the safe use and condition of equipment, and the protection of all government property

– Ensures compliance with established procedures and work practices– Ensures OSH councils and committees are formed at appropriate

command levels– Ensures compliance with current instructions and regulations– Ensures all work places receive a safety inspection at least annually– Establishes a Hazard Abatement Program– Establishes NAVOSH education and training programs– Coordinates occupational health support with the cognizant Naval

Hospital or Regional Medical Center– Reviews and signs the Annual Safety Report

Executive Officer

– Chairman of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Counsel, assumes the duties of C.O in his/her absence

– Acts as Chairman for the OSH Policy Committee Meeting

– Enforces the CO’s safety policies and procedure

Safety Officer

– Advises the CO on matters pertaining to safety, manages the command safety program, investigates mishaps, monitors projects, shops, and special evolutions for compliance with safety standards

– Organizationally on the immediate staff of the CO. A full time assignment.

– Maintains complete and accurate records on the accident, injury, occupational illness rate of unit and submits monthly mishap summaries to Division

– Develops accident prevention and loss of control measures and programs

– Conducts safety and accident investigations, analyzes reports of occupational injuries and or property damage to identify factors or trends

– As required, prepares specific safety rules and regulations for approval by the CO

Safety Officer

– Instruction verification– Reviews and approves all project general and specific safety plans– Organizes and conducts safety inspections and surveys to identify violations, hazards,

and deficiencies in operations, facilities, and equipment– Records safety and health violations through an aggressive Hazard Abatement

Program– Coordinates actions and follows up on corrective measures taken– Maintains liaison with planning and design officials– Assists supervisors in developing and conducting safety training. Provides

consultation services, advice, and guidance– Technical authority in the procurement of PPE– Conducts hazard analysis of project/shop operations and develops safe working

standards and conditions– Consults and maintains liaison with key personnel during various planning evolutions– Submits minutes of OSH Policy and Safety Supervisor committee meetings to the CO

for review– TRAINS, EDUCATES, TRACKS, INSPECTS, FOLLOWS UP

Department Head/Divison Officer

– Responsible for safety within their areas of responsibility enforces safety standards. Are assigned as members of the OSH Counsel

– Ensures all safety regulations are complied with– Promotes and strengthens the safety program through all levels of

supervision by establishing internal training procedures– Plans all work with regards to safety and the safety related equipment

or materials needed– Supervises and monitors staff to ensure full compliance with all safety

rules and regulation– Picks the right person for the job at hand and ensures they are trained– Reviews work procedures and takes positive action to correct all

hazards– Ensures proper tracking of all training and the complete thorough

investigation of all mishaps with timely submissions

Work Center Supervisor

– Responsible for the safety of their personnel, develop safety plans, enforce safety standards, ensure adequate PPE is available

– Be familiar with safety rules and regulations for jobs and facilities in your area

– Enforces safety rules immediately corrects any unsafe act or noted deficiency

– Inspects jobs and work areas for hazards and unsafe work habits– Educates and trains personnel, sets the example– Reports all mishaps in a timely manner– Investigates all mishaps, determines the basic causes, and takes

corrective actions to prevent repetitive mishaps– Ensures PPE is available and properly being worn at all work sites– Knows personnel limitations, assigns the right person to the task at hand– Posts appropriate signs and warnings

Safety Petty Officer

– Monitors safety within their Company/Department/Detail. Initiate preliminary mishap investigation within their area of responsibility

– Principle advisor to Company Commander/Department Head/Det OIC

• Normally an E-6 or above, must have attended the Safety Managers Course

All Hands

– Responsible for their own safety and the safety of their “Shipmates”. Everyone should be aware of the hazards to which they are exposed and precautionary measures to prevent personal injury or property damage

– Reports to work well rested and emotionally prepared for the task at hand

– Understands and follows safety and health precautions pertinent to work areas

– Reports to immediate supervisor any unsafe conditions or acts– Cautions those who may be endangered by suspected, known,

unusual or developing hazards– Reports any mishaps to your immediate supervisor– Uses all PPE required to complete the task

Safety CouncilEnlisted Safety Committee

PQS Question 101.2 Explain the functions of the Safety Council and the Enlisted Safety Committee.

Reference: NAVEDTRA 14167[ch. 1, pp. 1 thru 9]

Safety CouncilEnlisted Safety Committee

• Safety Council– The Safety Council convenes quarterly to develop recommendations for

policy in safety matters and to analyze progress of the overall safety program. The council consists of the commanding officer or executive officer (chairperson), the unit safety officer (recorder), and safety representatives from each department.

• Enlisted Safety Committee– The Enlisted Safety Committee makes recommendations about the

command’s safety program to the Safety Council. The safety committee convenes to exchange information; improve communications; review conditions, mishaps, and injuries; and suggest improvements. It makes written safety recommendations to the Safety Council and the commanding officer. These meetings convene monthly to enhance interdepartmental communication in mishap prevention at division and work center levels.

MISHAP Investigation

PQS Question 101.3: Discuss the purpose of a mishap investigation and who’s responsible for conducting the investigation:

Reference: NAVEDTRA 14167Chapter 4, p. 4-1

MISHAP Investigation

• The purpose of a mishap investigation is to determine the primary and contributing causes of the mishap. From those causes we can then plan corrective action to prevent a recurrence of the mishap. To limit mishap losses, we must analyze the frequency of potential mishaps and identify mishap causes. Investigation of mishaps is the responsibility of all levels of supervision, from the first-line supervisor to the commanding officer. Division officers, department heads, or representatives appointed by the commanding officer usually investigate serious injury or major property damage mishaps. First- and second-line supervisors investigate non-disabling injury or minor property damage mishaps.

Eye Protection

PQS Question 101.4 Explain when different types of eye protection are required and where you can find the standards for design, construction, testing and use:

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23GChapter 20, pp. 19-2 thru 20-2

Eye Protection

• All Navy activities that expose personnel to eye hazards shall have a sight conservation program with the following as a minimum:

• Identification and evaluation of eye hazard• Prescription protective eye wear program• Procurement and maintenance of safety glasses• Training for employees• Effective program enforcement

Eye Protection

• Types of Eye Protection– Goggles– Safety glasses– Permanent walls– Temporary/moveable shields– Signs must be posted in all eye hazard areas

• Different types of eye protection and uses– Safety goggles: protect from flying particles and dust– Chemical goggles: Protect from splashing liquids, (acids, solvents, etc)– Safety glasses: protect from flying particles (impact, debris)– Welding glasses/goggles: Protect form Ultraviolet radiation (arc flash)– Over-spectacle glasses (plano’s): Protect from flying particles and impact

worn over prescription glasses

Hearing Conservation

PQS Question 101.5: Discuss the Hearing Conservation Program and when personnel are required to be enrolled.

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G Chapter 18, pp. 18-1 thru 18-6

Hearing Conservation

• Intended to prevent hearing loss related to exposure to high noise levels

• Noises greater than 84 dba and peak noises greater than 140 dba require hearing protection. (ear plugs or ear muffs)

• Noises greater than 104 dba require double hearing protection. (ear plugs and muffs)

• Personnel are enrolled in the Hearing Conservation Program when they are exposed to noises greater than 84 dba for an 8-hour workweek.

• Personnel enrolled in the program must have a baseline hearing test (audiogram) and annual testing while in the program

• When a person is removed from the program they must be tested for documentation of hearing capability

• Goal is to prevent occupational hearing loss and ensure auditory fitness for duty in the military and civilian workforce

Hearing Conservation

• Meeting the goal• Noise Measure and Analysis• Survey work environments• Engineering Control• Reduction of noise at the source• Hearing Protective devices

• Single hearing protection is required when exposed to 84 dba or one time decibel peaks of 140 dB or greater

• Double hearing protection is required when exposed to steady decibel levels exceeding 104 dB

• Audiometer• Baseline completed at MEPS• Yearly testing on personnel exposed to 84db daily• Five years for personnel not exposed to 84 dB daily• Education• Every one will receive yearly training

Hearing Protection

PQS Question 101.6: Explain the different types of hearing protection and when are they required.

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23GChapter 18, pp 18-8 thru 18-9

Hearing Protection

• Insert type: Ear plugs, disposable foam or issued triple flange.

• Circumaural type: Ear muffs– Required for continuous noise levels greater than 84

dba and peak noise levels greater than 140 dba• Combination: Ear plugs and ear muffs

– Required for continuous noise levels greater than 104 dba

PPE

PQS Question 101.7: Explain why it is necessary to properly use and maintain Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23GChapter 20, p 20-1

PPE

• Maintenance and use of PPE

– Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) should be maintained in a condition that allows proper use of the equipment

– Scratched lenses, dirty, missing components, etc. can lessen the effectiveness of the equipment and deter usage

• When PPE is not used properly people may be injured.

• Types of protection

– Head protection: protection from impact of falling and flying objects

– Foot protection: protection of foot and toe from falling objects such as construction material handling

– Eye protection: protection from flying particles or chips, and splashing from liquids

PPE

– Hand protection: to protect fingers and hand from sharp objects. Shock absorbing gloves for jack hammers

– Electrical protection: rubber protective equipment rated for certain voltages for electrical workers

– Long sleeves: to protect arms from flying debris and sparks– Life lines: protection from falling heights greater than 6’– Aprons: protection from splashes or sparks at mid section– Respiratory protection: protection from particles, fumes, mists,

dusts and vapors

Electrical Power Sources

PQS Question 101.8: State the purpose of temporary electrical power sources and explain source inspection and certification requirements

Reference: COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2BChapter 24 p 24-1

Electrical Power Sources

• Types of Temporary Power:

– Generators, 5kw has to be grounded unless states as double insulated otherwise on the generator

– Resistance level must be below 25 ohms to ground for normal set-up, 15 ohms in hazardous atmospheres and 5 ohms in explosive atmospheres

– Existing power, checked for proper grounding

– Existing power pole, run through a spider box to reduce current. Must also be grounded

– All temporary electrical power sources shall only be permitted during emergencies, periods of construction, remodeling, repair to or demolition of structures or similar activities

– All temporary sources shall be inspected, certified safe and tagged with the inspector’s name, company, and date prior to the first uses.

Electrical Power Sources

– All sources shall be re-inspected every 14 days after initial inspection and certified safe for continued use on the attached tag

– The inspection of temporary power sources shall also be kept in a logbook. This log will contain the same information as the tag, plus it will also contain the exact location of the tag (s).

– The primary purpose of the inspection is to ensure that proper grounding is established and that this source can be utilized without endangering the worker

• Temporary electric power is defined as any electric power sources used for construction, renovation, contingency, or emergency operations. Any electric power source we use with hand tools and equipment is considered “temporary power”.

– Temporary power sources are inspected to insure:

• Proper voltage

• Proper polarity

• Adequate ground

Electrical Power Sources

• All generators must be grounded to earth with a minimum of 25 ohms resistance or comply with the National Electric Code when 25 ohms or less can not be achieved

Ground Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI)

PQS Question 101.9: Explain when Ground Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI) protection is required

Reference: 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart K, p 248

Ground Fault Circuit Interruption (GFCI)

• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI’s) are required to be used with all electric hand tools (drills, saws, concrete vibrators, etc)

• GFCI’s detect a change in the flow of electricity and interrupt the circuit before any harm can be done to personnel. GFCI’s must trip at less than .5 milliampres

• GFCI’s must be tested monthly to ensure proper function• GFCI’s must be plugged directly into to power source and all power drawn from them. • All 120 colt, single phase 15 and 20 ampere receptacle outlets on construction sites or shops

shall have an approved class A, group I, GFCI unit with a trip level between 3 and 5 mili-amperes

• Receptacles on two wire, single phase portable or vehicle mounted generators, rated not more than 5 kw, where the circuit conductors of the generator are insulated form the generator from a and all other grounding surfaces do not requires GFCI protection

• The CTR electrician shall ensure that all GFCI’s function correctly, are in good repair and maintains a GFCI inspection log.

• No repairs to GFCI are authorized• GCFI’s that are damaged or fail to function correctly will be returned to the manufacturer for

repair and/or replacement

Portable power systems

PQS Question 101.10: Explain the importance of properly grounding portable electrical power and distribution systems.

Reference: NAVEDTRA 14026Chapter 3, p. 248

Portable power systems

• All tools (electrical, power, hand, etc) will be inspected daily by the operator prior to use. This includes PPE, extension cords, air hoses, hydraulic components etc.

• Any tool or equipment found defective or damaged must be removed from service until repaired or replaced

• Powder activated tools must be inspected monthly by a qualified technician with inspection documented and maintained

• The following tests hall be performed on cord sets, receptacle not part of the permanent wiring of a building or structure, and cord and plug connected equipment required to be grounded.

• All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall be electrically continuous

Portable power systems

• Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall be tested for correct attachment of the equipment-grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductors shall be connected to its proper terminal

• Required times of inspections

– Before the first use

– Before equipment is returned to service after any repair

– Before equipment is used after any incident which can be reasonably suspected to have caused damage

– At intervals not to exceed on month

• Equipment which has not met the requirements of this paragraph shall not be issued for used and stored in CTR

Discuss Lockout/tag-out

PQS Question 101.11: Discuss lockout/tag-out requirements for the following

- Program

- Procedures

Reference: COMFIRSTNCDINST 5100.2B, Ch 24, p 24-3OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 24, p 24-2

Lockout/tag-out

• All potential energy sources must be secured prior to working on equipment and machinery

• Locks and tags are installed to prevent accidental activation of the equipment or energizing the power source while work is being performed

• Damaged or unsafe equipment or machinery should be locked or tagged out of service to prevent use until repairs are made

• Only qualified personnel are authorized to perform lockout/tagout. The lockout/tagout log is maintained in the Safety Office.

• Required when you will be working on any items that will store energy as:– Electrical equipment– Hydraulic– Steam

• Lockout devices– Locks– Lockout device Tags– Red tags (danger tags)

Confined Space

PQS Question 101.12: Define “Confined space” and discuss the hazards associated with it.

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 27, p 366

Confined Space

•Confined spaces are spaces with:Limited access or egress (not equipped with regular doors or intended for frequent entry)Poor to no ventilationPotential to contain harmful gasses or vaporsLow or high oxygen concentration < 19.5% or > 23.5 %

•Hazards associated with confined spacesSuffocationPoisoningExplosionElectrocutionEntrapmentTypical injuries (cuts, abrasions, falling slipping, etc)

•HazardsOxygen Deficiency below 19.5 %Flammable gases or materials

•Confined Space Program ManagerOnly person who can certify a confined space entranceLists PPE required to enter a confined spaceConstantly monitors work space during job

•Only Gas Free Engineers are authorized to certify a confined space for entry•Once all personnel exit the space for any duration, the space must be re-certified•All confined spaces with potential hazards require a permit for entry

Certify Confined Space

PQS Question 101.13: Explain who is authorized to certify a “Confined Space” as safe for entry/work.

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 27, p 367

Certify Confined Space

• To render these spaces safe for entry by personnel to perform work, a certified gas-free engineer must conduct an inspection to ensure safe working conditions

• A qualified gas-free engineer is the only individual authorized to permit entry by personnel

3 different respirators

PQS Question 101.14: Discuss the three basic types of respirators and explain their use, care, and selection

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 15, p 192

3 different respirators

• Types of Respirators– Supplied Air Respirator

• Used in oxygen deficient spaces or where hazardous gases are present

– Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)• Used in oxygen deficient spaces or where hazardous gases

are present. Usually when the workers will be on the move– Air Purifying Respirators

• Used to clean the air you are breathing only. Cannot filter out hazardous gases or provide oxygen to breathe.

Care, Cleaning & Storage

• Care– Inspected prior to each use.– Cartridges shall be changed when they are no longer effective– Disposable respirators shall be damaged to prevent further use prior to disposal

• Cleaning– Wipe after each use with alcohol swab– Wash monthly with warm soapy water– Maintenance– Fixed by RPPM only

• Storage– Stored in dry, clean, labeled and air tight bag– Stored laying flat– Replacement criteria

• Filter replacement schedules will be determined by the RPPM. Replacement depends on the filter type, type of chemical and exposure level to the chemical, temperature, and humidity.

Selection

– Type of hazards you will be exposed to– Permissible Exposure Limit as set by OSHA– Threshold Limit Value as set by the American

Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

– MSDS sheet requirements– NIOSH Chemical Guide handbook– Industrial Hygienist department

recommendation

Use of Respirators

– Respirators are used in atmospheres containing harmful fumes, vapors, and gases. Additionally, may be used in atmospheres without sufficient oxygen (supplied air and SCBA)

– Respirators must be applicable to the environments in which they are to be used.

Industrial Hygiene

PQS Question 101.15: Discuss the importance of the Industrial Hygiene and Work Place Monitoring Program

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 8, p 126

Industrial Hygiene

• Industrial Hygiene (IH) personnel recognized evaluates and makes recommendations to control potential workplace hazards.

• Assess potential health risks faced by Navy personnel• Establish and document historical records of exposure levels for Navy

personnel• Ensure and demonstrate compliance with NAVOSH exposure criteria• IH performs work place monitor provides:

– Descriptions of the operations, tasks and work practices which take place in each workplace

– Lists of hazardous materials used in each work place– Lists of the physical hazards, noise hazards, and sources of non-ionizing

radiation.– Existing administrative controls, environmental controls and/or PPE

required in each shop

Industrial Hygiene

• IH workplace monitoring– Conducted annually or when a change occurs– Workplaces are monitored by the IH to determine levels of

exposure to hazards– Workplaces should be re-evaluated annually to determine any

changes in hazard potential. – Workplaces should be monitored when new equipment or

processes are introduced

Reporting Procedures

PQS Question 101.16: Discuss the basic reporting procedures required when an unsafe/unhealthful working condition report is submitted

Reference: OPNAVINST 5100.23G, ch 10, p 143-144

Reporting Procedures

• Reporting Procedures

– Report to the Chain of Command

– If Chain of Command does not resolve the problem, report to the Safety Office.

– If you desire not to verbally report to the Safety Office, you may submit a “Report of Unsafe/Unhealthy Working Conditions” OPNAV 5100/11.

– Once the Safety Office receives the report they have up to 72 hours to investigate the situation.

– Alleged imminent danger situations will be investigated within 24 hours.

– The Safety Officer will reply in writing to the person submitting the report within 10 working days.

Reporting Procedures

• Unsafe/Unhealthful Working Conditions– Normally conducted by the Safety Officer

• Detecting unsafe or unhealthy working conditions at the earliest possible time, then making prompt corrections of those hazards at the lowest possible level are essential to properly resolving unsafe or unhealthful conditions.

• Investigation time limits– 24 hours on IDLH, immediately dangerous to life and health– 3 days for serious situations– Health hazard are referred to Medical

• Response– 10 working days to originator in writing– List what is being done– Who to appeal to findings to

• Appeals– Copy of 5100/11– Written response– Letter stating why you are not happy with the response

Classes of Fire

PQS Question 101.17: Discuss the four general classes of fires and what types of extinguishers are used on each

Reference: 29 CFR Part 1925, Ch 18, p. 187

Classes of Fire

• Classes of fires– Class A: Combustible materials such as wood, paper, clothing, etc– Class B: Petroleum products, oil, gas, plastic, etc– Class C: Electrical– Class D: Metal (magnesium, phosphorous)

• Extinguishing methods– Class A: Water, dry chemical– Class B: Dry chemical, CO2, Foam– Class C: Dry chemical, CO2, Halon– Class D: No known extinguishing method, clear the area and let it

burn out

Types of Fire

• Type of Fire– Class A

• Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics• Use water, antifreeze, soda-acid, foam, aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), loaded stream,

multipurpose dry chemical and Halon type fire extinguishers– Class B

• Fires in flammable liquids, oils, greases, tars, oil base paints, lacquers and flammable gases• Use Halon, CO2, dry chemical, foam and aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) type fire

extinguishers– Class C

• Fires which involve energized electrical equipment where the electrical non-conductivity of the extinguishing media is of importance

• Use Halon, CO2 and dry chemical type fire extinguisher– Class D

• Fires in combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium

• Use the fire extinguisher approved for each specific combustible metal hazard

Safety Stand-down

PQS Question 101.18: Discuss the purpose of a safety stand-down

Reference: NAVEDTRA 14167, Ch 1, p. 13

Safety Stand-down

• Safety Stand-downs are to provide specific safety information and training for specific hazards, evolutions, and activities

• Safety Stand-downs are usually before know potentially dangerous times such as holiday seasons, prior to exercises, etc

• Additionally, Safety Stand-downs are scheduled after catastrophic mishaps to prevent similar mishaps

• Provides a forum to release specific safety information or guidance to a large audience

• Used to focus personnel on specific hazards of their jobs and work conditions• Re-enforces safety as the number one priority required in the performance of

their jobs• Provides time for personnel to reflect on past and current work safety

practices and standards

Safety Stand-down

PQS Question 101.19: Discuss the concept of ORM

Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 1

ORM Concept

• ORM is a decision making process that enhances operational capability. Naval Warfare Publication 1 states, "Risk management and risk assessment are formal, essential tools of operational planning. Sound decision making requires the use of these tools both in battle and in training." ORM, described in enclosure (1), is a method for identifying hazards, assessing risks and implementing controls to reduce the risk associated with any operation.

Safety Stand-down

PQS Question 101.20: Explain the following as they apply to ORM

- Identify Hazards- Assessing Hazards- Making risk decisions- Implementing controls- Supervising

Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 2 thru 3

ORM

• Identifying hazards – Begin with an outline or chart of the major steps in the operation (operational

analysis). Next, conduct a Preliminary Hazard Analysis by listing all of the hazards associated with each step in the operational analysis along with possible causes for those hazards.

• Assessing hazards – For each hazard identified, determine the associated degree of risk in terms of

probability and severity. Although not required, the use of a matrix may be helpful in assessing hazards described further in paragraph d).

• Making risk decisions – First, develop risk control options. Start with the most serious risk first and select

controls that will reduce the risk to a minimum consistent with mission accomplishment. With selected controls in place, decide if the benefit of the operation outweighs the risk. If risk outweighs benefit or if assistance is required to implement controls, communicate with higher authority in the chain of command.

ORM

• Implementing controls – The following measures can be used to eliminate hazards or reduce the degree of risk. These are listed

by order of preference:• Administrative Controls - Controls that reduce risks through specific administrative actions, such

as:– Providing suitable warnings, markings, placards, signs, and notices.– Establishing written policies, programs instructions and standard operating procedures

(SOP).– Training personnel to recognize hazards and take appropriate precautionary measures.– Limiting the exposure to a hazard (either by reducing the number of personnel/assets or the

length of time they are exposed).• Engineering Controls - Controls that use engineering methods to reduce risks by design, material

selection or substitution when technically or economically feasible.• Personal Protective Equipment - Serves as a barrier between personnel and a hazard. It should be

used when other controls do not reduce the hazard to an acceptable level.• Supervising

– Conduct follow-up evaluations of the controls to ensure they remain in place and have the desired effect. Monitor for changes, which may require further ORM. Take corrective action when necessary.

4 Principles of ORM

PQS Question 101.21: Discuss the four principles of ORM

Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, p. 4

4 Principles

- Identify Hazards- Assessing Hazards- Making risk decisions- Implementing controls- Supervising

• Accept risk when benefits outweigh the cost• Accept no unnecessary risks• Anticipate and manage risk by planning• Make risk decisions at the right level

Hazard Severity

PQS Question 101.22: Define Hazard Severity and Mishap Probability in relation to the Risk Assessment Code

Reference: OPNAVINST 3500.39B, encl 1, pp. 5 thru 6

Hazard Severity

• Hazard Severity. The hazard severity is an assessment of the worst reasonably expected consequence, defined by degree of injury or occupational illness which is likely to occur as a result of a hazard. The region or activities shall assign hazard severity categories by Roman numeral according to the following criteria:

• (a) Category I - Catastrophic: The hazard may cause death.

• (b) Category II - Critical: May cause severe injury or severe occupational illness.

• (c) Category III - Marginal: May cause minor injury or minor occupational illness.

• (d) Category IV - Negligible: Probably would not affect personnel safety or health, but is, nevertheless, in violation of a Navy OSH standard.

Mishap Probability

• Mishap Probability. The mishap probability is the probability that a hazard will result in a mishap, based on an assessment of such factors as location, exposure in terms of cycles or hours of operation and affected population. The OSH office shall assign a letter to mishap probability according to the following criteria:

• (a) Subcategory A - Likely to occur immediately

• (b) Subcategory B - Probably will occur in time

• (c) Subcategory C - Possible to occur in time

• (d) Subcategory D - Unlikely to occur.

RAC

• RAC. The RAC is an expression of risk, which combines the elements of hazard severity and mishap probability. Using the matrix shown below, the RAC is expressed as a single Arabic number that can be used to help determine HA priorities.

Mishap Probability• Hazard Severity A B C D

– I 1 1 2 3– II 1 2 3 4– III 2 3 4 5– IV 3 4 5 5

• RAC• 1 - Critical• 2 - Serious• 3 - Moderate• 4 - Minor• 5 – Negligible