scientific innovations, inc. joseph brondo president and ceo brookhaven national laboratory lucian...

Scientific Innovations, Inc.Scientific Innovations, Inc.Joseph Brondo President and CEOJoseph Brondo President and CEOBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National Laboratory

Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.

Naval Surface Naval Surface Warfare CenterWarfare CenterMarch 2, 2005March 2, 2005

Scientific Innovations, Inc.Scientific Innovations, Inc.Joseph Brondo President and CEOJoseph Brondo President and CEOBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National Laboratory

Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.

Naval Surface Naval Surface Warfare CenterWarfare CenterMarch 2, 2005March 2, 2005

SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-MATERIALS USING MONO-

ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYSRAYS

SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-MATERIALS USING MONO-

ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYSRAYS

SSCIENTIFICCIENTIFIC

InnovationsInnovations

Inc.Inc.

SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORYLABORATORY

ObjectivesObjectives

1.1. A full scale demonstration system for A full scale demonstration system for resonance technology for explosives and resonance technology for explosives and IED detection in transmission and standoff IED detection in transmission and standoff modes.modes.

2.2. Demonstration of simultaneous detection Demonstration of simultaneous detection of explosives and nuclear materials.of explosives and nuclear materials.


Physics –Radiation Interaction with MatterPhysics –Radiation Interaction with Matter

Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRTis based on resonance interaction of gamma radiation with a specific level in a nucleus of an element of interest, e.g., N, O, Cl, and detection of the transmitted incident radiation or that induced by nuclear fluorescence.

Photo-Fission Technology, PFTPhoto-Fission Technology, PFT is based on nuclear absorption of energetic gamma rays that above threshold energy induce fission in fissile materials, e.g., U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, and subsequent detection of the emitted delayed neutrons.

High-Z Detection Technology, HZTHigh-Z Detection Technology, HZTis based on attenuation of dual or triple high energy gamma beams and solving simultaneous transmission equations for resolving high- and low-z materials.


Basic CharacteristicsBasic Characteristics

• Simultaneous inspection for explosives and nuclear materials

• Specific signature for explosives• Fully automated decision making

• Single source can feed multiple inspection stations

•High throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr/station)

• No residual activation or site contamination

• Elemental 3-D imaging capability

• Low false alarm rate (<5%)

• Monoenergetic high energy gamma rays ~ 10 MeV


Public SafetyPublic SafetyPublic SafetyPublic Safety

• Accelerator produces low energy x-rays.• Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons.• Shielded highly collimated beam.• Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem.• Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower.• Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude

lower than for VACIS or CT systems.


Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRT

8.80 8.92 9.04 9.16 9.28 9.40

Energy (MeV)

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

Att

en

uati

on

(b

arn

s/ato

m) Breit-Wigner Cross Section

at 9.17 MeV in Nitrogen

10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102

Energy (MeV)

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

Att

en

uati

on

(b

arn

s/ato

m)

Total Attenuation,

Photoelectric, Compton,

Pair Production, 6

Resonance

Mass Attenuation of Nitrogenand at 9.17 MeV Gamma Resonance

Resonance cross section is givenby the Breit-Wigner formula:

abi = 2gabi

(E-ER)2 + 2/4

where g is a statisticalfactor given by:

g = 2J + 1

(2s + 1)(2i + 1)


Resonance AttenuationResonance Attenuation

It is possible to measure simultaneously the resonant and non resonant gamma ray fluxes. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive

At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance attenuation is about four times higher than the non resonant radiation.

Deviation from resonant energy (eV)

Arb

itra

ry u

nits

Incident 9.17 MeV Spectrum Non-resonant

attenuation

Total attenuation

Resonant and non-resonant cross-sections in 14N (barn/atom)

Incident 9.17 MeV spectrum and its attenuation by a 10 cm thick dynamite slab

Net nitrogen = total attenuation

attenuation non-resonant attenuation


Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRT

A low energy proton beamhits a dedicated target andproduces resonance gammarays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive.

Monitoring the transmittedand the scattered beams,with the transmission and scattering detectors,respectively, allows analysisand imaging of the elements of interest.

Accelerator

Target

Transmission Detectors

Object

TransmittedBeam

Protons

ScatteringDetectors

ScatteredBeam


Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening

Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 14N* (9.17 MeV) following proton capture via 13C(p,)14N reaction (1.75 MeV resonance)

80.66o

0.75o aperture

1.75 MeV protons

13C target

• Resonant gamma-rays are emitted at α =80.66o to the beam, where DE(Doppler) = 2 x nuclear-recoil•The 9.17 MeV emission line is broadened to ~520eV

Contributions to line broadening are:• Nuclear level width – 128 eV• Proton beam resolution – few-eV per keV beam spread• Proton beam optics – typically ~100 eV• Doppler vibrations of target nuclei – 40-80 eV• Atomic excitations concomitant with (p, ) – 480 eV


InspectedObject

System Main ComponentsSystem Main Components

Detectors

Proton Accelerator

~2 MeV, 10 mA

Target

(p,) E 4

Gamma Beams

~ 80.66°

Δ ~ 0.75°

Recoil DopplerE = (E - E2/Mc2)(1 + (v/c)cos)

E ~10 MeV


Multiplicity of Inspection StationsMultiplicity of Inspection Stations

Single system feeds simultaneouslyfour inspection stations at one location.

Single system feeds alternativelythree inspection locations.


Compact Accelerator FootprintCompact Accelerator Footprint

Two compact accelerators (can beexpanded to four) attached to a single power supply occupy a verysmall footprint. With a flexible cablethey can be placed in any arbitraryconfiguration.


Accelerator SpecificationsAccelerator Specifications

High Voltage ~2 MVBeam Current 10 mA per headEnergy Stability (including ripple) ±1 keVBeam Intensity Stability ±5%Normalized Emittance <6 mm-mrad in each planeElectron suppression on column reduce x-ray radiationEnergy regulation based on 90 deg. double-

focusing magnet and slit systemAuxiliary voltage regulation based on generating voltmeterRipple detection based on capacitive pick-upBeam diagnostics two beam profiles monitors, two

Faraday cups with electrometerOperation and display digital, PC controlled


Accelerator Auxiliary SystemsAccelerator Auxiliary Systems

Dimensions:ICT power supply height ~ 3 m - Ø ~ 2.2 mAccelerator head height ~ 2.5 m - Ø ~ 1.5 m Total weight ~ 10 tons

Power requirement:~25 kVA per head (there are 100 kvA PS)

Water cooling ~ 50 litres/minute for ICT ~ 30 litres/minute for beam head ~ 20 kW

Capacitor bank : ~ 1 meter (H) x 1 meter (L) x 1 meter (d) Regulator : ~ 2 m (H) x 1 m (L) x 1.50 m (d)- Electrical distribution board : ~ 2 m (H) x 1.60 m (L) x 0.40 m (d)Consoles for control : ~ 1.80 m (H) x 0.60 m (L) x 0.80 m (d)


Accelerator OperationAccelerator Operation

Hydrogen gas refilling, annually

Target unknown

ECR ion source inspected annually

PC Controlled

7/24 operation automated unattended

Tube 5000 h beam time

Minimal training


PC ControlledPC Controlled


DetectorsDetectors

Linear array of:NaI, Resonance Detectors

Bulk Detection:Liquid ScintillatorSandwich Detectors


Accelerator ConfigurationsAccelerator Configurations

Alpha Prototype Beta Prototype


Potential Field DeploymentPotential Field Deployment


Potential Field DeploymentPotential Field Deployment

StackedContainers

Detectors

Resonance Gamma

Beam

36’8’

18’

Target

21’

Using four ramps may inspect simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity.(Times extrapolated from experiments)


ApplicationsApplications

Can be engineered into a transportable,

readily deployable system


GRT: Proof-of-PrincipleGRT: Proof-of-Principle

Images:

Out of resonance

In resonance

Nitrogenous and

non-nitrogenousobjects placed

in a beam.

Experiments carried outby Nahal Soreq Group


GRT: Demonstration on LD-3GRT: Demonstration on LD-3

Six explosives were hidden in a LD-3 container loaded with a mixed cargo.NRC Nahal Soreq group carried out these experiments using resonance detectors for nitrogen detection.

Two images are created simultaneously. The upper image shows a regular gamma transmission radiograph. The lower image shows nitrogen image that clearly identifies the explosives.


PFT: Proof-of-PrinciplePFT: Proof-of-Principle

Nuclear material present

No nuclear material present

Time after pulse

AcceleratorPulses

Region of

Interest

Experiments carried out at INEEL

PC with AcquisitionProgram

Analysis Program

MCS

3He NeutronDetector


Monoenergetic versus BremsstrahlungMonoenergetic versus BremsstrahlungPhotofissionPhotofission

Emax

n = dr3 (E,x)N(x,t)(E)dE Ethres

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 5 10 15 20

Photon Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

U-235

U-238

Th-232

Pu-239

Φ(E,x) Φ(x)

En = Ephoton - Ethres


Low- High- Z SeparationLow- High- Z Separation(Dual Energy Absorptiometry)(Dual Energy Absorptiometry)

HH22OO FeFe PbPb UU

T (cm)T (cm)

@ 5 @ 5 MeVMeV

5x55x5 58.758.755

7.157.15 3.683.68 2.122.12

10x1010x10 14.714.722

1.791.79 0.9230.923 0.530.53

A=expA=exp

(-OT)(-OT)5x55x5 0.1690.169

10x1010x10 0.6400.640

A @ 10 A @ 10 MeVMeV

5x55x5 0.270.2722

0.1850.185 0.1290.129 0.1290.129

10x1010x10 0.720.7222

0.6560.656 0.5980.598 0.5990.599

A @ 15 A @ 15 MeVMeV

5x55x5 0.320.3255

0.1780.178 0.0990.099 0.0940.094

10x1010x10 0.750.7555

0.6480.648 0.5590.559 0.5540.554

Ratio Ratio 5/10 5/10 MeVMeV

5x55x5 0.620.6211

0.9140.914 1.311.31 1.311.31

10x1010x10 0.880.8866

0.9760.976 1.071.07 1.071.07

Ratio Ratio 5/15 5/15 MeVMeV

5x55x5 0.520.52 0.9490.949 1.721.72 1.791.79

10x1010x10 0.840.8488

0.9880.988 1.141.14 1.151.15

Materials with the same optical thickness as 1000 g of Uat 5 MeV can be separated using dual high energy gamma beams


Cluster AnalysisCluster Analysis

Resonance Mass Attenuation (Nres) 0.05 cm2/gResonance Count Rate 0.04 pC/sANon-Resonance Count Rate 0.80 eC/sA

Experimental Values

n

N’=kN0 N0

Gamma Resonance CountsN0-kN0= n√N0

2n

1-kN0=

k = exp(-d)


Scanning Times Scanning Times

CRp 200 C/s(5mA) * 153x156x163 cm3, Max. 1588 kg, 0.4 g/cc, Att. Factor 4# 8’x8’x20’, 246x246x610 cm3, Max. 20000 kg, 0.54 g/cc, Att. Factor 12

Cont- Explosive Explosive Time/ Scanainer Dimensions Mass Slice Time

cm g s min

LD3* 20x20x0.5 300 8 10LD3 5x5x5 190 1.4 1.75 C# 10x10x10 1500 1.8 3.66a

Estimated scanning times based on 3 sigma confidence level


Possible LocationsPossible Locations


Stand Off - Attenuation in AirStand Off - Attenuation in Air

Photon energy distribution in- and out- of resonance impinging upon a single detector after traversing 50 m of air, using 10 eV wide scoring beans the additional attenuation due to resonance cross section is clearly visible.


HMX and Air Parameters HMX and Air Parameters

Source emission Φ0: 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 mCotton density: 0.3 g/cm3, (C6H10O5)n, / = 0.0219 cm2/gHMX: 1.9 g/cm3, (C4H8N8O8), / = 0.0216 cm2/g

on resonance / = 0.0623 cm2/gDetector: BaF2, 4.89 g/cm3

Air (weight fraction): 14N 0.755, 16O 0.232, Air Density: 0.001225 g/cm3

Air Attenuation: off resonance / = 0.021 cm2/g, N Attenuation on resonance / = 0.052 cm2/g, (exp)


Stand Off Distance ConsiderationsStand Off Distance Considerations

DistancDistancee

(m)(m)

Transmission in Air Transmission in Air (%)(%) Pixel Pixel

SizeSize

(PS)(PS)

(cm)(cm)

ΦΦ//ΦΦ00 (A/A(A/Aoo))

Geom.Geom.

G2G2

A/4A/4ππrr22

(cm(cm22))

OffOff

ResonResonanceance

OnOn

ResonResonanceance

TotalTotal

1010 9797 9595 9292 13/1313/13 11A/8E-A/8E-

88

5050 8888 7979 6969 65/6565/65 11A/3E-A/3E-

99

100100 7777 6262 4848 65/1365/1300

1/21/2 A/8E-A/8E-1010

200200 6666 3838 2323 65/2665/2600

1/41/4 A/2E-A/2E-1010

300300 4646 2323 1111 65/3965/3900

1/61/6 A/9E-A/9E-1111

Φ0 - 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 m, Δ ~ 0.75°


Stand Off Angular ConsiderationsStand Off Angular Considerations

0 2 4 6 8 10

Energy (MeV)

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (/

Sr/

sou

rce)

Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 0

0 2 4 6 8 10

Energy (MeV)

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (/

Sr/

sou

rce)


0 2 4 6 8 10

Energy (MeV)

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (/

Sr/

sou

rce)


0 2 4 6 8 10

Energy (MeV)

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (/

Sr/

sou

rce)


0 2 4 6 8 10

Energy (MeV)

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (/

Sr/

sou

rce)


1) It is conceivable to measure gamma radiation resulting from the nuclear fluorescence.

2) The backward angles are preferable over forward angles due to reduced Compton background.


Stand Off ConsiderationsStand Off Considerations

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Angle ( )

1.0*10-003

1.5*10-003

2.0*10-003

2.5*10-003

Gam

ma

Yie

ld (

gam

mas

/Sr)

M15kgM10kgM5kgM05kgM025kgM01kgM005kg

Nuclear Fluorescence Yield For Various Explosive Mass M


Unilateral SystemUnilateral System


Nuclear Fluorescence to Measure FeNuclear Fluorescence to Measure Fe

Oven to heat the sourceto about 1050º C.

Heart measurement of aThalasemia subject.


Detection of Roadside ExplosivesDetection of Roadside Explosives


Multiple Uses of the Basic SystemMultiple Uses of the Basic System

NFD

NFD -Nuclear Fluorescence Detectors

Future expansion of the basic unit by adding various detectionsystems and accelerators to the same high voltage generator

NRDNRD

NRD -Non-Resonance Detectors

High VoltageGenerator

Proton Accelerator

Proton Accelerator

Container #1

Container #4

Container #3

Container #2

RD

RD -Resonance Detectors

ND

ND -Neutron Detectors

CERBERUSCERBERUS


Current Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNL

The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945

945


Technology ReadinessTechnology ReadinessTechnology ReadinessTechnology Readiness

Accelerator:ECR Ion Source T9

ICT Power Supply T9

Target T5

Accelerator Integration T5

Detectors:Conventional T9

Resonance T5

Sandwich T5

System Integration T5


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential UsersEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential Users

Force Protection (DoD)• Military Bases• Counter-terrorism

• Explosives Detection in Vehicles

Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD)• Crack & Void Detection• Mixture Quality

• 24% Rejection / Shelf Life

Medical Research• Neutron Capture Therapy• Whole Body Composition

Environmental Cleanup (DoD))

• Unexploded Ordnance Detection• Mine Field Clearance

US Customs• Border Control• Seaports

• Explosives / Drug Detection in Large Containers

Resonance Technology

Department of Transportation (DoTDepartment of Transportation (DoT)• FAA

• Explosives Detection in Cargo• Checked baggage inspection• Scanning trucks/vehicles


Possible Time TablePossible Time Table

Documentation

Scanning System

System Engineering

Detectors

Targets

Single Stage Accelerator

System Integration

&Evaluation

4 12 16 Month80

Experiments &

Demonstration


ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAROPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR

ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEARTHE FIRST YEAR

Budget:Budget: Labor (3FTE)Labor (3FTE) 357,415.00357,415.00 Riggers (3x4)Riggers (3x4) 7,200.00 7,200.00 Accelerator leaseAccelerator lease 750,000.00 750,000.00 SubcontractsSubcontracts SII SII 750,000.00750,000.00 NRCNRC 100,000.00100,000.00 TargetTarget 100,000.00100,000.00 MiscellaneousMiscellaneous 200,000.00200,000.00 (SF6, chiller, shielding,(SF6, chiller, shielding, Radiation monitors,Radiation monitors, Radiation security, transport line)Radiation security, transport line) Total DirectTotal Direct

$2,264,615.00$2,264,615.00 Total IndirectTotal Indirect

$614,555.00$614,555.00 TotalTotal

$2,879,170.00$2,879,170.00

scientific innovations, inc. joseph brondo president and ceo brookhaven national laboratory lucian...

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