scientific innovations, inc brookhaven national laboratory scientific innovations inc. joseph h....

Scientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National LaboratoryScientific Innovations, Inc Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations Inc. Joseph H. Brondo, Jr., CEO

Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, PhD.

Scientific Innovations Inc. Joseph H. Brondo, Jr., CEO

Brookhaven National Laboratory Lucian Wielopolski, PhD.

EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS (EDS)Based on

GAMMA RESONANCE TECHNOLOGY (GRT)

EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS (EDS)Based on

GAMMA RESONANCE TECHNOLOGY (GRT)

SCIENTIFIC

Innovations

Inc.

September 2002


EDS-GRT ObjectivesEDS-GRT ObjectivesEDS-GRT ObjectivesEDS-GRT ObjectivesA Joint Program by

Scientific Innovations, Inc. Brookhaven National Laboratory

In Collaboration with Advanced Energy Systems, Inc.

NSNRC

Rapid deployment of resonance technology for detection and imaging of concealed

explosives, chemical warfare agents, and dirty and nuclear bombs in shipping

containers


EDS-GRT: OrganizationEDS-GRT: OrganizationEDS-GRT: OrganizationEDS-GRT: Organization

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Scientific Innovations Inc.

Advanced Energy Systems Inc.

Nuclear Research Center Soreq, Israel

R&DAccelerator Electronics Targets

System Integration

Engineering, Production

Resonance Detectors, Software

Liaison With IndustryPrincipal Patent Holder


EDS-GRT EDS-GRT System ConfigurationSystem ConfigurationPatents by Scientific Innovations, Inc.Patents by Scientific Innovations, Inc.

An accelerator is used to produce protons at a specific energy such that unique resonant gamma rays are generated from impingement on a specific target. The emitted gamma rays pass through a volume of interest and interact resonantly with specific elements of interest so that images of the elemental density are developed from the variation in gamma detection counts. Fluorescence or scattered gammas resonant with the element are also detected simultaneously. Non resonant gamma rays are used to image total density.


NameName MWMW CC HH NN OO N (%)N (%) g/cmg/cm33

TNTTNT 227.13227.13 77 55 33 66 18.518.5 1.651.65

RDXRDX 222.26222.26 33 66 66 66 38.038.0 1.831.83

HMXHMX 296.16296.16 44 88 88 88 37.837.8 1.961.96

TetrylTetryl 287.15287.15 77 55 55 88 24.424.4 1.731.73

PETNPETN 316.20316.20 55 88 44 1212 17.717.7 1.781.78

NGNG 227.09227.09 33 55 33 99 18.518.5 1.591.59

EGDNEGDN 152.10152.10 22 44 22 66 18.418.4 1.491.49

ANAN 80.0580.05 -- 44 22 33 35.035.0 1.591.59

TATPTATP 222.23222.23 99 1818 -- 66 -- 1.21.2

DNBDNB 168.11168.11 66 44 22 44 16.716.7 1.581.58

Picric AcidPicric Acid 229.12229.12 66 33 33 77 18.318.3 1.761.76

EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: ExplosivesExplosivesEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: ExplosivesExplosives


EDS-GRT: ExplosivesEDS-GRT: ExplosivesEDS-GRT: ExplosivesEDS-GRT: Explosives

Where:

TNT – 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene RDX – Hexogen HMX – Octogen Tetryl – PETN – Nitropenta NG – Nitroglycerin EGDN – Ethylene glycol dinitrate AN – Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) TATP – DNB – 1,3-Dinitrobenzene Picric acid -

About 80% of the explosives contain N, those that do not contain N contain Cl. New explosive without N and Cl are rich in C, O.


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Other MaterialsOther MaterialsEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Other MaterialsOther Materials

NameName C%C% H%H% N%N% O%O% g/cmg/cm33

WoolWool 37.537.5 4.74.7 21.921.9 5.15.1 1.321.32

SilkSilk 39.539.5 5.35.3 28.828.8 26.326.3 1.251.25

NylonNylon 63.763.7 9.79.7 12.412.4 14.214.2 1.141.14

OrlonOrlon 67.967.9 5.75.7 26.426.4 00 1.161.16

MelaminMelamin

FormaldehydeFormaldehyde43.643.6 5.55.5 50.950.9 00 1.481.48

PolyurethanePolyurethane 52.252.2 7.97.9 12.212.2 27.827.8 1.501.50

MeatsMeats -- -- ~3~3 -- 1.101.10

PlantsPlants -- -- ~1~1 -- 1.051.05


EDS-GRT AdvantagesEDS-GRT Advantages

In a two dimensional plot simultaneous registration

of the total density and the nitrogen density separates the explosives from other

common materials.

This two dimensional Matrix Provides for fully automatic identification of explosives

Addition of other elements will provide for a multi-

dimensional matrix


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: RequirementsRequirementsEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: RequirementsRequirements

An ideal EDS system will

1) Detect directly presence of an explosive.

2) Identify the type of explosive.

3) Localize the explosive.

4) Minimize false positives.

5) Operate reliably in the field.

6) Provide high throughput.

7) Would not induce residual activity.


EDS-GRT: Key AdvantagesEDS-GRT: Key AdvantagesEDS-GRT: Key AdvantagesEDS-GRT: Key Advantages

• *High Detection Probability (>90%)

• Specific Sensitivity to Explosives (N, Cl, O)

• * High Throughput (400 bags/hr/station, 24 LD-3/hr/station)

• No Induced Radioactivity

• * Low False Alarm Rate (<5%)

*Based on simulations to satisfy FAA requirements of sensitivity and throughput.

• Multi-port feed-through capability


BNL: Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.

SII: Joseph Brondo, CEO

CollaboratorsAES: Joseph Sredniawski, VPNSNRC: David Vartsky Ph.D.

BNL: Lucian Wielopolski, Ph.D.

SII: Joseph Brondo, CEO

CollaboratorsAES: Joseph Sredniawski, VPNSNRC: David Vartsky Ph.D.

September, 2002September, 2002September, 2002September, 2002

Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)based onbased on

Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT)Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT)

Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)based onbased on

Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT)Gamma Resonance Technology (GRT)


94

54

EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Current LocationCurrent LocationEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Current LocationCurrent Location

The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945


1 Operational High Intensity Resonance Source at Northrop Grumman Prior to Transferto BNL

2 Partial Installation of the Resonance Source at BNL Site For R&D and Testing of Resonance Technology.

3 Specialized Resonance Detectors for Nitrogen, Used in Proof-of-Principle Demonstration, Were Developed.

EDS-GRT AccomplishmentsEDS-GRT Accomplishments


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Current TechnologiesCurrent TechnologiesEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Current TechnologiesCurrent Technologies

Neutrons

Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis Neutron

Backscatter

Associated Alpha

Particle Time of Flight

Thermal Neutron Analysis

Pulsed Fast Thermal Neutron Analysis

Electromagnetic

Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance NMR/ESR

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance

NQR

Other Nuclear

Gamma Backscatter

Gamma Transmission

Gamma Resonance Technology

BULK ANALYSIS Trace Analysis

X-Ray

Standard Transmission

Computed Tomography

Backscatter

Dual Energy

Diffraction

SII PATENTS


EDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Basic Principles Basic PrinciplesEDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Basic Principles Basic Principles

Gamma Resonance occurs when the energy of a gamma beam is precisely tuned to coincide with a nuclear excitation level in a nucleus of an element of interest.

GRT can be implemented in either absorption(transmission) or scattering mode.


EDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Basic Configurations Basic ConfigurationsEDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Basic Configurations Basic Configurations

Accelerator

Target

Transmission Detectors

Object

TransmittedBeam

ProtonsA low energy proton beamhits a dedicated target andproduces resonance gammarays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive.

Monitoring the transmittedand the scattered beams,with the transmission and scattering detectors,respectively, allows analysisand imaging of the elements of interest.

ScatteringDetectors

ScatteredBeam


Setup measures simultaneously theresonantt and non resonant gamma ray flux and can differentiate between the two. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive

At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonanceattenuation is about four times higher than the non resonantradiation.

EDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Transmission TransmissionEDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: Transmission Transmission


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: In a Transmission ModeIn a Transmission ModeEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: In a Transmission ModeIn a Transmission Mode

Configuration of the gamma resonanceabsorptiometry

Resonant GammaFan

Detector Array

Proton Beam

Accelerator

Beam Production Target

InspectedObject


EDS-GRT Resonance PrincipleEDS-GRT Resonance Principle

Object

Resonant Gamma Fan

Proton Beam

Beam Production Target

Detector Array

Accelerator

Gamma resonance scanning beam from accelerator based system

SII PatentsPatent 5,040,200Patent 5,293,414Patent 6,215,851


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Unilateral SystemUnilateral SystemEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Unilateral SystemUnilateral System



DC Tandem Accelerator Design Specifications

• Energy tunable up to ~ 1.9 MeV • Beam current, ~2 mA, up to ~ 10 mA• Total Emittance ~0.1 pi mm mrad • Beam spread < 25 keV



Two Projection images through an aircraft container

loaded with mixed cargo containing six explosives. The nitrogen image clearly

identifies the explosives.

Nahal Soreq groupexperimental set-up at Los Alamos inspecting

LD-3 air cargo container


Proof-of-Principle Demonstrated by Soreq Group UsingResonance Detectors:

Test Set Up Using Explosive Simulants (nitrogenousmaterial) And Other Objects

Total Density Image

Nitrogen Density Image Highlights Explosive Simulants And Makes Lead Brick Transparent

EDS-GRT Proof-of-PrincipleEDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle


Tissue N ~ 2.7%Explosive N ~19% - 30%.

Gammagram

Nitrogram

Nahal Soreq Group Experimentat McMaster University

EDS-GRT Proof-of-PrincipleEDS-GRT Proof-of-Principle


EDS-GRT-TargetsEDS-GRT-Targets• Single Element Targets

• Multi-element (layered) Targets• Multi-element (segmented) Targets

Element Element DetectedDetected

TargetTargetEEpp

(MeV)(MeV)σσabsabs

(barns)(barns)

EEγγ

(MeV)(MeV)ReactionReaction

1414NN 1313CC 1.751.75 2.62.6 9.179.17 1313C(p,C(p,γγ))1414NN

4040CaCa 3939KK 2.042.04 5.05.0 10.3210.32 3939K(p,K(p,γγ))4040CaCa

3535ClCl 3434SS 1.891.89 1.01.0 8.218.21 3434S(p,S(p,γγ))3535ClCl

1616OO 1919FF 2.62.6 2.42.4 6.926.92 1919F(p,F(p,αα,,γγ))1616OO

1212CC 1515NN 2.62.6 1.11.1 4.434.43 1515N(p,N(p,αα,,γγ))1212CC


EDS-GRT: TargetsEDS-GRT: Targets

Layered Targets• CS2 – Enriched in 13C and 34S for detection of N and Cl.

• BN (Boron Nitrate enriched with 13C) 13C; 11B; 15N; with Ep @ 1.75; 1.1; 0.6; MeV respectively, we can measure N; C; and O, simultaneously.

Composite Targets

At Ep 1.94 MeV, 26Mg & 30Si to detect 14N, 16O, and 35Cl

27Al @ θ~40o 7.117 MeV 16O

26Mg & 30Si (p,γ) @ θ~117o 9.082 MeV 35Cl

31P @ θ~86o 9.173 MeV 14N


EDS-GRT: AcceleratorsEDS-GRT: Accelerators

The Basic Requirements Are:

•Variable Energy In The Range 0.5 - 3MeV• High Intensity > 3 mA.

Accelerator Types:

• DC Tandem Accelerators•Electrostatic (6MeV, 60mA)

• Linear RFQ•New Types


EDS-GRT: AcceleratorsEDS-GRT: Accelerators

800

Beam

Accelerator Tube

Positive Ion Source

2MV Power Supply

High-VoltageCable

2000

2500

1200

2000

1200

ECR Ion Source 30 mA p, 1kWHVC can be 100’ or more from accelerator2MeV 50mA, 2.5MeV 40mA, 3MeV 30mAMultiple accelerators with single Power SupplyDimensions in mmPower requirements 3Phase, 440 V , 80 KVA


EDS-GRT: DetectorsEDS-GRT: Detectors

Type:Resonance

LS +NNon-resonance

HPGe, NaIBGO, LSO, BaF

Position sensitiveHigh Z sandwich

Optimization: Geometry

NumberConfiguration Electronics

Size



Pyrex Vessel20x20x240 mm

2” PM TubeRT 1.3 ns

LightGuide

NRLSBeam

tnsec

50 100

PH p

e

Particle Identification



PropertiesDensity (ρ) 0.9 g/ccN Content 30% bwDetector size 5x5x22 cm3

Resonance Attenuation ((γ,p) σR) 0.052 cm2/g (exp)Non-Resonance Attenuation (σNR)0.022 cm2/gMacroscopic ΣR = σR%ρ (0.052x0.3x0.9) 0.0140 cm-1

Macroscopic ΣNR =σNR ρ(0.022x0.9) 0.0198 cm-1

ΣT 0.0338 cm-1

NE – 213Organic Solvent + Primary Solute + Wavelength Shifter (~90%) (~10%) (~0.5%) p-xylene naphtalene PPO+POPOPemiss. ~280nm emiss. ~330nm emiss. ~425 nm

εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24%



εR = (ΣR / ΣT)(1-exp(- ΣTL) = 24%

For very long detector εR = 41%

For 100% N detector εR = 70%

Photopeak εBGO = 56%

• For small differential changes in the attenuationcontrast is more critical than efficiency.

• Resonant fraction in an incident gamma flux is about25%.

• Experimentally contrast in a BGO was diluted by a factor of 3.


EDS-GRT: Resonance DetectorsEDS-GRT: Resonance Detectors

Two dimensional pulse distributionfrom a resonance detector clearlyseparates proton pulses from electronpulses. Thus distinguishing resonancegamma radiation from non-resonant.

Proton pulses at 1.5 MeV areproduced in the detector by the inverse(γ,p) reaction of the resonance radiationwith the N in the detector.


EDS-GRT ApplicationsEDS-GRT Applications

Border Control Airline Security

Bridges/Tunnels

Building & Monument SecurityPower Plant Security

Force Protection

Shipping Ports

Postal Security

Stadiums & Olympic Events

RT-EDIS

Railroad SecurityEmbassies


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential UsersEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential Users

Force Protection (DoD)• Military Bases• Counter-terrorism

• Explosives Detection in Vehicles

Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD)• Crack & Void Detection• Mixture Quality

• 24% Rejection / Shelf Life

Medical Research• Neutron Capture Therapy• Whole Body Composition

Environmental Cleanup (DoD))

• Unexploded Ordnance Detection• Mine Field Clearance

US Customs• Border Control• Seaports

• Explosives / Drug Detection in Large Containers

Resonance Technology

Department of Transportation (DoTDepartment of Transportation (DoT)• TSA / FAA

• Explosives Detection in Cargo• Checked baggage inspection

• Scanning trucks/vehicles/railroad cars

Homeland SecurityHomeland Security


EDS-GRTEDS-GRT LD-3 Container InspectionLD-3 Container Inspection


A configuration of a system in an airport feeding simultaneously two inspection stations for bags.

EDS-GRTEDS-GRT Airport LuggageAirport Luggage


To Construct DeployableInspection Systems CapableTo Interrogate Small (postageparcel) And Large (shipcontainers) Bulk Materials,Using High ResolutionMedium Intensity And Low Resolution High IntensityAccelerators, Respectively.

EDS-GRT Future PlansEDS-GRT Future Plans


EDS-GRT High Throughput ConfigurationEDS-GRT High Throughput Configuration

A single accelerator module can drive multiple A single accelerator module can drive multiple detection modules simultaneously to give high detection modules simultaneously to give high throughputs. This requires a special gamma production throughputs. This requires a special gamma production target (Patent 6,215,430 and Patent 5,784,430)target (Patent 6,215,430 and Patent 5,784,430)


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Large Cargo ScreeningLarge Cargo ScreeningEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Large Cargo ScreeningLarge Cargo Screening

StackedContainers

Detectors

Resonance Gamma

Beam

36’8’

18’

Target

21’

Using four ramps may interrogate simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from experiments)


EDS-GRT Time Shared ConfigurationEDS-GRT Time Shared Configuration

Each detection station can process 1600 bags/hr, 24 LD-3 containers/hr, 4 conveyors simultaneously

• Single accelerator serves multiple detection stations

High speed mail hubs, checked luggage, containers


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Processing RatesProcessing RatesEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Processing RatesProcessing Rates

• Each target can process about 4x400 bags/hr,

• 24 LD-3 containers/hr

• 4 conveyors simultaneously

• Interrogate 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity. (Extrapolated from current measurements.)


EDS-GRT Truck InspectionEDS-GRT Truck Inspection

Force Protection, Borders, Power Plants, Bridges and Tunnels


EDS-GRT AdvantagesEDS-GRT Advantages• High Detection Probability (>90%)

• Low False Alarm Rate (<5%)

• Specific Explosive Signature (Chemical elements)• Fully Automated Decision Making

• Single Source Can Feed Multiple Inspection Stations (in parallel or in time share modes)

• Suitable for Inspection of Postal Parcels Up ToLarge Vehicles or Shipping Containers

• No Residual Activity• Elemental 3-D Imaging Capability

•High Throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr, ~3min/truck)/station


EDS-GRT EDS-GRT False Alarm versus scan timeFalse Alarm versus scan time

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time per 5 mm scan slice (secs)

Fals

e A

larm

(%

)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Time per 5 mm scan slice (secs)

Fals

e A

larm

(%

)

Data Based Upon 10 mA of Proton Current and 90% Detection ProbabilityThin Sheet High Explosive

100 cm (suitcase)

145 cm (small carousel)

252 cm dia container (LD-3)


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Public safetyPublic safetyEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Public safetyPublic safety

• Accelerator produces low energy x-rays.• Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons.• Shielded highly collimated beam.• Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem.• Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower.• Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude

lower than for VACIS or CT systems.


1. Complete BNL Development and Test Facility (1y)

• Complete Facility• Target Development

• Detectors Development• System Integration and Testing

2. Setup a Low Rate Production Facility (1-2y)• Set Up Low Rate Production Facility

• Production Engineering Design • Production of a Small and Large Cargo Inspection

Systems• Field evaluation

3. Establish a High Rate Production Facility (2-3y)

EDS-GRT Path ForwardEDS-GRT Path Forward


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: R&DR&DEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: R&DR&D

TargetBNL

Project Manager BNL

Scientific Innovations

DetectorsBNL

Resonance Detectors

Nahal Soreq

Position Sensitive Detectors TRIUMF

New DetectorsCl, Ca, LSO

AcceleratorBNL

AES

Software BNL/Nahal

Soreq

System Integration BNL

AES

Nahal Soreq

SII

SII – Scientific Innovations Inc.AES – Advanced Energy Systems Inc.Nahal Soreq – Nuclear Research Center


EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Time ScheduleTime ScheduleEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Time ScheduleTime Schedule

3 9 12 Month60

LC SystemIntegration

Documentation

TA Infrastructure

System Engineering

Detectors

Targets

Tandem Accelerator (TA)

LC SystemTesting &Evaluation

Test facility can be ready within a year.


EDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA GRT versus PFNAEDS-GRT:EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA GRT versus PFNA

• Both technologies provide sensitivity and specificity to the elementalcomposition of the cargo This is the future way of interogation

• GRT is considerable reduced in size. Does not require a separate building, nor extensive shielding ( requires soft X-ray shielding)

• GRT does not activate the cargo nor the building.

• GRT does not require building decontamination

• GRT price is about one third of that announced for PFNA

• GRT data analysis for image reconstruction is similar to that used forCT image processing with superior spatial resolution

• GRT can feed distributed systems simultaneously and is independentof the cargo content


EDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNAEDS-GRT: GRT versus PFNA

GRT has superior penetrability (hydrogenous and densely packed GRT has superior penetrability (hydrogenous and densely packed materials with no gray zone)materials with no gray zone)

GRT images in both absorption mode (similar to CT providing true total GRT images in both absorption mode (similar to CT providing true total density and beyond CT providing true elemental density) and density and beyond CT providing true elemental density) and fluorescence mode for single sided or detection at a distance (standoff fluorescence mode for single sided or detection at a distance (standoff detection)detection)

GRT can image and detect thin sheet explosivesGRT can image and detect thin sheet explosives

GRT can provide simultaneous detection of multiple elementsGRT can provide simultaneous detection of multiple elements

GRT provides capability for high throughput with low false alarmsGRT provides capability for high throughput with low false alarms

GRT can provide identification of explosive type with elemental GRT can provide identification of explosive type with elemental discriminationdiscrimination

GRT can provide fully automatic threat detection without operator GRT can provide fully automatic threat detection without operator interpretation of image or datainterpretation of image or data


SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY

1. There is a need for new technology to meet future needs of national security.

2. Proof-of-principle of GRT for explosive detection and imaging has been demonstrated.

3. Gamma Resonance Technology is a viable method for detection of explosives and other elements in small and large shipping containers.

4. Life cycle of a unit is 10 to 15 years.


SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY SUMMARY 4. The proposed EDS-GRT fills deficiencies of

current x-ray scanners and other systems in use.

5. Extensive expertise at BNL in nuclear physics, particle accelerators, γ ray detectors and systems integration provide high probability for success.

6. A test facility ready for systems testing and prototype certification can be delivered within a year.

7. A field deployable system can be developed within two years.

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