scientific knowledge from geospatial observations

®

Scientific Knowledge from Geospatial Observations

IGARSS 2015 Session: Why Data Matters: Value of Stewardship and Knowledge Augmentation Services

George Percivall, Dr. Ingo Simonis, Dr. Terry IdolThe Open Geospatial Consortium

[email protected]

Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium

mailto:[email protected]

OGC®



• Knowledge derived from remote sensing – Accumulated by systematic observation

– Processed with mathematical or experience-based algorithms

– Organized by general principles and concepts

• Standards play an essential role – Key to efficient and effective exchange of remote sensed data

– Necessary prerequisite for science

• Status– Much has been done in generating knowledge from remote sensing

– More needed to achieve full potential

OGC®

Knowledge Defined

• “Justified true belief” – Plato – Belief becomes knowledge when it is justified

• Scientific Knowledge– Collection of data through observation and

experimentation, – Formulation and testing of hypotheses


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief#Justified_true_belief

Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically

Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data

• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant

Creating Knowledge from Images

A representation subject to interpretation

From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery

http://www.opengeospatial.org/resource/products


Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data



Representation is described





Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data



Data with meaning assigned





Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data



Testing hypotheses with information






Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data




Synthesis of theory and information





Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data





Goals of multiple stakeholders





Decisions

Knowledge

Information

Data





Pragmatic application of knowledge




OGC®

What is a Standard?

• “An agreed way of doing something”

© 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium

EC: Practical standards guide for researchers - en

OGC®

What is a Standard?

• “An agreed way of doing something”

• Standards are distilled wisdom of people with expertise in their subject matter and who know the needs of the organizations they represent – people such as manufacturers, sellers, buyers, customers, trade associations, users or regulators.

• Standards are knowledge. They are powerful tools that can help drive innovation and increase productivity. They can make organizations more successful and people’s everyday lives easier, safer and healthier.

© 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium

EC: Practical standards guide for researchers - en

OGC®

Use of Standards in Science

• Allow scientists to reliably access and review data – Physical: SI Units – Int. Bureau of Weights and

Measures (BIPM)– Information: fundamental to communicating concepts

• Research paradigms A) Working with current standards to arrive at new

conclusions

B) Reconsidering accepted standards, towards a view of the world

– In either paradigm, need for well defined and realized standards is vital to the progress of science

Copyright © 2010, Open Geospatial Consortium

“Geoscience depends on geospatial information standards,” S. J. Khalsa and G. Percivall, IEEE GRS-S Newsletter, March 2010

OGC®

Connecting the Sensor Web and Model Web using scientific methods

Deduction Observation

SensorWeb

ModelWeb

Automated workflow at Illinois uses LDAS data from NASA to run river model at Texas

Source: D. Maidment, Univ. Texas, GEOSS Future Product Workshop, 2013

OGC®

Connecting the Sensor Web and Model Web using scientific methods

Deduction Observation

SensorWeb

ModelWeb

Automated workflow at Illinois uses LDAS data from NASA to run river model at Texas

RAPID River Flow Model

Observations Datasets, Numerical

Weather Model

Land Surface Model

Source: D. Maidment, Univ. Texas, GEOSS Future Product Workshop, 2013

OGC®

OGC Sensor Web Enablement Standards

Discover and Task Sensors - Access and process Observations

• Sensor Model Language (SensorML)

• Observations & Measurements (O&M)

• PUCK


• Sensor Observation Service (SOS)

• Sensor Planning Service (SPS)

• Sensor Alert Service (SAS)

OGC® Namibia Flood Pilot Sensor Web Concept

Source: NASA

Debris flow sensor web – GIS FCU

2002Establishment

2003Mobile Stations

2010Portable Units R&D

Debris Flow

Sediment

Landslide

Portable Units14

Mobile3

On-Site 24

Soil moisture map with time series

Precipitation monitor stations map

http://aafc.geocens.ca/

Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaReal-time In-situ Soil Monitoring for Agriculture (RISMA)

SWE Implementation Maturity – TRL 9

Water webs integration in AIP-6

Model Interoperability - An Evolution

(Source: S. Nativi, CNR, GEOSS Future Products Workshop, 2013)

OpenMI

ESMF

OGC®

• An interface standard (API) for:• run time (in memory) data exchange between

models, databases & other components

• Whose purpose is to:• improve ability to model complex scenarios

Hydraulics

Output data

Input data

User interface

Application

Rainfall/Runoff

Output data

Input data

User interface

Application

OpenMI

OpenMI – OGC Standard for Model Introperability

19

OGC®

WPS for Remote Sensed Data Processing

Web Processing Service (WPS)

Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS)

• WPS Geoprocessing Workflow– Workflow environment for

geospatial algorithms – Access to predictive models– Survey of progress in special

issue of Computers & Geosciences [7]

• Big Data Processing of Imagery

© 2012 Open Geospatial Consortium 20

GetCapabilities

Execute

DescribeProcess

Algorithms Repository

Data Handler Repository

HTTP

WPS-client

WPS

OGC®

© 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium 21

OGC Testbed 10: SAR Interferometry with WPS on SBAS Cloud

• Performance enhancements with Cloud deployment of SBAS (Small Baseline Subset) processing application using WPS and OpenSearch OGC Web Services

• Exploit 64 differential SAR scenes for the generation of time series showing ground displacements over a decade in geological sensitive areas.

• Part of an ongoing effort from ESA, CNR-IREA and Terradue partners

OGC®

Example: EarthServer

© 2014 Open Geospatial ConsortiumBaumann, 2013

EarthServer-2 starting May 2015

20 … 132 TB spatio-temporal databases as of June 2015

OGC®

Discrete Global Grid Systems

Source: Matt Purss, Geoscience Australia

National Nested Grid

SCENZ-Grid

Earth System Spatial Grid

Snyder Grid

OGC®

Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) Standards Working Group (SWG)

• Develop common criteria that will define conformant DGGSs– Considering Goodchild criteria

• Develop conceptual standard to facilitate data fusion between DGGSs using OGC Standards– to make them interoperable – with

conventional and other DGGS data– to standardize operations on them

• Engage stakeholders to encourage new use cases and adoption of interoperability through DGGSs

http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/dggsswg



To Collaborative Science

Roderick | Nyerges – AAG 2015, Chicago

OGC®

Knowledge Objects need to be conceptually modeled and implemented

• “Decision” and “Hypothesis” as 1st class objects– UML Model of the concepts and linked data relationships– Ontology for Types of decisions and hypothesis– Encodings of conceptual models– Templates for Decisions and Hypothesis

• Recommender systems - a guess at the riddle– If I see “these conditions” then consider this “decision template”– If I am researching “these topics” then consider this “hypothesis”

• “Geodata fusion” Proceedings SPIE Geospatial InfoFusion III, 87470A (23 May 2013); doi: 10.1117/12.2016226


OGC®


• Standards underlie the scientific integrity of geospatial knowledge systems

• Open standards are essential to open science – Basis to converge empirical and conceptual for science progress– Standards progress must have a scientific framework

“Accidental observations made according to no plan, cannot be united under necessary law”

– Immanuel Kant


scientific knowledge from geospatial observations

Engineering

ogc knowledge

images data

ogc scientific knowledge

data matters

theory of computer semiotics

images representation

representation subject

peter andersen