scaling up climate smart agriculture: policies, development, adaptation and mitigation - henry...
DESCRIPTION
Faced with sustaining a rapidly growing human population while reducing agriculture’s environmental externalities, and an increasing need to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts, natural resource management in the 21st century must undergo a deep transformation to reach the goal of long-term safe operating spaces for humanity . Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an important new concept that promotes the use of sustainable agricultural practices in the context of food production and security, adaptation and mitigation. However, there is surprisingly little information on the actual scale and achieved mitigation and development benefits of climate-smart agriculture, despite large potentials. Building on the recently launched UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2013 , the main objective of this event is to present a few selected examples from agriculture and forestry that illustrate ways in which policies can enable the adoption of climate-smart agriculture, and discuss options to better align the development, natural resource and climate change agendas.TRANSCRIPT
SCALING UP CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE: POLICIES, DEVELOPMENT, ADAPTATION AND
MITIGATION
COP 19 Side Event 12 November, 2013
Henry Neufeldt World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
9.5-‐14.7 Gt CO2e (19-‐29%)
7.6-‐12.4 Gt CO2e (15-‐25%)
5.4-‐5.8 Gt CO2e (10-‐12%)
direct
indirect
global food system
Emissions from agricultural producMon, conversion of land and pre-‐ and postproducMon processes
EsMmated historical and projected GHG emissions
Smith et al in IPCC AR4 GWIII, 2007
• 38% as N2O from soils • 32% as CH4 from ruminant enteric fermentaMon • 12% mainly as N2O and CH4 through biomass burning • 11% mainly as CH4 in rice producMon • 7% as N2O and CH4 from manure management
Smith et al in IPCC AR4 GWIII, 2007
Global technical miMgaMon potenMal by 2030 by management pracMce and greenhouse gases
THE CHALLENGES Incremental adaptaMon
TransformaMonal adaptaMon
Food security
MiMgaMon AdaptaMon
Climate variability
Climate change
Whole food systems
Climate-‐smart agriculture
Synergies
Tradeoffs
Crops Livestock Agroforestry No Mllage, direct seeding Increased feeding
efficiency MulMpurpose trees on farms
RotaMons with legumes Improved rangeland management
Nitrogen-‐fixing trees, bushes, fodder trees
Intercropping with legumes
Efficient treatment of manure
Improved fallows
New varieMes: shorter cycle, drought tolerant, etc
Improved livestock health
Hedges, windbreaks, shelterbelts, live fences
Improved storage & processing technologies
Animal husbandry improvements
Fruit orchards
Examples of climate-‐smart agriculture pracMces
Water management Soils management Fisheries & Aquaculture Water storage – e.g. water pans
ConservaMon agriculture and no-‐Mll
Saline resistant species
Alternate we`ng and drying (rice)
Stone bunds Increased feeding efficiency
Dams, pits, retaining ridges
PlanMng pits (zai) IntegraMon of aquaculture in farms
Improved irrigaMon (drip)
Mulching Low energy fuel efficient fishing
Examples of climate-‐smart agriculture pracMces
Examples of no-‐Mll pracMces in different countries
GHG miMgaMon through no-‐Mll in selected countries
UNEP Emissions Gap Report, 2013
System of rice intensificaMon as an example of improved nutrient and water management
Uphoff, 2012
Review of SRI management impacts on yield, water saving, costs of producMon and farmer income per ha in 13 countries Average: +50% yield -‐37.5% water use -‐16% costs +94% income
Uphoff, 2012
Evergreen agriculture with
Faidherbia albida
• Farmers most interested in reducing food insecurity • No long-‐ or medium-‐term planning possible under food insecure situaMon • Tree planMng (and other investments in livelihood improvements) only
ager basic food security is guaranteed • Food insecurity rose by at least one month (above on average 3 months)
during recent drought and floods • Coping strategies lead into ‘poverty trap’ • Agroforestry reduced food insecurity by about 1 month
All #s in %
Reduce QuanMty, Quality or # of meals
Comm-‐unity or family support
Help from Gov, NGO, Church
Borrow money
Casual Labor
Sell possess-‐ions or livestock
Consume Seeds
Children alend school less
Lower Nyando
85 30 42 32 28 72 72 38
Middle Nyando
38 23 18 37.5 25 40 61 12.5
Farmer climate coping strategies
Thorlakson and Neufeldt, Agriculture and Food Security 2012, 1:15
• Provide an enabling legal and poliMcal environment • Improve market accessibility • Involve farmers in the project-‐planning process • Improve access to knowledge and training • Introduce more secure tenure • Overcome the barriers of high opportunity costs to
land • Improve access to farm implements and capital
Thorlakson and Neufeldt, 2012
Barriers to adopMon of CSA in smallholder agriculture
Financial benefits of no-‐Mll wheat producMon in northern Kasakhstan
Derpsch et al, 2010
Constraints: insecure tenure
Economic, Environmental and Social Impacts Unadjud Freehold Tenure
Effect Net returns to land ($ ha-‐1 y-‐1) $126 $288 2.28 Woody crops, woodlots etc (ha km-‐2) 5.4 25.6 4.7 Hedgerows (km km-‐2) 5.2 23.6 4.5 Social cost from embedding -‐$40 $30 $70 Social "tax" -‐32% +10%
InnovaTon and food security
RelaMonship between innovaMveness (number of farming system changes) and household food security (number of food deficit months). Error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval of the mean
Kristjanson et al., 2012
Agricultural miTgaTon opTons require a coordinated mix of policy support, private and public sector investment, strengthened research, and capacity building of key stakeholders Explicitly considering climate change miTgaTon, adaptaTon and other benefits at the outset is criTcal to achieving mulTple benefits and reducing tradeoffs FacilitaTon of public-‐private partnerships and stakeholder engagement, including research centers, governments, extension agents, the private sector and NGOs, is criTcal Financial incenTves (including tax offsets, subsidies, credit) are needed to overcome high investment costs and lag Tmes before benefits accrue Technologies must be context specific to the region or country where they are introduced AdapTve management of natural resource governance systems is essenTal
Lessons learned for policy development and scaling up
Thanks for a future