s © siemens ag,ct ic 2, v. kulkarni, j. grimminger information & communications networks &...
TRANSCRIPT
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
Information & Communications
Networks & Multimedia
Communication
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IPv6 Impacts onUMTS
End-to-End Services
CT IC2 – Vivek Kulkarni [email protected]
CT IC2 – Jochen [email protected]
Date: 30.07.2002
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
Information & Communications
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Contents:
• IPv6 features
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS End-to-End Services
• Impacts of IPv6
• Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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• For billions of new devices,e.g., 3G and beyond cell phones, PDAs, appliances, cars, etc.
• For billions of new users,e.g., in Asia (India, China, … etc.)
• For “always on“ access technologies,e.g., xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, etc.
One Compelling reason: Larger address space requirement !!
Motivation for a new IP: Why a new IP?
Other reasons are covered in Features of IPv6........
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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Base Functionality • Larger Address Space• Header Format Simplification• Improved Support for Extensions and
Options
Addressing and Routing
• Expanded and Efficient Addressing Capabilities
• Efficient Routing Protocols• ICMPv6
Plug and Play • Neighbor Discovery• Address Autoconfiguration
Support for QoS • Flow Labeling Capability
Security • Built-in Security through IPsec
Mobility support • Mobile IPv6
Others • Path MTU Discovery• DNS for IPv6
IPv6 Features
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
Information & Communications
Networks & Multimedia
Communication
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Contents:
• IPv6 features
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS End-to-End Services
• Impacts of IPv6
• Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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Communication
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IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
UMTS Architecture
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UUTTRRAANN UUMMTTSS//GGPPRRSSBBaacckkbboonnee
((IIPPvv44))
SGSN
GGSN
L1
RLC
PDCP
IP
TCP/UDP
Appl
RBS RNC
MAC
L1
RLC
MAC
PDCP GTP-U
Relay
L2/L1
UDP
IP
GTP-U GTP-U
Relay
L2/L1
UDP
IP
L2/L1
UDP
IP
L1
L2
L2/L1
UDP
IP
L1
IP
TCP/UDP
Appl
GTP-U
IP IP
L2
Gn/Gp GiIu-PSUuUE UTRAN SGSN GGSN Host
UE
EExxtteerrnnaallPPLLMMNNGp
GnHost
IIPPNNeettwwoorrkk
User level IP
Transport level IP
Iub
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
IPv6 in 3GPP
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IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Requirement for 3GPP network:
• Both IPv4 / IPv6 are options for IP Connectivity
• The IM CN subsystem shall exclusively support IPv6
Requirement for UE:
• The UE shall exclusively support IPv6 for the
connection to services provided by the IM CN
subsystem.
• The UE can access IPv4 and IPv6 based services.
Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221, Architectural requirements (Release 5)
IPv6 in 3GPP
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Normal IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration:
Host Access Router
MAC Address : 00-60-97-aa-55-af
Neighbor Solicitation For DuplicateAddress Detection of Link-local address
Router Solicitation
Router Advertisement(Prefix Information, Source Link layer addr.)
Neighbor Solicitation For DuplicateAddress Detection of Global address
Local Link
Power On
Forms Interface Identifier as02-60-97-ff-fe-aa-55-af
Forms Link-local address asfe80::260:97ff:feaa:55af
Forms Global address asPrefix::260:97ff:feaa:55af
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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BSS/UTRANUE SGSN GGSN
“PDP Context Activate Request“
“PDP Context Activate Accept“. Also sends “ Link Local Address“
Router Solicitation
PDP contextis activated
Router Advertisement(Either full IPv6 address or Unique Prefix)
Gets/Builds fullIPv6 Address
IPv6 Autoconfiguration in 3GPP:
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration In 3GPP UMTS
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Stateful Address Autoconfiguration (DHCPv6) In 3GPP UMTS
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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Contents:
• IPv6 features
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS End-to-End Services
• Impacts of IPv6
• Summary
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Voice Non-Voice(Information and Content)
Content Connectivity(Internet)
Mobility
Personal PeopleConnectivity
Location
Mobile Internet Access
Mobile Intranet/Extranet Access
Custo-mised
Infotain-ment
MMSLocation Based
Services
Direct linkto a person
Always-on, IP based
Knowledgeof location
Rich Voice(including
VideoPhones)
Source: UMTS Forum
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
UMTS Services
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VoIP Scenario .....
NAT-Router202.123.41.10
192.168.52.x
192.168.52.3VOIP ApplicationVOIP Application
IPv6 solves the problem of NAT by providing each device a unique IP-address. i.e. Global reachability
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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Contents:
• IPv6 features
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS End-to-End Services
• Impacts of IPv6
• Summary
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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger
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• Impairments to air bandwidth efficiency due to
o Packet Overhead
o Addressing : Unicast, Multicast & Anycast
o Neighbor Discovery and Autoconfiguration
o Mobile IPv6
o Path MTU Discovery
• Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 networks
• IPv6 Impacts on 3GPP Terminals
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
Impacts due to End-to-End IPv6
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Removed
Added
o Packet Ovehead
IP version IPv4 IPv6
Address Length 32-bit 128-bit
Address Space 4.3 x 109 3.4 x 1038
Header Length 20 byte 40 byte
Number of Fields 14 8
Global Reachability
Increased Routing Efficiency
IPv6 Packet headers are much larger than that of IPv4IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
Impairments to air-bandwidth
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Unicast: An address for a single interface.
Multicast: An address for a set of interfaces (in a given scope) that typically belong to different nodes. IPv6 multicast addresses are used instead of broadcast addresses in IPv4.
Anycast: An address for a nearest interface from the set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes.
What we will achieve with Expanded and Efficient Addressing Capabilities?
• Use of Anycast address include services where redundancy is desirable, for e.g. - routers, name servers, software mirroring.
• Simplified routing tables with prefix aggregation and improved table lookup.
o Addressing In IPv6, there are more routable addresses than IPv4
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Impact of UE Addresses on Air-Interface
Following are the addresses that Mobile Terminal MUST have in order to communicate in various scenarios.
• Unspecified Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0) used during autoconfiguration
Impact on Air-interface : yes
• Loopback Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1)
Impact on Air-interface : no (Its internal to the node, so it will not affect air-interface)
• Link-Local address for each interface
Impact on Air-interface : yes (as it is link-specific) but it will not be routed through GGSN.
• Assigned Unicast Addresses
(Multiple IP addresses/bearer or One IP address for multiple bearers separated by flow templates)
Impact on Air-interface : yes
• All-Nodes Multicast Addresses
Impact on Air-interface : yes
• Solicited-Node Multicast Address for each of its assigned unicast and anycast addresses
Impact on Air-interface : yes
• Multicast Addresses of all other groups to which the host belongs
Impact on Air-interface : yes
• IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses (Used to communicate with IPv4-only nodes, NGTrans)
Impact on Air-interface : yes
IPv6 Addresses: In IPv6, there are more routable addresses than IPv4
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Neighbor Discovery: Basic Use
• to determine the link-layer addresses for
neighbors
• to find access routers
• to keep track of reachable neighbors
Address Autoconfiguration: Basic Use
• to configure the Care of Address
o Neighbor Discovery and Autoconfiguration
Air-link bandwidth gets hampered because of frequent Neighbor Discovery/Autoconfiguration messages.IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Foreign Network
Home Network
Internet
Home Address
MNHA
MN
Home AddressCare of Address
CN
General Idea:
1. MN gets new Care of Address (COA) in a foreign network
2. MN registers the new COA with its Home Agent (HA)
3. CN sends to HA and HA tunnels towards MN
4. MN sends Binding Update (BU) to CN and CN sends directly
Getting new Care off Address and sending Binding Updates will hamper air-link efficiency.
o Mobile IPv6
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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IPv6 domain IPv6 domain IPv6 domain
MTU=1500 Bytes MTU=1500 Bytes MTU=1280 Bytes
Packet Too Big Msg.Packet Too Big Msg.
Path MTU Discovery Path MTU Discovery
MTU= 1280 Bytes
Path MTU Process:
1. Send a message to the destination with MTU of link.
2. If receive a ICMP “Packet Too Big” error message, then resend themessage with the new MTU.
3. Do 1 and 2 until response from destination.
4. Last MTU is the Path MTU
o Path MTU Discovery
Path MTU Discovery will contribute to the air-link bandwidth.
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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IPv6 Features Cause of
Impairment
Solution to the Impairment
Packet Header due to IPv6 packet
header (min. 40
bytes basic header)
Header Compression using IETF
ROHC algorithms. But single
packet messages like ICMP
messages can not be compressed.
Addressing there are more IPv6
routable addresses
than IPv4.
This drawback will remain as it is a
part of IPv6 functionality. But its
not a major one.
Address
Autoconfiguratio
n
frequent Router
Advertisements
Either keep the router
advertisement interval much
larger
Or send Router advertisements
through radio broadcast channels.
IPv6 in 3GPP:Possible impairments to Air-Interface efficiency due to IPv6
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
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IPv6 Features Cause of
Impairment
Solution to the Impairment
Mobile IPv6 Getting new COAs,
Sending Binding
Updates to HA & CN
Some Regionalized registration /
Hierarchical MIP solutions will help
to reduce signaling outside the
local administrative domain.
Path MTU
DiscoveryRepetitive Path MTU
messages flowing
over air-interface
Either to use suitable Minimum
MTU or use fragment header
IPv6 in 3GPP:Possible impairments to Air-Interface efficiency due to IPv6
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
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Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Transition Mechanism
Purpose Scope Requirements
Dual Stack To access both IPv4 and IPv6 services without additional translators / tunnelsIPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6
UE + UTRAN + SGSN + GGSN
Dual Stack Infrastructure
Tunneling To connect disjoint IPv6/IPv4 islands, separated by IPv4/IPv6 networkIPv4 IPv4IPv6 IPv6
Border Routers of UMTS Network
Dual Stack Border Routers
Translation To connect IPv6-only host to IPv4-only host and vice versaIPv6 IPv4
Border Routers of UMTS Network
IPv6 IPv4 packet translator
Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 networks
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
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SGSN GGSN RNC UE
IPv6 Network
IPv4 Network
IPv6 Device
IPv4 Device
IPv4
IPv6
IPv4
IPv6
Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221 V5.5.0 (2002-06)
Dual IPv4/IPv6 Stack
Each mobile terminal has to have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses !!!
IPv6 Features
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Impacts of IPv6
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SGSN GGSN RNC
IPv4 Network
IPv6 Device
IPv4
IPv6
IPv6 Network
TrGW
TrGW
UE IPv6
Tunneling
Communication possible between devices having same IP version !!!
e.g. 6to4,...etc
Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221 V5.5.0 (2002-06)
IPv6 Features
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Impacts of IPv6
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Tunneling : Automatic Tunneling
IPv6 domain IPv4 domainIPv6 domain
Uses IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses, for e.g. ::IPv4-address The border router extracts the IPv4 addresses embedded in IPv6
packet and tunnels it in IPv4 packet The receiving system recovers the original IPv6 message
SRC ::a.b.c.d
DST ::w.x.y.z
Payload
IPv6header
SRC ::a.b.c.d
DST ::w.x.y.z
Payload
SRC a.b.c.d
DST w.x.y.z
SRC: ::a.b.c.d
DST: ::w.x.y.z
Payload
IPv4header
IPv6header
IPv6 IPv4 communication problem is not solved !!!
A B(::a.b.c.d) (::w.x.y.z)
IPv6 Features
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Impacts of IPv6
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Tunneling : Configured Tunneling (6Bone Experimental Test-bed)
IPv6 domain IPv4 domainIPv6 domain
SRC IPv4 addr of R1SRC: IPv6
DST: IPv6
Payload
IPv6header
SRC: IPv6
DST: IPv6
Payload
DST IPv4 addr of R2
SRC: IPv6
DST: IPv6
Payload
IPv4header
IPv6header
Requires explicit configuration at every point to the IPv4 network
Tunneling RouterR1
Tunneling RouterR2
IPv6 IPv4 communication problem is not solved !!! Also requires manual configuration for tunneling.
A B
IPv6 Features
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Impacts of IPv6
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SGSN GGSNRNCUE IPv4 Network
IPv4Device
IPv4
IPv6
TrGW
IPv6
Translation Mechanisms :
Computation load on the translation mechanism !!!
Used when communicating nodes do not share the same IP version. No modifications to the hosts. IPv6 packet IPv4 packet translation.
e.g. NAT-PT, SIIT, TRT, Socks64,...etc.
Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221 V5.5.0 (2002-06)
IPv6 Features
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Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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20 byte HeaderVariable length14 different fields4 byte (32 bit) addressesChecksum Field
40 byte HeaderFixed Length of 40 bytes8 different fields16 byte (128 bit) addressesNo Checksum fieldExtension headersFlow label
Translation Mechanisms : IP Header TranslationIPsec (AH, ESP-tunnel mode) will get broken due to IP header translation!!!
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
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Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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DNSv6/v4
NAT-PTGGSNA
(IPv6-only)
B (IPv4-only)
DNSv4
IPv6 3G Network
Operators Network
IPv4 Domain
IPv4Domain
IPv4Domain
131.1.2.1
Mapping of NAT-PT [RFC2766] on UMTS scenario
Pool of IPv4 (120.130.26/24)AddressesAssigns free IPv4 address fromthe pool to IPv6-only host
DNS Query: B?
DNSv4 ResponseB: IPv4 addr.
Translates DNS Response and adds NAT-PT-Prefix to IPv4 addr.
Prefix::Interface Id
Gets B‘s address as
NAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1
Src Prefix::Interface Id Dst NAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1
Src 120.130.26.10 Dst 131.1.2.1
Src NAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1Dst Prefix::Interface Id
Src 131.1.2.1Dst 120.130.26.10
NAT-PT assigns free120.130.26.10 address, translatesthe packet and maintains the state
Stateful mechanism...!!!
Assumption: Routing inside the operators network knowhow to route the packets towardsTranslator by static routes
No entry in DNSv6/v4 cache.Translates DNSv6 to DNSv4 Query
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
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Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Mapping of TRT [RFC3142] on UMTS scenario
DNSv6/v4
TRT
GGSNA(IPv6-only)
B (IPv4-only)
DNSv4
IPv6 3G Network
Operators Network
IPv4 Domain
IPv4Domain
IPv4Domain
131.1.2.1
Prefix::Interface Id
Stateful mechanism and IPsec breaks completely...!!!
DNS Query: B?
DNSv4 ResponseB: IPv4 addr.
Relays DNS Response after appendingTRT-prefix
DNSv6 adds TRT-Prefix to B‘s address as
TRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1
Src Prefix::Interface Id Dst TRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1
Src TRT‘s IPv4 address Dst 131.1.2.1Src 131.1.2.1Dst TRT‘s IPv4 address
Src TRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1Dst Prefix::Interface Id
Assumption: Routing inside the operators network knowhow to route the packets towardsTranslator by static routes
No entry in DNSv6/v4 cache.Translates DNSv6 to DNSv4 Query
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Three functionality groups: [draft-ietf-ipv6-cellular-host-03.txt]
Basic IPv6 Functionality: Basic parts of IPv6Path MTU Discovery [RFC 1981],
Addressing Architecture [RFC 2373],
IPv6 Specification [RFC 2460],
Neighbor Unreachability Detection [RFC 2461],
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration [RFC 2462],
ICMP for IPv6 [RFC 2463],
IPv6 over PPP [RFC 2472],...etc
IP Security: IP Security (IPsec) details for cellular hosts
Many RFCs...
IP Mobility: IP Mobility details for cellular hosts
Mobile IPv6 is not yet a RFC....
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
IPv6 Impacts on 3GPP Terminals
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Open Issues for IPv6 in 3GPP
Recommendations for IPv6 in 3GPP Standards (April 2002)[draft-ietf-ipv6-3gpp-recommend-02.txt]
1. Multiple prefixes may be assigned to each primary PDP context
SGSN will be informed of each prefix that is currently assignedto a PDP context
2. A given prefix must not be assigned to more than one primary PDP context
GGSN view each primary PDP context as a single IPv6 subnet
3. Allow 3GPP nodes to use multiple identifiers within those prefixes, including randomly generated identifiers.
UE can generate and use privacy addresses
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Open Issues for IPv6 in general
IPv6 Transition Solutions for 3GPP Networks
draft-wiljakka-3gpp-ipv6-transition-00.txt
Latest update from 54th IETF, Yokohama
• Nokia is favouring NAT64/46 as it has less security problems
• IMS is the most challenging as I-CSCF and S-CSCF will need transition solutions to connect to external IPv4-only networks.
• Dual Stack is recommended for the UEs.
• IPv6/v4 interworking should be done in the network andnot in the UE.
• Don‘t recommend tunneling over air like (DSTM or 6over4)but if needed ROHC will help
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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ISP‘s view: Latest update from 54th IETF, Yokohama
• MIPv6 not yet standardized.
• Transition mechanisms have to be simple ones
6over4 tunneling, NAT-PT/TRT is the best and perhaps enough.
• Multicast DNS (LLMNR) necessary for IPv6 deployment
• Key Applications for ISPs are not yet IPv6 ready....
• BIND (DNS) – v8 : No IPv6 support
- v9 : not ready for heavy duty production use.
• Qmail (Mail Transfer Agent) – with unofficial patches for IPv6.
• Squid (Web Proxy Server) – IPv6 is only experimental basis.
Open Issues for IPv6 in general
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Contents:
• IPv6 features
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS End-to-End Services
• Impacts of IPv6
• Summary
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Summary
IPv6 benefits to Mobile Network Operators:
• Auto configuration
• Embedded encryption support and authentication
• Embedded mobility
• Internet provider selection
• Efficient packet processing in routers
IPv6 benefits to Mobile End Users:
• Easy management & auto configuration
• Efficient address allocation
• Renumbering possible
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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Impairments due to IPv6 Status : Solved?
Packet Overhead
Addressing
Address Resolution and Autoconfiguration
Mobile IPv6
Path MTU Discovery
Summary:
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
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IPv6 in 3GPP:
• IPv6 is mandatory in UTRAN.• Backbone UMTS network will be IPv4 initially, but ultimately IPv6
shall be used.• 3GPP R5 IMS uses IPv6 exclusively.
IPv6 in IETF:
• IPv6 Core Specifications achieved Draft Standard status.• IPv6 Specs at Proposed Standard level are stable for more than
2 years now.• Large-scale deployment is underway….
Open Issues:
• MIPv6 not yet RFC• DNS for IPv6• Killer applications are yet to be developed for IPv6....
Summary:
IPv6 Features
UMTSArchitecture
UMTSEnd-to-EndServices
Impacts of IPv6
Summary
s
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Thank you !!!
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Backup
Backup
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00 : 60 : 97 : aa : 55 : af
00 60 97 aa 55 af
60 9700 aa 55 af
ff fe
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Universal/Local“ (U/L) bit1 = globally unique
1
MAC Address (48-bit)
Interface Identifier (64-bit) 02 : 60 : 97 : ff : fe : aa : 55 : af
Address Autoconfiguration:48bit MAC Address to EUI-64 Interface Identifier(one of the method to form Interface Identifier!!!)
Motivation
IPv6 Features
Transition
IPv6 in 3GPP
Status in IETF
Implementations& Applications
Summary &Conclusion
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