Scientific Method

Vocabulary

• Scientific Method -

Vocabulary• Journal – a specialized publication

– Science, Journal of Functional Morphology

• Peer reviewed – Work is investigated by scientists for accuracy and validity

• Inductive reasoning – use your observations to form a hypothesis– Every time you throw a ball up it comes down. You

hypothesize that it will come down every time it is thrown up.

• Deductive reasoning – use a general truth to form an hypothesis– Newton’s Theory of Gravitation says what must come up

must come down so the ball will come down every time.

Vocabulary• Independent variable – What is being

manipulated during the experiment• Dependant variable – changes in response to

the independent variable. Usually the thing being measured.

• Control – All the other factors in your experiment that you try to keep constant.

• Qualitative data – observations made with senses

• Quantitative data – measurements• Model – a mathematical description on an event

Identify the statement below that can

be answered in a scientific way.

A. Apples are more delicious than pears

B. Snails are beautiful invertebrates

C. Diamonds are the most valuable substance on Earth

D. Romaine lettuce is more nutritious than iceberg lettuce

How are scientific questions

answered?

A. By making an educated guess only

B. Through observation, testing, and analysis

C. By researching the topic and analyzing experiments of others

D. Through experimentation only

What is a hypothesis?

A. An educated guess

B. A natural phenomena

C. Something seen of heard

D. A scientific experiment

How are theories developed?

A. By making observation with the 5 senses

B. Bt thinking of one scientific hypothesis

C. Through scientific predictions

D. Through many consistent and supportable tests

Identify the statement below that is an

observation.

A. Because of the technological innovations in fishing, humans have over fished many species and so extinctions in the ocean have risen

B. If a caterpillar is fed a diet high in milkweed, then predators will avoid it as an adult

C. Gardenia bushes are very fragrant

D. How fast can a cheetah run?

What is the first step in the

scientific process?

A. Performing research

B. Forming a hypothesis

C. Surfing the internet

D. Making an observation

Identify the most subjective statement below.A. A Dodge Ram pickup gets about

24 miles to the gallonB. Hummingbirds are the most

beautiful kind of birds

C. Seven grams of CuSO4 are needed for this experiment

D. The swimming pool holds 451 gallons of water

Which of the following is evidence?A. Building a car from a kitB. In 2005, there were 2 million

square miles of artic sea iceC. By the year 2055, air pollution

levels will become toxic to humans

D. Because moths have an open circulatory system, the require warm temperatures for flight

Erica wants to test the effect of pH on frog eggs. She places some eggs in a neutral pH, some eggs in a pH of 3, and some eggs in a pH of 11. She will observe the tadpoles develop into adult frogs and see which group develops faster. What is her hypothesis?A. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs

over a period of several weeksB. If tadpoles are raised in a pH of 7

they will develop into adult frogs at a faster rate

C. Tadpoles raise in a pH of 11 took 10 weeks to fully develop

D. How does pH affect frog development?

A model is used to make a:A. HypothesisB. ConclusionC. PredictionD. Explanation

A judgment based on data gathered in an experiment is:A. A skillB. A conclusionC. A hypothesisD. An observation

Large amounts f petrified wood are found in northeast Arizona. Using inductive reasoning, four inferences are made. Which is most reasonable?A. All wood becomes petrifiedB. A living forest once stood thereC. No forests grew in other parts of

ArizonaD. Wood only becomes petrified in

northeast Arizona

Which of the following is most likely to be a peer reviewed journal?A. National GeographicB. New England Journal of MedicineC. Scientific AmericanD. Ladies Home Journal

Use the followinginformation to answer the questions:

Keisha observes goldfish in an outdoor pond. The goldfish seem to be more active when the weather is warm than when it is cold. She asks herself, ”How do temperature changes affect goldfish?”

If she were to do an experiment, which of the following would be the best hypothesis to test?A. Do goldfish like warm or cold

water?B. Goldfish are more active in warm

water than cold waterC. Goldfish live in warm and cold

waterD. Temperature changes will kill

goldfish

What sort of variable would temperature be in Keisha’s experiment?A. IndependentB. DependantC. ControlD. Responding

A hypothesis is checked by:A. Research in journalsB. Making A predictionC. ExperimentationD. Researching the internet

Ryan noticed that his cola loses its carbonation as it warms. He knows that it is carbon dioxide that causes cola to fizz. Ryan decides to do a scientific experiment to research this phenomena. What is the next step Ryan should take?A. Ask a questionB. Draw a conclusionC. Make an observationD. Form a hypothesis

Andrika has learned that the hot water in her house is always gone by 6:30am. She knows that this is because her sisters and mother always get to the shower before her.She decides to experiment with her morning routine to see if she can get a hot shower in the morning. Over the course of a week, she changes the time she gets up, making it ten minutes earlier each day. What is the dependant variable in this experiment?A. The time she gets upB. The volume of hot water her family

usesC. The temperature of the water in

the hot water heaterD. The temperature of the water in

Andrika’s shower

Municipal Solid Waste is what goes into landfills. Basically, it is the garbage we put out at the curb. It can be divided up by type as follows:

What is the best way to display this data?A. Circle graphB. Bar graphC. Multiple line graphD. Circle or bar graph

Which of the following phrases contains quantitative data?A. Green leaves surround white

flowersB. Ricky’s football jersey is

number 85C. Seeds sprout more quickly

when it is warmD. Water evaporates at a rate of

2mL per minute

Category Percentage

Rubber, leather and cloth

7.3

Yard trimmings 13.1

Food scraps 11.7

Wood 5.7

Other 3.4

Metals 7.6

Paper 34.2

Plastics 11.9

Glass 5.2

Scientific Measurement

Erlenmeyer flask

Bunsen burner

Tongs

Graduated cylinder

PipettesCaliper

Which of the following is used as a source of heat in the laboratory?A. ThermometerB. Bunsen burnerC. ThermostatD. Gasoline

Which has specific markings for measurement and is used to accurately measure liquid volume?A. Test tubeB. BeakerC. RulerD. Graduated cylinder

Which of the following pieces of equipment is used to handle liquids but is not intended for accurate measurement?A. BeakerB. Test tubeC. Erlenmeyer flaskD. All of the above

If you were instructed to heat something on the Bunsen burner, you would need to set your container on a _____ to hold your container over the burner.A. Watch glassB. HotplateC. A piece of wire gauze held by a

tripodD. Petri dish

Which material would you use a caliper to measure the width of?A. A cube of JelloB. A cube of sugarC. A cube of butterD. A pea

Which piece of equipment would be most appropriate for determining the mass of a lead brick?A. A beakerB. A analytical balanceC. A triple beam balanceD. A hot plate

Cells and Cellular Transport

• All living things (organisms) share the following characteristics– Cells– Response to stimuli– Growth– Homeostasis– Reproduction– Metabolism– Adaptation

Vocab• Cells – Basic unit of life that makes up all living things

– Multicellular – many cells– Unicellular – one cell

• Homeostasis – Ability to maintain a stable internal environment suitable for life.

• Reproduction – Organisms can reproduce either sexually or asexually– Sexual – 2 organisms create offspring– Asexual – one organism can create offspring on it’s own

• Metabolism – sum of all chemical reactions within an organism. (A way to extract energy from the environment)

Life Processes

• Nutrition• Digestion• Absorption• Transport• Biosynthesis• Secretion• Respiration• Excretion• Response• Reproduction• Photosynthesis

Which is NOT a characteristic of life?A. ReproductionB. HomeostasisC. SensitivityD. Transport

Which of the following is an example of how organisms maintainhomeostasis?A. A damaged skin cell dividing into

newer skin cellsB. A human shivering in the cold

weatherC. A crow learning to retrieve a food

reward in a laboratory experiment

D. Finches in the Galapagos developing different types of beaks

A runner eats a large pasta dinner the night before a big race. In this example, which characteristic of life is the runner using to help her win the race?A. DigestionB. HomeostasisC. SensitivityD. Metabolism

How are life processes different from characteristics of life?A. Life processes are the specific

actions that help organisms maintain characteristics of life

B. Characteristics of life are the specific actions that help organisms maintain life processes

C. Only organisms that show characteristics of life carryout life processes

D. Life processes and characteristics are the same

Cell Theory• All living things are made of cells

• All cells come from other living cells

• Cells are the basic unit of living things

Cellular Hierarchy

• Cells (Heart Cell)-> Tissues (Cardiac tissue) -> Organs (Heart) -> Organ system (Circulatory system)

Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells• Bacteria• Smaller• No nucleus – loose

DNA• No membrane bound

organelles– Only have:

• Cell wall• Cell membrane• Ribosomes• Loose DNA• Cytoplasm

• Animal and Plant• Larger• Nucleus• Membrane bound

organelles

Plant cells vs. Animal cells

• Cell wall• Large vacuole• Chloroplasts• No centrioles

• No cell wall• Small vacuole• No chloroplasts• Centrioles• Lysosomes

Organelle Functions• Cell Wall – Rigid, provides shape and support• Chloroplasts – photosynthesis• Vacuoles – food and water storage• Cell membrane – allows some molecules in while keeping

others out• Golgi bodies – packaging and distribution• Mitochondria – make energy, cellular respiration• Mirofilaments/tubules – Move cell parts• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Transport of proteins• Nucleolus – makes ribosomes• Nucleus – holds DNA• Nuclear Envelope – surrounds nucleus and has pores• Ribosomes – make proteins• Centrioles – Used in cell reproduction• Lysosomes – Sac with enzymes for digestion• Cilia/ Flagella – Movement• Cytoplasm – Jelly-like substance organelles are floating in

The mitochondrion of the

cell:

A. Has only one membrane

B. Has no membrane

C. Is circular

D. Is where cellular respiration occurs

Ribosomes:

A. Are the site of protein synthesis

B. Are made by other ribosomes

C. Have their own DNA

D. None of the above

A(n) ________ is a group of

different tissues that work

together to perform a certain

function.

A. Organ system

B. Organ

C. Cell

D. Organelle

Structures that support and

give shape to plant cells are:

A. Microbodies

B. Golgi bodies

C. Nucleus

D. Cell walls

Which of the following is

part of the cell theory? All

cells:

A. Are eukaryotic

B. Are prokaryotic

C. Have nuclei

D. Come from other cells

The storage of hereditary

information in a eukaryotic

cell is in the:

A. Cytoplasm

B. Nucleus

C. Centrioles

D. Lysosomes

Cellular Transport• Solutions – a liquid mixture of solute and

solvent– Solute – something being dissolved– Solvent – What it is being dissolved in

Cell membrane

• Semi-permeable

• Phosphate heads

Passive Transport• Does not require energy• Molecules move from a higher concentration

to a lower concentration• Three kinds:

1. Osmosis – Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration in WATER

2. Diffusion – molecules move directly through the cell membrane

3. Facilitated Diffusion – Larger molecules need the help of a carrier protein

• Hypertonic solution – has higher concentration of solutes

• Isotonic – has equal amounts of solutes

• Hypotonic – has lower concentration of solutes

Active Transport• Moves against gradient (From low to high

concentration)

• Uses energy (ATP) and proteins

• Types:– Endocytosis – uses vesicles to bring substances

into the cell– Exocytosis – Uses vesicles to remove substances

from the cell

The movement of substances into and out of a cell without the use of energy is called:A. Active transportB. Passive transportC. ExocytosisD. Endocytosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration is called:A. Active transportB. DiffusionC. OsmosisD. Hypotonic

A cell placed in a solution shrinks by the process of osmosis. What kind of solution is outside the cell?A. HypotonicB. HypertonicC. ActiveD. Isotonic

If the solution surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand. What kind of solution is surrounding the cell?A. ActiveB. PassiveC. HypertonicD. Hypotonic

In order to be classified as living, an organism must have:A. A heart and lungsB. The ability to nourish itself,

grow and reproduceC. The ability to

photosynthesize and to eliminate waste products

D. A true nucleus and nuclear membrane

If a cell has a flagellum on it’s surface, it is:A. An animal cellB. A plant cellC. A viral cellD. A diseased cell

________ are the main products produced in a cellA. LipidsB. Amino acidsC. ProteinsD. Carbohydrates

A _______ is a type of cell that has a true nucleusA. ProkaryoteB. EukaryoteC. BacteriumD. Virus

If a plant cell is placed in distilled water, it will:A. Remain the same sizeB. ShrinkC. Swell and eventually explodeD. Swell, but stop when the cell wall

prevents further expansion

When you perspire on a hot, humid day, drinking water will restore ______ in your body.A. SubstancesB. OxygenC. HomeostasisD. Proteins

The process by which food is takeninto the cell is called:A. NourishmentB. ResuscitationC. AbsorptionD. Nutrition

The ability of the cell to rid itself of waste products is called:A. ExcretionB. EliminationC. VoidingD. Absorption

Two structures found in plant cells that are not in animal cells are the:A. Mitochondria and

ribosomesB. Cell wall and plastidsC. Cell membrane and

centriolesD. Nucleolus and endoplasmic

reticulum

When more water goes in through a cell membrane than out of it, the solution around the membrane is:A. IsotonicB. HypotonicC. PermeableD. Hypertonic

Amoebas obtain food by wrapping the cell membrane around the food particle, creating a vesicle. The food is then brought into the cell. This process is called:A. ExocytosisB. EndocytosisC. OsmosisD. Photosynthesis

Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?A. PlastidB. RibosomeC. NucleolusD. Mitochondrion

Groups of cells that perform the same function are collectively known as:A. PlastidsB. TissuesC. OrgansD. Molecules

Prokaryotic cells have no:A. NucleusB. Energy exchangeC. Cell membraneD. Metabolism

Organic Molecules

Chemistry of the Cell• Element - type of matter made of only on kind

of atom, can not be broken down into simpler structure– Common elements : Sulfur, Phosphorous, Oxygen,

Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen (SPONCH)

• Organic molecule – contains carbon, carbon is in ALL living things

• Inorganic molecule – Molecules without carbon

Bonds

• Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms

• Covalent bonds – sharing electrons

• Ionic bond – attraction through opposite charges

Covalent Bond

Ionic Bond

C-C bond is non-polar covalent

Four Main Types of Organic Compounds

Polymers• Carbohydrates

– Polysaccarides– Sugars, Cellulose, Starch

• Lipids (Fats)– Waxes, Steriods, Trigycerides

• Proteins– Polypeptides

• Nucleic acids– DNA,RNA

Monomers Monosaccarides

• glucose

• Fatty acid

• Amino acids – (20 kinds)

• Nucleotides

Testing for Organic Compounds

• Glucose –Bennedicts - Turns orange with heat

• Starch – Iodine or Lugals – Turns Blue

• Lipids – Brown paper bag – Grease present

• Proteins – Buirets - Turns purple

What molecules make up the bulk of a cell?A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. ProteinsD. Water

Carbon is important to living things because:A. It metabolizes easily,

creating a quick energy source

B. It is abundant on the Earth’s surface

C. It can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

D. It has 12 protons and neutrons

Nucleotides are to nucleic acids as amino acids are to:A. DNAB. PolypeptidesC. ProteinsD. Carbohydrates

Characteristics of Water

Polar Covalent Bonds – A covalent bond where one atom pulls the electrons closer to it than the other

-+

+

Energy• Free Energy – the energy available to do work,

stored in chemical bonds

• ATP – Adenosine triphosphate breaks down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

• Cellular respiration – The process of breaking down glucose to release the energy in it’s bonds

Catalysts and Enzymes• Activation Energy – Amount of energy needed to start a reaction

• Catalyst – Speeds up a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy– Is not changed– Can be reused

Enzymes• Specific proteins that combine with substrates

to break them down quickly in living organisms.– A catalyst– End in –ase Ex: Lipase, Maltase,

Amylase

Factors That Effect Enzymes• pH

• Temperature• Enzyme concentration• Most enzymes have an optimum point for

temperature and pH– This is the point where the enzyme works best

(fastest)

Denature

ATP stands for:

A. Adenosine triphosphate

B. Adenine triphosphate

C. A triphosphate

D. None of the above

What are enzymes?

A. Catalysts used by living things

B. Catalysts used in all reactions

C. Chemicals used to increase activation energy

D. Fats used by living things to help speed up chemical reactions

What type of bond is the result

of unequal sharing of

electrons?

A. Non-polar covalent bond

B. Polar covalent bond

C. Ionic non-polar bond

D. Ionic polar bond

Organic molecules most often

form using which type of bond?

A. Ionic bonds

B. Covalent bonds

C. Polar ionic bonds

D. Hydrogen bonds

Photosynthesis

• Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of photosynthesis is to make complex carbohydrates like glucose, starch, and cellulose

• 2 stages:– Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane– Light-independent (Calvin cycle) – In the stroma

LIGHT

Light-Dependant• Sunlight hits plant and is absorbed by pigments

(Chlorophyll)

• Electrons get excited and go through electron transport chain

• Water is split to get H+ and Oxygen is a waste product

• Makes ATP and NADPH (used in light independent reaction)

Light-independent Reaction• Uses ATP and NADPH• Carbon dioxide enters

the system• Makes glucose by

turning the Calvin cycle and extracting energy from the ATP (turning it into ADP) and H+ from NADPH (turning it into NADP+)

Cellular Respiration• Process of breaking down food to get energy

– Used by plants animals and some bacteria

• 2 kinds:– Aerobic – when oxygen is present– Anaerobic – when oxygen is absent

Aerobic Respiration3 phases:

1. Gycolysis (in cytoplasm) – breaks down glucose to make Pyruvic ATP and NADH

2. Krebs cycle (in mitochondria) - take pyruvic and put it into the cycle, cycle produces 2 ATP's, 8 NADH's, 2FADH2's and carbon dioxide

3. Electron transport - creates a gradient which is used to produce ATP, produces 32 ATP's

Makes 36 ATPs total! Most Efficient!

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation

• Breakdown of sugar without oxygen– Muscle cells, fungi, and some bacteria (yeast)

• Start with glycolysis and then either make alcohol or lactic acid

What form of energy is used by cells?A. EnzymesB. CofactorsC. ATPD. DNA

The process of releasing energy from the chemical breakdown of compounds in a cell is:A. HesitationB. ExpirationC. EliminationD. Respiration

What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP and one phosphate?A. OxygenB. Water C. Energy D. Hydrogen

The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain phases of cellular respiration take place in which organelle?A. NucleusB. CytoplasmC. RibosomeD. Mitochondrion

The process by which energy from the sun is used to create glucose molecules is known as:A. Cellular respirationB. PhotosynthesisC. ChemosynthesisD. Fermentation

How does a plastid function within a cell?A. Digest food and break

down wastesB. Produce proteinsC. Carry on cellular respirationD. Carry out photosynthesis

and provide color

What do complex carbohydrates break down into?A. EnzymesB. Amino acidsC. Simple sugarsD. ATP

Which of the following biomolecules are fat molecules that store energy?A. ProteinsB. CarbohydratesC. Nucleic acidsD. Lipids

Which of the following elements can be found in all living and previously living organisms?A. HeliumB. SulfurC. CarbonD. Nitrogen

Which biomolecule is a polymer assembled from some combination of the 20 amino acids?A. LipidsB. DNAC. ProteinD. Nucleotide

Which proteins in the cell speed up chemical reactions?A. LipidsB. DNAC. EnzymesD. Glucose

Cellular respiration takes place inside which type(s) of cell(s)?A. An animal cell onlyB. A plant cell onlyC. Both plant and animal cellsD. Neither plant or animal cells

The chemical energy

supply for all living cells is

contained in a molecule that,

when broken down, releases

the energy so that it may be

used for activities such as

muscle contractions,

photosynthesis and

locomotion. Which molecule

is a storehouse of energy?

A. ATP

B. DNA

C. RNA

D. ADP

To obtain and use cellular

energy, plant cells use

which process below?

A. Photosynthesis only

B. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

C. Cellular respiration only

D. Chemosynthesis

How is cellular energy

stored?

A. Chemical bonds

B. Enzymes

C. Membrane potential

D. Protein shapes

Pepsin, a digestive enzyme in the human stomach, has an optimum pH that can be described as:A. BasicB. NeutralC. AcidicD. Very acidic

What are the main product(s) of the cell?A. LipidsB. Amino acidsC. ProteinsD. Carbohydrates

Which of the following foods represents the largest source of protein?A. Potato chipsB. OrangesC. ChickenD. Cauliflower

What are the largest carbohydrates called?A. MonosaccharidesB. DisaccharidesC. OligosaccharidesD. Polysaccharides

What chemical is used to test for starch?A. IodineB. Brown paper bagC. PhenylpthaleinD. Sodium hydroxide

Nucleic Acids and Cell Division• DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Found in nucleus

• Carried the genetic code for ALL organisms

• Shape = double helix

DNA Structure• DNA is composed of

strands of nucleotides• A nucleotides is

composed of:– 5 carbon sugar– Phosphate– One Nitrogen Base

• Adenine• Guanine• Thymine• Cytosine

Complementary Pairs• A – T• C – G

Protein SynthesisUsing genes, which are pieces of DNA that code for specific proteins, to assemble proteins.

1. DNA must be copied in the nucleus of the cell into mRNA

1. DNA can not fit through the nuclear pore – It is double stranded while mRNA is single stranded

2. The single stranded mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to a ribosome

3. tRNA carrying amino acids attaches to the complimentary bases on the mRNA

4. The amino acids form a chain that folds up into a protein

Protein synthesis

• Transcription – transcribing DNA into mRNA

• Translation – mRNA is translated by tRNA into a strand of amino acids or a protein

• Codon – 3 nucleotide codon on mRNA

• Anticodon - 3 nucleotide codon on tRNA

http://www.teachersdomain.org/search/?mode=refined&results_to_show=10&query=protein+sysnthesis&lower_grade=K&upper_grade=12&media_types=video&media_types=audio&media_types=interactive&media_types=image&media_types=document&media_types=lesson_plan&media_

types=student_activity&oer_level=0

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/#

Protein synthesis begins with the manufacture of a molecule of:A. mRNAB. rRNAC. tRNAD. Nucleotide

Which of the following is the last step in protein synthesis?A. tRNA bonds to an amino

acid in the cytoplasmB. The stop codon binds to the

ribosome and the polypeptide is released

C. DNA unravels to expose a gene segment

D. mRNA bonds to tRNA

Proteins are made up of polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chains are composed of:A. mRNAB. rRNAC. tRNAD. Amino acids

What does transfer RNA carry?A. The mRNA to the ribosomeB. The nucleotide bases to the

mRNAC. An amino acid to the ribosomeD. An amino acid to the cytoplasm

What are ribosomes made of?A. mRNAB. rRNAC. tRNAD. Nucleotide

Vocab

• Somatic cells – Body cells• Gametes – Sex cells (Egg and sperm)• Haploid – Single set of chromosomes

– 23 in humans

• Diploid – Sets of chromosomes– 46 in humans

• Homologous chromosomes – matched pairs• DNA helicase – unzips DNA• DNA polymerase – attaches new nucleotides during

DNA replication• Stem Cells- Cells that can produce any kind of cell

The Cell Cycle

Variation• 2n = number of possible

varieties of cells from a set number of chromosomes

• Ex A plant cell has 3 chromosomes

• Number of possible varieties = 23 or 8

All body cells, except the sperm and the ova are _____ cells.A. GermB. ReproductiveC. SomaticD. Spindle

The type of nuclear division that produces gametes is:A. MeiosisB. CytokinesisC. InterphaseD. Mitosis

A type of nuclear division that takes place in somatic cells is:A. MeiosisB. CytokinesisC. InterphaseD. Mitosis

When DNA is in long strands prior to coiling, it is in the form of:A. ChromosomesB. CentromeresC. ChromatinD. Chromatids

The length of time it takes for a cell to complete the cell cycle is:A. Around 2 hoursB. Different for each cellC. The same for each kind of

cellD. Around 2 minutes

In fertilization, gametes fuse to form a(n)A. EmbryoB. Somatic cellC. ZygoteD. Reproductive cell

Stem cells are:A. Cells that can produce any

kind of offspring cellB. Cells that contain stem

structures used in reproduction

C. Haploid cells that can produce any type of offspring cell

D. Found only in plant cells

In the DNA molecule, guanine pairs with another base called:A. QuinineB. RiboflavinC. CytosineD. Thymine

What are the long strands of DNA made of?A. Elastic rubber basesB. Sugar nucleotides and

potassiumC. Sugar, phosphates, and

nitrogenous basesD. Oxygen and nucleotides

What are the sections of

DNA that resemble rungs

on a latter called?

A. Genetic codes

B. Reprocessors

C. Base pairs

D. Lipid pairs

What does mitosis

generate?

A. Daughter cells identical to the mother cell

B. Many reproductive cells

C. Diseased cells

D. Gametes

Meiosis is a type of cell division

that:

A. Leads to genetic mutation

B. Causes deformity

C. Is necessary for sexual reproduction

D. Causes alleles to deform

DNA can make exact copies of

itself. What is this process

known as?

A. Translation

B. Duplication

C. Replication

D. Transcription

A type of cellular reproduction when the nuclear division of somatic cells takes place is:A. MeiosisB. CytokinesisC. InterphaseD. Mitosis

When preparing for cell division, the chromatin condenses and becomes which of the following?A. GeneB. ChromosomeC. ProteinD. Codon

Which molecule transports the code of information from DNA to the ribosome?A. tRNAB. rRNAC. mRNAD. An amino acid

What is the process in which paired twin chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis called?A. Crossing overB. FertilizationC. Self pollinationD. Replication

During translation adenine on mRNA will pair with which base on tRNA?A. UracilB. GuanineC. CytosineD. Thymine

What is the correct term to refer to the number of chromosomes in a gamete?A. ChromatinB. HaploidC. HeterozygousD. Diploid

A fruit fly has a haploid number of 4 chromosomes. How many possible distributions of chromosomes can occur in it’s homologous pairs?A. 4B. 8C. 16D. 254

Heredity - vocab• Alleles – different forms of a gene• Genotype – alleles inherited• Phenotype – the physical expression of the genotype

Complete dominance• Dominant gene – Trait that is expresses if one or more

allele is present (TT, Tt)• Recessive gene – trait that is expressed only if two

alleles are present (tt)• Homozygous – two of the same alleles for a trait (TT,

tt)• Heterozygous – two different alleles (Tt)

Complete Dominance

• Find the genotype and phenotype for each

• G = green g = yellow Cross GG with Gg

• H = Hairy h = bald Cross Hh with HH

• E = Ear lobes attached e = unattached

Cross Ee with Ee

Incomplete Dominance

• Has an intermediate• Blending of dominant

and recessive phenotype of the heterozygous genotype

• What is the genotypic and phenotypic ratio?

Codominance

• Both traits show up in the heterozygous genotype

Multiple Allele Crosses

Classification

• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

• Carl Linnaeus- Binomial nomenclature

• Homo sapiens

Kingdom Archaebacteria• Prokaryotic bacteria living in harsh

environments

• Anaerobic

• Classified according to environment– Thermoacudophiles – acidic sulfur springs in yellow

stone park

Kingdom Eubacteria• True bacteria• Single celled or clustered to form colonies• DNA in a plasmid• 3 feeding strategies

– Heterotrophs– Autotrophs– Chemotrophs

• Found everywhere, most are harmless– Make yogurt, cheese, vinegar

• Decomposers• Asexual reproduction – binary fission

Which of the following groups of categories is listed from broadest to most specific?A. Family, order, classB. Phylum, class, kingdomC. Order, family, genusD. Genus, family, species

The two part system used to name organisms is called?A. Dual identificationB. Binomial nomenclatureC. Double nomenclatureD. Linnaean nomenclature

Organisms that obtain their energy from feeding on living organisms, dead organisms, or organic waste are:A. AutotrophsB. HeterotrophsC. ChemotrophsD. Plants

Kingdom Protista• Uni and multicellular• Eukaryotic• Can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like• Plant-like – Algae, Euglenas

– Produce most of the oxygen on Earth

• Animal- like – Protozoa (Ameoba)– Have cilia and flagella– Reproduction by binary fission– Some may cause disease ex - malaria– Some have pseudopods – false feet

• Fungus-like – Slime molds, mildew– decomposers

All algae are:A. AutotrophsB. HeterotrophsC. DecomposersD. Ciliates

Why are algae important?A. They create color on

EarthB. They produce the most

nitrogen on EarthC. They are decomposersD. They produce most of

the oxygen on Earth

Fungus-like protists are:A. DecomposersB. AutotrophsC. ConsumersD. Producers

Kingdom Fungi• Heterotrophic• Decomposers or Saprophytes - live in or on

matter that they decompose• Sexual reproduction - Reproductive cells are

called spores produced by the fruiting body (the mushroom you see)

• Asexual reproduction – Budding (a [piece detaches and continues to live)

• Mold, yeast, mushrooms, lichen• Penicillium – flavors cheese and is derived into

Penicillin

Fungi secrete enzymes to:

A. Breakdown materials so that they can absorb them

B. Catalyze chemical reactions in the air

C. Help photosynthesis take place by activating plasmids

D. None of the above

Examples of fungi include:

A. Dinoflagellates and algae

B. Cyanobacteria and monera

C. Mushrooms and yeast

D. Sporozoa and sarcodines

Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• Photosynthesis

• Alternation of generations – two distinct generations– Gametophyte – sexual phase, pollen (hapliod)– Sporophyte – asexual phase, spores (diploid)

Non-Vascular Plants• Lack tissues to transport water and sugars

– No true root system

• Ex Bryophytes – mosses and liverworts

• Live in moist habitats

• Leaves have cuticle – waxing covering to help retain moisture

Vascular Plants

• Have tube-like structures for the transport of water and sugars (Vascular tissue)– Xylem – move water from roots– Phloem – move starch and sugar from leaves

• Have a root system

Seedless Vascular Plants

• Ex ferns• Produce spores• Need moist

environment because they have an aquatic stage

Fronds

Vascular Seed Bearing

• Gymnosperms

• Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

• Non-flowering, produce cones, needle like leaves

• Ex conifers – pine trees

• Have male and female cones

• Pollen transported by wind from male cones to female cones

Angiosperms

• Flowering plants, have roots, stems, leaves, and seeds

• Deciduous

• Seeds are found in a fruit

Monocots Vs DicotsBased on the number of cotyledons the seed hasCotyledons are seed leafs that provide nutrition to

the developing seed

Monocots• One cotyledon• Parallel veins in their

leaves• Fibrous root system• Floral part arranged on

3s or 5s• Ex – Grasses, palms,

lilies, orchids

Dicots• Two Cotyledons• Net-veined leaves• Taproot system• Floral parts arranged in

4s or 5s• Ex – roses, melons,

beans