science, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship: a comparative overview of oecd countries
TRANSCRIPT
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
INNOVATION AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A
COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF OECD
COUNTRIES
2nd World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Andy Wyckoff,Director for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD
12 May 2017Istanbul, Turkey
Megatrends for Science, Technology and
Innovation
Megatrends&
Technology Trends for STI
Urgency of policy action
Science and innovation are key
Science, Technology and Innovation today
R&D has fallen behind other policy priorities in
many countries
Source: OECD R&D Statistics (RDS) Database, April 2016, www.oecd.org/sti/rds; OECD National Accounts Database.
Government budget appropriations and outlays for R&D, as a % of total government expenditures, 2000 and 2015
Public R&D budgets are likely to plateau
around current ratios…
Government budget appropriations and outlays for R&D, as a % of GDP
Source: OECD R&D Statistics (RDS) Database, April 2016, www.oecd.org/sti/rds.
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Unites States
Sweden
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Chinese Taipei
EU28
Mex ico
Norway
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Denmark
Korea
Austria
FinlandIceland
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
… requiring a combination of public and
private efforts...
Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, January 2016, www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm.
USA
CHN
EU28
JPN
DEU
KOR
FRA
GBR
RUSBRA
ITA
CAN
AUS
TUR
MEX
ARGZAF
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of GERD financed by industry
OECD average = 2.4%
OECD average = 60.9%
G20 countriesnon-G20 OECD countries
Gross domestic expenditures on R&D as a percentage of GDP
… and increased government support for
business R&D across countries.
Direct government funding of business R&D and tax incentives for R&D, 2014
Source: OECD, R&D Tax Incentive Indicators, http://oe.cd/rdtax and Main Science and Technology Indicators, http://oe.cd/msti, March 2017.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
% Indirect government support through tax incentives Direct government funding of BERD Data on tax incentive support not available
Indirect government support to business R&D, 2006 or nearest year, where available
Could increasingly generous R&D tax incentives
jeopardize our fundamental research?
Change in R&D tax costs (% annual growth) and the share of public support going to firms (% point) , 2006-14 or nearest years available
Source: Based on OECD R&D Tax Incentive Indicators, www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats.htm, July 2016; OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators, www.oecd.org/sti/msti.htm, June 2016; OECD R&D Statistics (RDS) Database, April 2016, www.oecd.org/sti/rds.
There is emerging evidence of more public support going to firms – and away from public
research - due to more generous R&D tax incentives
More support given to firms (and less to public research)
More generous tax concessions
9
Public research has shifted
towards universities …
Public R&D, OECD, % of GDP
Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators (MSTI) Database, June 2016, www.oecd.org/sti/msti.
Higher
education
Government
Funding by industry, OECD, USD million 2010 PPP
… that are increasingly relying
on private funding
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
Science, mathematics and computingEngineering, manufacturing and construction
0
10
20
30
40
%
Science, mathematics and computingEngineering, manufacturing and construction
Tertiary education has expanded
to support the supply of skills for innovation
Tertiary education graduatesin natural sciences and engineering,selected G20 economies, 2013
Graduates at doctorate levelin natural sciences and engineering,selected G20 economies, 2013
Source: OECD, Education Database, April 2016.
Megatrends&
Technology Trends for STI
Capacity of governments to intervene?
Competing policy priorities and agendas (financial resources?)
Shaping future R&D and innovation policy agendas?
Opening science
Building international cooperation
Urgency of policy action
Science and innovation are key
Science, Technology and Innovation today
Open science is on the march
Number of papers, 2000-13
Source: Based on Laakso, M. and B.-C. Björk (2012), “Anatomy of open access publishing: A study of longitudinal development and internal structure”, BMC Medicine, Vol. 10, p. 124, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/124, and website of the Open Access Scholarly Publications Association (OASPA), http://oaspa.org/growth-of-fully-oa-journals-using-a-cc-by-license/.
International knowledge networks are more
diverse
Source: OECD (2015), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015: Innovation for Growth and Society, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en.
Citation counts, by country of main affiliation of citing and cited corresponding author
International citation network, 1996-2013
International net flows of scientific authors, G20 economies, 1999-2013
Source: OECD (2015), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015: Innovation for growth and society, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en.
International mobility is a major channel for
knowledge circulation…
-15 000
-10 000
-5 000
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1999-2003 2004-08 2009-13 Net flows, full period (right-hand scale)
% Flows
Highest expected citation impact of scientific authors by mobility profileBased on the median Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) score of 2013, mobility patterns over 1996-2013
Source: OECD (2015), OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015: Innovation for growth and society, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2015-en.
… and for research excellence.
16
http://oe.cd/STIOutlook
• Global megatrends and societal challenges highlight the need for some big solutions and radical changes, including in our STI policies.
• There is a risk that as countries focus internally, it could threaten future international cooperation for R&D, innovation and international mobility – just when we need it most.
Conclusions and Policy Implications
• There are growing concerns about declining public funding for R&D and innovation, and the situation could deteriorate further with austerity and ageing societies.
Follow us on Twitter: @OECDinnovation
Subscribe to the OECD News on Science, Technology and Innovation:
http://oe.cd/stinews
Thank you