s i n a a r s i - ganatleba.ge edication... · irina shubitidze, benefits of cognitive and social...

S i n a a r s i

maka xarSilaZe, Tamar kerZaia, saxelmwifo ena, meore ena da motivacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 2

Maka Kharshiladze, Tamar Kerdzaia, State Language, Second Language and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 9

qeTevan goCitaSvili, bilingvuri ganaTleba _ pirovnebis

multikulturulad aRzrdis

instrumenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 10

Ketevan Gochitashvili, Bilingual education – The instrument of grew multicultural person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 17

irina bagauri, ena, mravalferovneba da swavleba dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis magaliTze . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 18

Irina Bagauri, Language, diversity and learning from the point of view of ,,Dual Bilingual Education~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 26

irina SubiTiZe, bilingvizmis kognituri da socialuri

upiratesobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 27

Irina Shubitidze, Benefits of Cognitive and Social Bilingualism . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 33

merab babuxadia, meore enis arasafexureobrivi swrafi swavlebis meToduri Taviseburebani. . . . . . . . .

gv. 34

M. Babukhadia, Features of Fast Methodological Teaching of Foreign Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 41

nino SaraSeniZe, Secdomebis analizi da maTze muSaoba enis

aTvisebis procesSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gv. 42

Nino Sharashenidze, Analysis of Mistakes and Working Them in Mastering

a Language

gv. 48

maka xarSilaZe

ilias universitetis d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis institutis mecnier-

TanamSromeli

Tamar kerZaia

ilias universitetis d. uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis institutis mecnier-

TanamSromeli

saxelmwifo ena, meore ena da motivacia

abstraqti

saqarTvelos regionaluri da kulturuli specifikis, iseve, rogorc

enobrivi garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia gamoikveTos, Tu

romeli enebi vaswavloT, vis vaswavloT, romel asakSi da romeli

pedagogiuri meTodebi gamoviyenoT. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu

Tavad umciresobis warmomadgeneli ras airCevs, upiratesobas romel

enas mianiWebs. rogoria individis, moswavlis motivacia, ratom unda

am enis Seswavla, ra mizniT swavlobs meore enas.

saqarTvelos mravaleTnikurobi-

dan gamomdinare, sadReisod

aqtualuri gaxda umciresobis mier

meore enis anu saxelmwifo enis

srulfasovnad dauflebis sakiTxi.

sazogadod, lingvistur da

kulturul mravalferovnebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis marTva,

rogorc wesi, ioli ar aris. am mxriv

arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens

gamonakliss. unda aRiniSnos, rom

yuradReba ganaTlebisa da enobrivi

politikis mimarT mTel msoflioSi

stabilurad izrdeba. rac Seexeba

saqarTvelos, am SemTxvevaSi enobrivi

suraTi sakmaod mravalferovania.

bunebrivia, rom enis dauflebasTan

dakavSirebuli problematika, upirve-

les yovlisa, uSualod ganaTlebis

sistemis gadasaWrel problemaTa rigs

ganekuTvneba; amasTanave, arc is aris

sadavo, rom ganaTleba da ganaTlebis

politikidan gamomdinare problema-

tika mxolod pedagogebis problema

ar aris. unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba,

rom samoqalaqo integraciis procesis

ZiriTad maCveneblad dRes saxelmwifo

enis codna iTvleba. faqtobrivad,

saqme exeba umciresobis enobriv

ganaTlebas.

kanoni amkvidrebs mravalenovani

ganaTlebis formas umciresobaTa

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #3, 2010

2

skolebisaTvis. mravalenovani ganaT-

leba eyrdnoba swavlebis saSualebad

ori an meti enis gamoyenebas.

saqarTvelos kompaqturad dasax-

lebul regionebSi swavlebis ena ar

aris saxelmwifo ena da saskolo

swavleba mSobliur enaze

xorcieldeba, amasTanave, uzrunvel-

yofilia saxelmwifo an sxva (ucxo)

enebis swavlebac. lingvisturi termi-

nologiis mixedviT, ramdenime

gansxvavebul enobriv kategorias

gamoyofen; kerZod:

1. pirveli ena mSobliuri enaa.

es aris ena, romelsac adamiani

bunebrivad, umTavresad ojaxSi,

mSoblebis garemocvaSi, yovelgvari

instruqciebis gareSe iTvisebs.

mSobliuri ena SeiZleba iyos ori.

bavSvi, rogorc wesi, mSobliur enas

adreul asakSi eufleba.

2. meore ena aris sxva nebismieri

ena, romelsac adamiani swavlobs

pirveli anu mSobliuri enis Semdeg.

aq maxvili gadatanilia geografiuli

da socialuri garemos mniSvnelobaze;

anu es ena Seiswavleba im garemoSi,

romelSic am enaze saubroben. es ar

aris e.w. ucxo ena, mag. iaponiaSi

`ucxo ena~ aris espanuri.

3. ucxo ena ewodeba im enas,

romlis gamoyenebac ar cdeba minimum

saklaso oTaxis farglebs. am enis

siRrmiseuli Seswavla, iseve, rogorc

ucxo enisa, gaZnelebulia. Znelia, ise

iswavlo ucxo ena, rogorc

mSobliuri (Tumca, yoveldRiur

sityvaxmarebaSi zogjer ucxo enas da

meore enas erTnairi mniSvnelobiT

iyeneben, rac ar aris gamarTlebuli).

4. erovnuli (nacionaluri) ena _

ena, romelic ukavSirdeba uSualod

nacionalur, erovnul kulturas. mag.

ungreTSi _ ungruli ena, saqar-

TveloSi _ qarTuli, espanuri ena _

kosta-rikaSi. da a.S. SesaZlebelia,

qveyanaSi iyos erTze meti erovnuli

ena, mag. kanada, sadac franguli da

inglisuri enebia miCneuli erovnul

enebad. Sveicaria _ sadac oTxi

saxelmwifo enaa: germanuli,

franguli, italiuri da retro

germanuli.

sazogadod, enis sakiTxi da

mSobliuri enisadmi damokidebuleba

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens,

radgan subieqtisaTvis is Serwymuli

da gaTanabrebulia erovnul TviT-

identifikaciasTan. enis meSveobiT

eTnikuri umciresoba cdilobs,

SeinarCunos Tavisi erovnuloba,

rasac, maTi azriT, am sxva, ara

sakuTari, qveynis teritoriaze

safrTxe emuqreba. gamonaklisi arc

saqarTvelos polieTnikuri regi-

onebia, sadac mosaxleoba, enobrivi

rusifikaciis inerciiT, flobs

rusul enas da naklebad _ qarTuls,

romelic saxelmwifo enaa.

masStaburi sociologiuri gamo-

kvlevebis analizma gamoavlina, rom

enobrivi situaciis Secvla aris

xangrZlivi procesi. am dinamikaSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia masobrivi cno-

bierebis inerciuloba da ste-

reotipebi. rogorc wesi, Zaldataneba

da forsirebuli zewola amwvavebs

eTnikur damokidebulebebs, nacvlad

imisa, rom enobrivi procesebis

mimarTuleba dadebiTi mimarTulebiT

Secvlos. postsabWoTa respublikebSi

enisgan momdinare daZabuloba da

konfliqti SedarebiT Serbilda,

rodesac orive enas saxelmwifo

statusi mianiWes. iklo situaciis

simZafris xarisxma da adamianebSi

enis dakargvasTan dakavSirebulma

SfoTvis da SiSis grZnobam~

(korostilevi, 1998; gv. 191).

saqarTveloSi erTaSoris ur-

TierTobis ena, faqtobrivad, iyo

rusuli ena. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi


3

araqarTulenovani mosaxleoba ver

xedavda qarTuli enis swavlis

saWiroebas. amis Sedegad, eTnikuri

umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regi-

onebSi saSualo ganaTlebis mqone

piri, bunebrivia, saxelmwifo enaze

komunikacias ver axerxebda. axla,

rodesac saqarTvelos mTel

teritoriaze saxelmwifo ena

qarTulia, erovnuli umciresobebiT

dasaxlebul regionebSi Seicvala

saxelmwifo enis swavlisadmi

damokidebuleba. mosaxleobis didi

nawili Riad moiTxovs qarTuli enis

swavlebis xarisxis amaRlebas. Cveni

azriT, im regionebSi, sadac enobrivi

garemo araqarTulia, gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo enisadmi

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dadebiTi

damokidebulebis, dadebiTi ganwyobi-

sadmi angariSis gaweva, raTa ar

warmoiqmnas, ar gaidgas fexi

mosazrebam, TiTqos saxelmwifo enis

swavleba eTnikuri umciresobebis

sazianodaa mimarTuli.

erovnuli umciresobebiT

kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi,

sadac saxelmwifo ena ar gamoiyeneba

yoveldRiurobaSi _ mag. javaxeTi,

sadac sakomunikacio ena rusulia,

somxuri ki mSobliuri, mosaxleoba,

kerZod bavSvebi, seriozuli

problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom regionis

mosaxleoba moiTxovs qarTuli enis

swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas.

umTavresad sirTules qmnis is

garemoeba, rom regionSi mcxovrebi

umciresobaTa enaze molaparake

bavSvebi, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

umravlesobisagan gansxvavebul

skolaSi swavloben, anu

azerbaijaneli bavSvi _ azerbaijanul

skolaSi da somexi erovnebis bavSvi _

somxur skolaSi, xolo qarTveli

bavSvi ki _ qarTulSi, erTi SexedviT

aman ar unda SeuqmnasE bavSvs raime

problema; magram amgvari viTareba

ganapirobebs umciresobis da

umravlesobis eTnikuri da enobrivi

niSniT dayofas. rogorc am

mimarTulebiT didi gamocdilebis

mqone beatris Sulteri aRniSnavs,

romelic umaRlesi komisris warmo-

madgeneli gaxldaT saqarTveloSi

erovnul umciresobaTa ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT, `ganaTlebis es sistema

Zalze mcire asakidanve bavSvebs yofs

maTi eTnikuri, erovnuli da

kulturuli warmomavlobis mxriv da

cal-calke aswavlis maT im regionSi,

sadac isini erTmaneTis gverdigverd

cxovroben. yoveldRiurobaSi bavSvebi

acnobiereben, rom isini principulad

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan da rom

maT sxvadasxva klasebSi unda

iswavlon. Sesabamisad, arsebuli

sistema bavSvebs ara marto

cxovrebaSi sTavazobs uTanasworo

SesaZ-leblobebs, aramed ayalibebs

danawevrebul sazogadoebas,

romelSic konfliqtis didi

potenciali arsebobs~ (Sulteri,

2006; gv. 164). rodesac mSobelma amgvar

socialur garemoSi gaacnobiera

qarTuli enis dauflebis auci-

lebloba da mSobels unda, rom misi

Svili daeuflos saxelmwifo enas,

bunebrivia, umetes SemTxvevaSi mas

bavSvi Sehyavs qarTul skolaSi. es

viTarebac ar aris bavSvisaTvis

iolad dasaZlevi. umciresobis bavSvi

qarTul skolaSi dadis, mas saklaso

oTaxis tradiciul sirTuleebTan

erTad, rogorc umciresobidan

momdinare problemebi da, aseve, enis

arcodnidan momdinare problemebi

emateba. saklaso oTaxSi erovnuli

umciresobis bavSvi misTvis sruliad

ucxo garemoSia moqceuli, sadac

swavleba misTvis aramSobliur

enazea;. amas ewodeba sxva enobriv


4

garemoSi sruli imersia. (submersion or total immersion). ganaTlebis es modeli

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gaxdis bavSvs

orenovnad, Tu dedaena Zalze

prestiJulia da skolis gareTac

farTod gamoiyeneba. mag. komunistur

sivrceSi rusebis mdgomareoba,

rodesac rusuli ena prestiJul enad

iyo miCneuli (rusi erovnebis bavSvi

qarTul skolaSi). umciresobis bavSvi,

raoden maRal donezec ar unda iyos

maTTvis meore enis swavleba, enis

codnaSi mainc CamorCeba im bavSvebs,

romelTaTvisac mSobliuri ena

qarTulia. Cveulebriv, ganaTlebis

amgvari modeli ar gvaZlevs

`orenovnebas~; ufro metic _

SesaZloa man ukugavlena moaxdinos

bavSvis ganviTarebaze. warmoidgineT

bavSvi, romelic ar laparakobs

qarTulad da skolaSi ki qarTulad

molaparake bavSvebis garemoSia

moqceuli, saswavlo procesic im

enaze warimarTeba, romelic mas ar

esmis! aseT viTarebaSi bavSvi miiRebs

e.w. enobriv garemoSi sruli imersiis

Soks (full immersion shock). qarTulenovan garemoSi moqceuli

umciresobis bavSvebi, rogorc wesi,

iketebian TavianT TavSi, maT ar esmiT,

ver igeben kiTxvebs, maTi pasuxebi

sxvebis mxridan iwveves sicils da

dacinvas, bavSvma SesaZloa daaskvnas,

rom mas saerTod ar SeuZlia swavla;

bunebrivia, rom amgvarma Sokma bavSvis

SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis Seferxebac

gamoiwvios. yovelive zemoTqmuls

emateba is, rom bavSvi arc dedaenas

swavlobs, wera-kiTxvas ar swavlobs

mSobliur enaze da isev da isev

ferxdeba misi ganviTarebis procesi.

bavSvi xedavs, rom misi qarTulad

molaparake Tanatoli warmatebulia,

is ki Tavs ver arTmevs swavlas!

SesaZloa aman bavSvSi ganaviTaros

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba rogorc

qarTulad molaparake bavSvebis, aseve

mTlianad qarTuli enisa da

kulturis mimarT. aris imis

saSiSroebac, rom am fsiqologiuri

daZabulobis fonze Camoyalibdes e.w.

`bikulturuli ambivalentobis~

(bicultural ambivalence) gaormagebuli

grZnoba: sircxvili sakuTari

kulturis mimarT da mtruli,

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sxva

kulturis mimarT. am tendencias

adasturebs f. bruqsis da e. klemeras

mier inglisSi Catarebuli kvleva.

skolamdel asakSi qarTulad

aqtiurad molaparake bavSvebi,

skolaSi Sesvlis Semdeg

ewinaaRmdegebian ojaxSi qarTul

enaze saubars, radgan surT hgavdnen

megobrebs. qarTuli ena inglisSi

veranairad ver CaiTvleba prestiJul

enad. aseT viTarebaSi ufro

semilingvizms viRebT, anu bavSvebma

arc mSobliuri ena ician kargad da

arc meore ena (imedaZe, jafariZe, 2007;

gv. 225). qarTulenovan klasSi

moxvedrili azerbaijaneli bavSvebis

erT-erTi pedagogi marneulis

raionidan, romlis qarTulenovan

klasSi ramdenime azerbaijaneli

moswavlec iyo, fsiqologebTan

saubrisas aRniSnavda, rom mas uWirs

am bavSvebTan muSaoba, vinaidan

Zalian rTulia maTi saswavlo

procesSi CarTva.

aRniSnuli problemebis gadasaW-

relad sainteresoa Sveicariis

ganaTlebis politika. SveicariaSi

udidesi yuradReba aqvs daTmobili

ganaTlebis problemas. Sveicariam

SeimuSava mravalenovani sazogadoebis

marTvis proeqti. ganaTlebis

sistemaSi iyeneben e.w. enobriv

garemoSi nawilobrivi imersiis (parcial immersion) erT-erT formas, kerZod _

ormxrivi imersiis programas. es

programa integraciis procesSi


5

umciresobis CarTulobas gulisxmobs

da am konteqstSi enasTan dakav-

Sirebuli problemebi gansakuTrebuli

yuradRebas imsaxureben. SveicariaSi

enobriv mravalferovnebas ar

ganicdian safrTxed. mag. SveicariaSi,

regionSi, sadac Tanaarseboben

rogorc germaneli, aseve romanul

germanulze molaparake bavSvebi,

swavlebisas orive ena gamoiyeneba.

SesaZloa es modeli ar iyos

universaluri, magram enobrivi

konsensusis Sveicariuli sistema

sanimuSo magaliTia oTxi enobrivi

jgufis 160 wlis ukonfliqto

mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa: es imis

maCvenebelia, rom modeli aSkarad

warmatebulia... erovnul enebs Soris

Tanasworobis principma SeuZlebeli

gaxada romelime enis gabatoneba

sxvaze.

Cven mier ganxiluli Sveicariis

mravalenovani ganaTlebis modelis

mniSvnelovani problemuri kiTxvebi f.

grinma Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:

mniSvnelovania vicodeT, romeli

enebi vaswavloT, vis vaswavloT da

ratom? codnis ra done davisaxoT

miznad, rogori davalebebi

SevasruloT da romeli meTodiT

vixelmZRvaneloT. f. grinis mier

Camoyalibebuli programa, misi

midgoma polieTnikuri sazogado-

ebisadmi, gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi

naTeli magaliTia imisa, rom misTvis

misaRebi da saukeTesoa enobrivi

ganaTlebis is politika, romelic

agebulia demokratiul, araZala-

dobriv principebze. f. grini iziarebs

im politikur kurss, rom

Zaladobrivi midgoma winaaRmde-

gobebis da konfliqtis wyaroa da,

amdenad, ena veranairad ver gaxdeba

Seguebisa da integraciis safuZveli

(iegeri, 2006; gv. 51).

sazogadod, sxva qveynebSi

warmatebuli strategiebis saqarT-

veloSi brmad gadmotana ar aris

mizanSewonili. mTeli rigi mizezebis

gamo, saqarTvelos amgvari modeli

ver moergeba. aucilebelia maTi

morgeba saqarTvelos Taviseburebeb-

Tan. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia

angariSi gaewios enobriv situacias

da TiToeuli warmodgenili enis

mimarT damokidebulebebs; aseve,

angariSgasawevia xelmisawvdomi mas-

wavleblebi, enobrivi da saswavlo

resursebi. specialistebis azriT,

rodesac swavlebis koncentrirebuli,

interaqtiuri meTodebi bavSvzea

orientirebuli, TiToeul bavSvs

Tavisuflad SeuZliaDorze met enasac

ki daeuflos. imisaTvis, rom

mravalenovani saskolo ganaTleba

warmatebulad warimarTos, mniSv-

nelovania sazogadoebis, mSoblebis,

maswavleblebis da skolis admi-

nistraciis informireba: is, Tu

romeli sagani ra drois manZilze da

ra enaze unda iswavlebodes, unda

gadawydes yvela dainteresebuli

piris _ mSoblebis, maswavleblebis,

skolis administraciis da ganaTlebis

saministros erToblivi diskusiisa da

analizis safuZvelze. zemoT

dasaxelebul modelSi Zalze

mniSvnelovani da gansakuTrebulia is,

rom es sistema sazogadoebaSi nergavs

gancdas, rom yvela maTgani

sazogadoebis Tanabaruflebiani

wevria da rom yvela ena erTnairad

faseulia. bunebrivia, rom faqtobriv

viTarebas, Tu ra statusi aqvs enas

TemSi, Tu rogoria socialuri

ganwyobebi enisadmi moswavlis

TanatolebSi, mezoblobaSi da

sazogadoebaSi, amas rogorc

uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi gavlenis

moxdena SeuZlia meore enis Seswavlis

da swavlebis procesze (xarSilaZe,


6

kerZaia, 2009; gv. 163). bavSvebs da,

pirvel rigSi, maswavleblebs unda

hqondeT gacnobierebuli, rom meore

enis Seswavla ar niSnavs meore enis

uaryofas _ yvela SemTxvevaSi, es

niSnavs repertuaris gafarToebas

(uolgui, 2000). mravalenovani

ganaTleba eyrdnoba swavlebis

(igulisxmeba sagnebis swavleba)

saSualebad ori an meti enis

gamoyenebas. regionSi, sadac

swavlebis ena, anu is ena, romelzec

sagnebs vaswavliT, ar aris

saxelmwifo ena, SesaZlebelia

swavleba mSobliur enaze warimarTos.

aseve uzrunvelyofilia saxelmwifo

an romelime sxva enis Seswavla.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos

specifikidan gamomdinare, anga-

riSgasawevia saxelmwifo enisadmi

mosaxleobis damokidebuleba, is

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, rac

enobriv garemos ganapirobebs.

mniSvnelovania, rom umciresobaSi ar

dainergos imis SiSi, rom saxelmwifo

enis Seswavla erovnuli interesebis

sazianoa. mravalenovani ganaTleba

bavSvebs sTavazobs orive enis codnis

SesaZleblobas, raTa maT es ena

yoveldRiurobaSi gamoiyenon.

meore enis swavlebasTan

dakavSirebul kvlevebSi bevria

msjeloba meore enis swavlebis

meTodologiaze da, samwuxarod,

mciredi yuradReba eTmoba

konteqstualur (individualur,

socialur da sazogadoebriv)

faqtorebs.

Cveni azriT, meore enis,

saxelmwifo enis, dauflebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi saqarT-

veloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli

umciresobis srulfasovani

integraciis procesSi gansakuTrebiT

angariSgasawevia. aq Tavs iyris

mravalganzomilebiani fsiqologiuri

problemebi, pirvel rigSi _ erovnuli

umciresobis da satitulo jgufebis

urTierTdamokidebulebis xasiaTi.

efuZneba es damokidebuleba dadebiT

socialur ganwyobas? aseve

mniSvnelovania mSoblebis da skolis

pedagogebis damokidebuleba da azri

qarTuli enis swavlebis mimarT _

dadebiTia es damokidebuleba Tu

uaryofiTi; ratom unda iswavlos

qarTuli ena? xom ar aris Sefaruli

Zaladobrivi asimilacia; da bolos,

angariSi unda gaewios iseT

fsiqologiur faqtorsac, rogoric

aris enis dauflebis motivacia.

motivacia, `ganisazRvreba, rogorc,

meore enis daswavlis mizanTan

moswavlis mimarTeba, ra mizniT

vswavlobT enas~. ram ganapiroba

erovnuli umciresobis survili, rom

iswavlon qarTuli ena? aris es

motivi instrumentuli xasiaTis Tu

qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis-

kenaa mimarTuli? sasurvelia,

moswavleebSi integraciaze orien-

tirebuli motivaciis gazrda.

bunebrivia, es gansakuTrebiT

eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul

regionebs exeba. falkis gamokvlevebma

(falki, 1978) aCvena, rom moswavleebi,

romelTac moswonT is xalxi,

aRfrTovandebian maTi eniT da

kulturiT, undaT im sazogadoebasTan

daaxloeba, romelic am enaze

saubrobs, gacilebiT ukeT swavloben

am meore enas. faqtobrivad, es

warmoadgens motivaciis integraciul

formas. amgvari motivacia aris

individis survili, iyos bilingvali.

instrumentuli motivaciis SemTx-

vevaSi individi orientirebulia

mxolod konkretuli enis swavlaze,

radganac es ukavSirdeba mis

praqtikul saqmianobas, samsaxurs,

umaRles ganaTlebas, socialur

statuss da misT. instrumentuli


7

motivacia SesaZloa ufro

warmatebuli iyos iq, sadac

Semswavleli iseT enobriv garemoSia

moqceuli, rom ar aqvs am enis

gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (holti,

2001).

rac Seexeba swavlebis meTodikas,

aqac mravali sakiTxia, romlebic

aseve mravalenovani swavlebis

modelSi unda unda iyos

nagulisxmevi. enis dauflebis

meTodikaSi enis swavlebis

safexurebis Tanamimdevroba xatovnad

Semdegnairad aris daxasiaTebuli:

rodesac ucxo enis swavlas iwyeb

kiTxviT, weriT, sanam iswavli

laparaks da gagebas _ es isea,

rogorc etli Seaba cxenis win...

swavlebis TanamimdevrobaSi ufro

mizanSewonilia mosmeniT dawyeba,

Semdgom laparaki, kiTxva da

dasasruls ki _ wera. rogorc

gamokvlevebma aCvena, moZvelebuli

oficialuri meTodebi, anu gramatikis

da leqsikis dazepirebaze agebuli

swavleba enis aTvisebisaTvis ar aris

sakmarisi. ufro produqtiulia enis

swavlebis interaqtiuli meTodi,

rodesac bavSvebi ki ar izepireben

gramatikul wesebs, aramed erTvebian

komunikaciaSi da uSualod iyeneben

enas (alxaziSvili, 1982; gv. 62).

sadReisod saxelmwifo enis

swavlebis gaZlierebisaTvis yvelaze

bunebrivi sivrce skolaa. rac Seexeba

bavSvis mier meore enis aTvisebas

saklaso oTaxis atmosferoSi, sadac

saklaso swavlebis garkveuli

kanonzomierebaa daculi (mag. codnis

niSniT Sefaseba), Zneli warmosadgenia,

rom umciresobis bavSvma moaxerxos

Tavisi SesaZleblobebis da Zalebis

sruli realizacia. Cveni azriT, meore

enis dauflebisaTvis saskolo

swavlebis mosamzadebeli etapi

sabavSvo baRis situaciaSi mogvcems

sasurvel Sedegs, sadac SesaZlebeli

iqneba enis aramcodne bavSvma Tavi

komfortulad igrZnos, im

saqmianobidan gamomdinare, rasac

misgan garemo situacia moiTxovs.

sazogadod, araqarTul enobriv

garemoSi saxelmwifo enis Seswavla

yvela asakobrivi jgufisaTvis unda

gaxdes SesaZlebeli, rac uwyveti

ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso mimarTu-

lebas Seesabameba.

literatura:

korostilevi, 1998 _ КОРОСТЫЕЛЕВ А. Д., Язык согласия и противоречий. Социальная и

культурная; Москва 1998. Sulteri, 2006 _ beatris Sulteri, enis swavla da ganaTleba bavSvis interese-

bidan gamomdinare: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalerovan sa-zogadoebebSi; CIMERA, 2006.

imedaZe, jafariZe,. bruqsi, klemera, 2007 _ n. imedaZe, m. jafariZe, f. bruqsi, e. klemera, bilingvizmis fsiqologiuri Sedegebi: macne, 2007; # 1.

iegeri, 2006 _ n. iegeri, mravaleferovnebis marTva mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalerovan sazogadoebebSi; CIMERA 2006.

xarSilaZe, kerZaia, berekaSvili, uTurgaiZe, 2009 _ m. xarSilaZe, T. kerZaia, n. berekaSvili, m. uTurgaiZe, lingvisturi mravalferovneba da enobrivi prob-lemebi saqarTveloSi: fsiqologia, t. 21 2009.


8

oulgui, 2000 _ WOLGUI A, Contexstual Factors in Second Language Acquisition: ERIC Digest, 2000. falki (1978)- F. FALKl, Ligvistics and Language: A survay of basice concepts and implications (John

wiley and Sons) 1978. holti, Sukutoku, 2001 _ JAQUELINE NORRIS HOLT, AICHI SHUKUTOKU, Motivation as a

Contributing Factor in Second Language Acquisition: The Iternet TESL. VOL 7. #6. 2001. alxaziSvili (1982) – А. АЛХАЗИШВИЛИ, Сб. Вопросы психологии обучения второму языку в

младшем школьном возрасте; Мецниереба; НГССР, 1982.

ABSTRACT

M. Kharshiladze, T. Kerdzaia State Language, Second Language and Motivation

With regard to the regional and cultural specifics of Georgia as well as language environment the following should become conspicuous: which languages should be taught to whom in what age and using which pedagogic methods. The prefer-ences of the minority representatives themselves - which language he/she chooses, should also be taken into account as well as what is the individual’s – pupil’s motivation, why he/she wants to study this language and for what pur-pose.


9

qeTevan goCitaSvili

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa fakulteti.

bilingvuri ganaTleბa _ pirovnebis multikulturulad

aRzrdis instrumenti

`iyo bilingvali _ niSnavs, iyo cvlilebebis procesis Tanamonawile. iyo

bilingvali, ar niSnavs mxolod imas, rom flobde or enas, es niSnavs, rom

cxovrobde or enaSi, or samyaroSi, moZraobde gansxvavebul sivrceebSi: gqondes

farTo xedva, aRiqvamde samyaros gansxvavebuli perspeqtivebidan~.

antonio de qunha duarte justo

abstraqti

winamdebare statiis mizania, gagvacnos bilingvuri ganaTlebis,

rogorc multikulturuli pirovnebis aRzrdis gza. warmoCenilia

is kulturuli, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da politikuri

amocanebi, romlebsac unda upasuxos bilingvuri ganaTlebis

sistemam, raTa pirovnebam, romelic bilingvur ganaTlebas miiRebs,

daakmayofilos yvela is moTxovna, romelsac polikulturuli

sazogadoeba uyenebs mas.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis, rogorc

polikulturul sazogadoebaSi mosa-

lodneli winaaRmdegobebis daZlevisa

da adamianis polikulturulad

aRzrdis saSualebis aucilebloba,

gaCnda iseT qveynebSi (kanada, belgia,

Sveicaria), sadac bunebrivad

arsebobs orenovani garemo. Tumca,

garda zemoaRniSnuli qveynebisa,

orenovani ganaTleba miRebulia iseT

qveynebSic, sadac arsebobs

sazogadoebis moTxovnileba integ-

raciisaken, kulturaTa dialogisa da

kulturaTSorisi komunikaciisaken

(magaliTad, germaniaSi – ix.

gleboviCi, 2007). arsebobs kidev erTi,

sakmaod mozrdili jgufi

sazogadoebisa, romlisTvisac bilin-

gvuri ganaTleba aris gza, erTi

mxriv, TviTidentifikaciis SenarCu-


10

nebisa, da, meore mxriv, qveynis

dominant, ZiriTad kulturaSi

srulyofilad CarTvisa. am Tval-

sazrisiT sanimuSoa amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi moqmedi

bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebi,

romlebic safuZvels jer kidev 1600-

ian wlebSi iRebs, xolo 1968 wels

gaformda federaluri kanoni

bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.

bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo

programebis mizania, emigrantTaTvis

iseTi saganmanaTleblo programebis

SeTavazeba, romlebic ar miiyvans aSS-

Si gadasaxlebul mosaxleobas srul

asimilaciamde. miuxedavad sxvadasxva

dros arsebuli obieqturi mizezebiT

gamowveuli winaaRmdegobebisa (maga-

liTad, germanul-inglisurenovani

bilingvuri skolebis akrZalva I

msoflio omis dros, germanuli

enisadmi gaCenili agresiis gamo),

dResdReobiT bilingvuri programebi

kvlavac moqmedebs (trifileti, 1998).

saqarTvelos zogierT regionSi

dRemde arsebobs TiTqmis gadauWreli

problema, rom Cveni moqalaqeebis

erTi mniSvnelovani nawili

(ZiriTadad, araqarTulenovani, eTniku-

ri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebi),

integrirdnen, erTi mxriv, qveynis

erovnul umravlesobasTan (programa

minimumi) da, meore mxriv, aRiWurvon

im unarebiT, romlebic mas

saerTaSoriso integraciis saSu-

alebasac miscems (programa-maqsimumi),

ise, rom SeinarCunon, ar dakargon

individualoba da TavisTavadoba

sakuTari kulturisa.

rogorc vxedavT, sazogadoebis am

arc Tu ise mcire nawilis winaSe

mdgari amocana sakmaod rTulia da

moiTxovs ganaTlebis politikis

mesveurebis, specialistebisa da

sazogadoebis urTierTTanamSromlo-

bas da, rac mTavaria, racionalur,

gegmazomier, mecnierul midgomas.

nebismier qveyanaSi erovnuli

(saxelmwifo) enis floba aucilebeli

unda iyos, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT,

Cveni realoba, samwuxarod, sxva

suraTs gviCvenebs. ar unda iyos

sadavo, rom saxelmwifo enis arcodna

nebismier pirovnebas wamgebian

poziciaSi ayenebs. amis umTavresi

mizezi is aris, rom enis armcodneT

ar SeuZliaT informaciis miReba _

maT ar esmiT gagonili da ver igeben

wakiTxuls, garda im SemTxvevebisa,

rodesac maT udgebian miznobrivad,

uqmnian viTomda sasaTbure pirobebs

da esaubrebian maTTvis gasageb

(xSirad romelime ucxo) enaze. ar

SeuZliaT Camoayalibon da

daafiqsiron sakuTari pozicia

umravlesobisaTvis gasageb (rogorc

wesi, saxelmwifo) enaze. bunebrivia,

arsebobs didi albaToba, rom aseTma

midgomam sazogadoebisagan saxel-

mwifo enis armcodneTa gariyva,

marginalizacia da, saboloo Sedegad,

izolaciac ki gamoiwvios.

specialistebi miiCneven, rom

ucxo enis, lingua franca-s gamoyeneba,

SesaZlebelia, akmayofilebdes Ziri-

Tad tranzaqciul moTxovnilebebs,

magram kulturuli komunikaciis

farglebSi, adamianis cxovrebis

siRrmiseul aspeqtebTan mimarTebiT,

sxva suraTi iqmneba, radgan maSinac

ki, rodesac kontaqti myardeba orive

mxarisaTvis nacnob enaze,

komunikaciis xarisxi ganisazRvreba

TanamosaubreTa enobrivi kompeten-

ciidan, amdenad, SezRudulia da ar

SeiZleba srulyofili iyos.

XIX saukunis bolos erT-erTi

cnobili ingliseli profesori

amtkicebda: `saSineleba iqneboda,

bavSvs rom hqonoda saSualeba,

erTnairad scodnoda ori ena,

vinaidan aseTi bavSvis inte-

leqtualuri da sulieri ganviTareba

warimarTeboda ara orjer swrafad,

aramed orjer ufro nela. aRniSnul

garemoebebSi gonebrivi ganviTarebis

formireba da xasiaTis Camoyalibeba

sakmaod Seferxdeboda~. amasTanave,

erovnuli politikis wamyvani

ideologia Tvlida, rom erovnuli


11

sazRvrebi bunebrivad emTxveva

monolingvur enobriv teritoriebs:

ori erovnebis matarebloba ki eWvs

iwvevda. bilingvalebi iTvlebodnen

potenciur moRalateebad. nebismieri

adamiani, romelic or an met

kulturas miekuTvneboda, ar unda

yofiliyo sando, vinaidan amosavlad

miCneuli iyo debuleba, rom adamiani

unda yofiliyo erTenovani,

mravalenovneba ki iTvleboda RvTis

risxvad, romelic kacobriobas sdevs

babilonis godolis droidan. (ix.

riageni, liudi, 2007).

Cvens droSi es midgoma

mniSvnelovanwilad Secvlilia. ore-

novani ganaTleba am dargis wamyvani

specialistebis mier miCneulia

tradiciuli erTenovani ganaTlebis

alternatiul perspeqtiul mimarTu-

lebad. bilingvuri ganaTlebis

sferoSi dagrovili dasavluri

gamocdileba ki iZleva saSualebas,

rom vimsjeloT ganaTlebis am

mimarTulebis upiratesobebze.

bilingvuri (orenovani) ganaT-

leba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,

saswavlo procesis imgvarad

organizebas, rodesac SesaZlebelia

swavlebis enad ori enis gamoyeneba

(magaliTad, Turquli eTnikuri

umciresobis ena avstriaSi an

germanuli, rogorc meore ena,

ruseTSi, inglisuri _ qarTul

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi). amdenad,

meore ena xdeba ara mxolod

Sesaswavli obieqti, aramed

amavdroulad, urTierTobis saSu-

aleba da swavlebis ena, xolo, meore

mxriv, bilingvuri ganaTleba

gulisxmobs mSobliuri da msoflio

kulturis Rirebulebebis Secnobas

mSobliuri da ucxo enis saSualebiT,

rodesac ucxo ena xdeba saSualeba,

iaraRi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynisa

da xalxis kulturul-istoriuli da

socialuri gamocdilebis Semecnebisa.

orenovani ganaTlebis erT-erTi

umTavresi prioriteti is aris, rom

igi moswavles uzrunvelyofs

enobrivi kompetenciis maRali

xarisxiT or enaSi. praqtikulad, am

SemTxvevaSi enis swavla aris ara

Caketili, mxolod produqtze

orientirebuli procesi, aramed

safuZveli eyreba samomavlod misi

Tavisuflad, Seuferxeblad gamo-

yenebis unarsac, radgan,

sakomunikacio unar-CvevebTan erTad

(swored am unarebzea orientirebuli

ucxo enis Seswavla monoligvur

saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi Tanamed-

rove midgomebiT), moswavle mom-

zadebulia ise, rom gamoiyenos igi

konteqsturi moTxovnis mixedviT

adekvaturad rogorc momzadebuli,

ise daugegmavi, moumzadebeli zepiri

an werilobiTi sakomunikacio aqtis

pirobebSi.

dRes aRaravin davobs, rom

enobrivi kompetencia, sxva unarebTan,

CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan erTad,

warmoadgens adamianis pirad kapitals.

iseve, rogorc kapitalis sxva

formebi, igi Rirebulebebs iZens

bazris koniunqturis Sesabamisad.

aqedan gamomdinare, frangma

sociologma pier burdiem Camoayaliba

dReisTvis gavrcelebuli cneba _

`lingvisturi (enobrivi) bazari~.

termini `lingvisturi bazari~

SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc garkveuli

fardobiToba lingvisturi kompe-

tenciis Semomtan enaze molaparakeTa

da imaT Soris, vinc gansazRvravs am

kompetenciaze moTxovnas. individebis

unari, SeinarCunon an gazardon

TavianTi socialuri mdgomareoba,

ganisazRvreba im kapitalis

moculobiT, romelsac isini floben.

molaparakis praqtikuli kompetenciis

nawils warmoadgens imis codna, sad

da rogor mianiWos ama Tu im enas

upiratesoba, raTa maqsimalurad

miiRos praqtikuli sargebeli.

mravalenovnebis SemTxvevaSi

lingvisturi kapitalis ganawileba

xSirad Seefardeba kapitalis sxva

formebis ganawilebas da, erTad

aRebuli, yvela es forma


12

gansazRvravs am enaze molaparake

calkeul pirovnebaTa da mTeli

sazogadoebis mdgomareobas mTels

socialur ierarqiaSi.

miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania

imis gaazreba, rom enis gamoyeneba ar

ganisazRvreba mxolod ekonomikuri

mosazrebiT. ekonomikuri cnebebi da

terminebi aq gamoiyeneba metaforebis

saxiT imis saCveneblad, rom

lingvisturi praqtika garkveul

donemde SeiZleba aRiweros

ekonomikuri terminebiT. aqedan

gamomdinare, rodesac individs aqvs

romelime enis dauflebis survili,

sargebels, romelsac is miiRebs,

SeiZleba hqondes simboluri, an

sociokulturuli xasiaTi. rogorc

SeniSna fiSmanma, `im enebma, romlebic

ZaliT ar aris Tavze moxveuli, unda

uzrunvelyon (an uzrunvelyofen

perspeqtivaSi) deficituri SesaZleb-

lobebisa da resursebis xelmi-

sawvdomoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,

Zireul mosaxleobas ar eqneba am

enebis gamoyenebis safuZveli... enebs

iSviaTad euflebian mxolod sakuTriv

am enaTa mimarT interesis gamo~.

amgvarad, naTelia, rom

lingvisturi bazris struqtura

gansazRvravs, ramdenad misaRebia esa

Tu is ena da ramdenad saWiroa is

mocemul SemTxvevaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, sazogadoebas mkafio

warmodgena unda hqondes, e. w.

lingvistur bazarze, gaiTvaliswinos

pirovnuli interesebi, regonis

moTxovnebi da amis mixedviT gaakeTos

arCevani, rogor saganmanaTleblo

sistemas mianiWos upiratesoba _

monolingvurs Tu bilingvurs, es

arCevani unda emyarebods ojaxis da/an

individis nebas da mxardaWerili iyos

saxelmwifos, ganaTlebis sistemis

mier. sazogadod, erovnuli

umciresobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis

misaRebia bilingvuri ganaTlebis

iseTi modeli, romelic xels uwyobs

enobrivi mravalferovnebis, erovnul

umciresobaTa mier sakuTari enis

Seswavlasa da SenarCunebas.

erovnul umciresobaTa enebis

matareblebis SefasebiT, maTi ena

maTive erovnuli kuTvnilebis

indikatoria, magram misi praqtikuli

gamoyenebis are SedarebiT Sez-

Rudulia da socialuri prestiJic

arc ise maRalia. marTalia, es

SeiZleba mogveCvenos winaaRmdegob-

rivad, magram yvelaferi Tavis

adgilze dgeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi

miviRebT erovnul umciresobaTa

enebis matareblebis socialur

mdgomareobas. xSirad zogierTi ena

iTvleba ufro prestiJulad misi

matareblebis socialuri statusis

gaTvaliswinebiT. unda gvaxsovdes,

rom enis prestiJi, rogorc amas

praqtika gviCvenebs, dakavSirebulia

ara TviT enasTan, aramed socialur

klasTan da masze molaparakeTa

statusTan. saxelmwifo enis

flobasTan calsaxadaa dakavSire-

buli socialuri prestiJis mopoveba.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis kidev

erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom

aamaRlos individis socialuri

prestiJi saxelmwifo enis flobis

xarjze, uiolebs ra socializaciisa

process da zrdis mis socio-

kulturul kompetencias.

qarTul realobaSi, rasakvir-

velia, umTavresi problema

enobriv/erovnul umciresobaTa

bilingvurad aRzrdaa, Tumca,

vfiqrobT, gverds ver avuvliT

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmav-

lobaSi damkvidrebul globaluri

bilingvizmis sakiTxs, romlis

formulac Semdegia _ inglisuri +

mSobliuri ena. miTumetes, rom

saqarTvelos ramdenime prestiJuli

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sajaro skola

da umaRlesi saswavlebeli swored am

models irCevs da _ met-naklebi

warmatebiTac. aRniSnuli movlenis

gavrcelebas xeli Seuwyo am periodSi

mimdinare istoriuli da ekonomikuri

procesebis ganviTarebam, romelmac


13

inglisuri aqcia prestiJul enad

msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi,

rogorc enobrivi umravlesobis, ise

enobrivi umciresobis warmomad-

genelTa Soris.

arsebobs kidev erTi midgoma _

kerZod, mSoblebis umravlesoba,

sruliad logikurad da

samarTlianad, miiCnevs, rom Tuki misi

Svili skolaSi saTanadod iswavlis

inglisurs, es mas SemdgomSi

gauadvilebs Sromis bazarze adgilis

mopovebas. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, zog

skolaSi prioritetuli ena

(inglisuri) ikavebs mSobliuri enis

adgils. magaliTad, Sveicariis

zogierT germanulenovan kantonSi

dReisTvis inglisuri ena ufro

prestiJulad iTvleba, vidre sxva

saxelmwifo enebi. mSoblebi da

samuSaoze damqiraveblebi Txouloben,

rom inglisuris swavleba ufro

intensiuri gaxdes, vidre frangulis

an germanulis. amrigad, inglisur enas

ukve irCeven ZiriTad, pirvel enad

mravalenovan qveynebSi, agreTve im

regionebSi, sadac, geografiuli

mdebareobis gamo (turistul,

satranzito qveynebSi), ucxo enis

arCeva ufro prestiJulia. vfiqrobT,

gasaTvaliswinebelia erT-erTi

safrTxe, romelic erTi romelime

enisaTvis saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi

dominanturi poziciis miniWebas

SeiZleba mohyves: kerZod, aman

SesaZloa gaauaresos sxva, SedarebiT

mcire enebis statusi da, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, `Secvalos msoflio

enebis peizaJi.” ufro konkretulad,

inglisuri enisTvis (da/an nebismieri

enisaTvis, romelic mSobliur enas

Caenacvleba garkveul sferoebSi,

romlebic socialuri TvalsazrisiT

prestiJulia) upiratesobis miniWebas

SeiZleba mohyves mcirericxovani

enebis swavlebisa da Seswavlis

interesis, statusis daqveiTeba, da,

sabolood, zogierTi maTganis

gaqrobac ki. bunebrivia, am sakiTxis

Sesaxeb specialistTa rekomendaciebi

sWirdebaT im saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebsac da

sazogadoebasac, romlebic am models

irCeven.

samagierod, sworad dagegmili

bilingvuri reJimis pirobebSi amgvari

safrTxe absoluturad gamoricxulia,

radgan asimetriuli bilingvizmis

drosac ki mSobliuri enis swavleba

prioritetulia da mTlianad uz-

runvelyofs am enis resuresebis

srulyofilad aTvisebis SesaZleb-

lobas.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis koncef-

cia gulisxmobs polikulturul

aRzrdas. bilingvuri ganaTlebis

miRebis dros moswavle, meore enasTan

erTad, ucxo, misi mSobliuri

kulturisagan gansxvavebul, kultu-

rasac eufleba (iseve, rogorc

mSobliurs), maRldeba misi

interkulturuli kompetencia, am

tipis ganaTlebis pirobebSi igi

tolerantuli xdeba sxva kulturebis,

zog SemTxvevaSi konfesiebis mimarT,

farTovdeba misi kulturuli sivrce,

rac, sabolood, exmareba mas,

gamoimuSaos mravalkulturul

sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisa da sxva

eTnikur jgufebTan konstruqciuli

Tanacxovrebis Cvevebi, gaxdes

socialurad solidaruli. eTnikuri

umciresobis warmomadgenlebs ar

uxdebaT kulturuli orientaciis

Secvla umravlesobasTan sruli

integraciisaTvis, bilingvuri

ganaTleba aZlevs maT Sanss, rom

SeinarCunon, daicvan mSobliuri ena

da gadascen Semdgom Taobebs da,

agreTve, iyvnen absoluturad

adekvaturi da momzadebuli dominanti

eris enisa da kulturis, socialuri

gamowvevebis mimarT.

roca mSobliur enaze vsaubrobT,

impliciturad viciT, rogor

movaxdinoT situaciasTan adaptireba,

sametyvelo aqts warvmarTavT imis

mixedviT, Tu ramdenad nacnob

adamians mivmarTavT, ra Temis irgvliv

vsaubrobT da komunikaciis romel


14

saSualebas viyenebT (telefoni,

werili, Ria baraTi da a.S). ucxo

enaze saubrisas komunikaciis

damyarebas vcdilobT sakuTari

Cvevebis meore enaze gadataniT. aqedan

gamomdinare, madlierebas gamovTqvamT

an bodiSs vixdiT iseT situaciebSi,

romlebic Cvens sakuTar kulturaSi

moiTxovs madlobis Tqmas an bodiSis

moxdas. Tumca, xSirad aseTi saqcieli

ucxo kulturis CarCoebSi ver jdeba

da gaugebrobebsac ki iwvevs.

magaliTad, espanelebi frangebs

pirferebad miiCneven, radgan es

ukanasknelni zedmetad xSirad ixdian

bodiSs da madlobas; meore mxriv,

frangebma SeiZleba espanelebi

miiCnion zedmetad familiarulebad

da uzrdelebadac ki, radgan isini

`SenobiT~ mimarTaven ucnobebs.

sinamdvileSi, espanelebi, ubralod,

iyeneben urTierTobis sakuTar wesebs,

rac safrangeTisaTvis ucxoa. am tipis

magaliTebis moyvana qarTuli

sinamdvilidanac mravlad SeiZleba.

sociokuturuli codna

monolingvuri swavlebis procesSi

SeiZleba darCes Semswavlelis

Semecnebis farglebs gareT, anda

stereotipebis gavleniT arasworad

moxdes Semswavlelis warmodgenis

Camoyalibeba mis Sesaxeb, ramac,

sabolood warumatebel socialur

komunikaciamde migviyvanos. amis

sailustraciod gamodgeba, vTqvaT,

punqtualobisa da stumrobis wesebi

anda satelefono komunikaciis Cvevebi

gansxvavebul kulturebSi. Tuki

qarTul sinamdvileSi daupatiJeblad

stumrad misvla ganusazRvreli

droiT an gviani satelefono zari

Cveulebrivi movlenaa, dasavle-

TisaTvis es miuRebelia. multi-

kulturuli ganaTleba am tipis

gamocdilebasac sTavazobs Sems-

wavlels.

sagangebo msjelobis sagnad unda

iqces bilingvuri ganaTlebisa da

inteleqtis urTierTmimarTebis sakiT-

xi. cnobilia, rom enis Seswavla

iseTive varjiSia tvinisTvis, rogorc

sporti _ kunTebisaTvis. XX saukunis

dasawyisSi daiwyo mwvave dikusia, Tu

ra gavlenas axdens orenovani

ganaTlebis adamianis inteleqtze.

arsebuli gamokvlevebi, ZiriTadad,

exeba enisa da azrovnebis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs da

gvTavazobs or Sexedulebas: 1) yoveli

ena ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli

azrovnebasTan. 2) azrovneba damouki-

debeli procesia, xolo metyveleba

mxolod azris gamosaxati kodia.

arsebobs eqsperimenti, romelmac

daadastura, rom orenovani ganaTleba

ar niSnavs or enaze azrovnebas,

samagierod, amdidrebs mSobliur

enaze azrovnebis unars (xudobina,

2005).

garda amisa, Cveni azriT,

pirovnebas, romelic orenovan

ganaTlebas iRebs, eZleva saSualeba,

Seadaros, gaaanalizos da

Seupirispiros erTmaneTs Sesaswavli

sagnebis Sinaarsi sxvadasxva

saganmanaTleblo kulturebSi, rac,

sabolood, mis inteleqtualur

ganviTarebas emsaxureba.

bilingvuri ganaTleba uqmnis

fsiqologiuri da emociuri

komfortis gancdas moswavleebs, igi,

garda amisa, kulturuli da

socialuri Tanasworobis Tval-

sazrisiTac mniSvnelovani nabijia.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aq xisti,

ZaldatanebiTi politika gaumarT-

lebelia. ojaxs, sazogadoebas unda

SevTavazoT ganaTlebis alter-

natiuli modelebi, avuxsnaT Zlieri

da susti mxareebi TiToeuli

maTganisa da sabolood, Tavad miiRon

gadawyvetileba.

rasakvirvelia, arsebobs

safrTxe (iseve, rogorc tradiciuli

monolingvuri ganaTlebis pirobebSi),

rom moswavlis, ojaxis, sazogadoebis

molodini ver gamarTldes da

bilingvurma ganaTlebam ver

daakmayofilos maTi saWiroebebi.

gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ganaTlebis


15

kompleqsuri bunebidan gamomdinare,

amis albaToba arsebobs, magram, Cveni

azriT, bilingvuri programis

warumatebloba (aseTis arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi) gamowveulia ara

TavisTavad ideis uperspeqtivobiT,

aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad

SeTavazebuli programis dabali

xarisxiT, sazogadoebis arasaTanado

mzaobiT da/an programis ganma-

xorcielebelTa (avtori, menejeri,

maswavlebeli) moumzadeblobiT,

dabali kompetenciiT. amitomacaa, rom

bilingvuri ganaTleba unda

ganvixiloT rogorc gunduri

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, rodesac

gundis yvela wevri (moswavlidan _

maswavleblamde) pasuxismgeblobis

Tavis wils bolomde iazrebs,

Tanamedrove samyaroSi mim-

dinare migraciuli, socialuri,

politikuri procesebi adamians bevr

axal moTxovnas uyenebs da axal

gamowvevebs sTavazobs. Cven,

ganaTlebis sistemis warmomadgen-

lebma, unda SevZloT, davexmaroT

adamianebs, gaacnobieron, rom

`ganaTleba aris yvelaze ufro

mZlavri iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba

gamoiyeno samyaros Sesacvlelad”

(mahaTma gandi). bilingvuri ganaTleba

adamians aswavlis rogorc sakuTari,

ise gansxvavebuli kulturis

pativiscemas. is erTgvari

instrumentia Tanamedrove samyaroSi

mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa.

bilingvuri ganaTlebis Sedegad

adamiani Tanabrad unda flobdes

mSobliur enasa da kulturas, misi

ganaTlebis xarisxi unda iyos maRali.

is unda iyos obieqturi Semfasebeli

da damfasebeli sxvadasxva Rire-

bulebisa, faseulobebisa, kulturuli

Taviseburebebisa da gansxvavebebisa.

moswavle unda aRiWurvos socialuri

unarebiT, raTa advilad moaxdinos

sakuTari cxovrebis sworad dagegmva

da adaptireba situaciebsa da

sazogadoebaSi. bilingvuri ganaTleba

pirovnebis warmatebis xelis Semwyobi

saSualebaa, da Tu mahaTma gandis

sityvebis perifrazirebas movaxdenT,

amgvari codniT aRWurvil adamians

aqvs mZlavri iaraRi, rom Tavad

gaxdes samyaros Semcvleli, ara

ubralo mowme procesebisa, aramed

misi uSualo monawile.

literatura

gleboviCi, 2007 – Глебович А. Ш., Билингвальное Образование в отечественной и зарубежной

педагогике, Автореферат Диссертации, 2007) . trifleti, 1998 - Robert Trifiletti. Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Language Affairs:

Foreign Visitor’s Ambassador Booklet, 1998. riageni, liudi, 2007 - padraig o.' riageni; jorj liudi; bilingvuri ganaTleba:

ZiriTadi strategiuli amocanebi; Tbilisi, 2007). xudobina, 2005 - О.Ф. Худобина, ВЛИЯНИЕ БИЛИНГВАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА

РАЗВИТИЕ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ У СТУДЕНТОВ: ВЕСТНИК ВолГМУ (15); 2005.


16

ABSTRACT

K. Gochitashvili Bilingual education – The instrument of grew multicultural person

The aim of the presented paper is to introduce the bilingual education, as the proper way to grew multicultural person. Also, there are described educational, cultural, social, (even political) tasks, bilingual education must be responded. We are trying to present that bilingualy educated person posses qualities and qualifications, which are essential for succes in the multikultural sociaty.


17

irina bagauri

ena, mravalferovneba da swavleba dualuri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis magaliTze

abstraqti

winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, sazogadoebas gaacnos enasTan

dakavSirebuli sami gansxvavebuli xedva: ena, rogorc problema, ufleba da resursi. statiaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba enas,

rogorc resurss: ena, rogorc resursi, ganixileba bilingvuri

ganaTlebis xelSemwyob instrumentad da, swored amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ganxilulia dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis

programa. daskvnisa da rekomendaciebis saxiT ki warmodgenilia

dualuri bilingvuri programis danergvis perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi.

bilingvuri ganaTleba da

bilingvizmi mravalmxrivi da mraval-

komponentiani movlenaa. warmo-

udgenelia, rom bi / multilingvizmi

mivakuTvnoT erT konkretul mimar-

Tulebas _ magaliTad, lingvistikas.

politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri,

fsiqologiuri, geografiuli, genderu-

li, kognituri, filosofiuri da

kidev mravali aspeqtis CamoTvla

SegviZlia, rodesac vsaubrobT

bilingvizmsa da bilingvur

ganaTlebaze. xolo rodesac saqme

exeba bilingvur ganaTlebasa da mis

danergvas romelime konkretul

qveyanaSi, aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili

aqvs qveynis politikasTan uSualo

kavSirs. anu bilingvuri /

multilingvuri ganaTlebis nebismi-

eri saxis danergva qveyanaSi

warmoadgens qveynis politikis

nawils. haidegeri ambobs, rom

adamiani enobrivi arsebaa: ,,Cven,

upirveles yovlisa, enaSi da enasTan

varT~'' (haidegeri, 1982). ena aris

Zlieri da Zlevamosili. enasTan

dakavSirebiT, arsebobs gansxvavebuli

xedvebi, romlebic did gavlenas

axdens rogorc sazogadoebaze, aseve

qveynis politikur orientaciaze. Tu

Cven bilingvur ganaTlebas miviCnevT,

rogorc qveynis politikis nawils,

maSin enobrivi politikis Taobaze

arsebuli xedvebi gavlenas moaxdens

aseve bilingvuri ganaTlebis

dagegmvis procesebzec. ruizi (1984)

warmoadgens 3 gansxvavebul xedvas

enasTan mimarTebiT. kerZod: (1) ena,

rogorc problema; (2) ena, rogorc

ufleba; (3) ena, rogorc resursi

(beikeri, 2010).

skola, Temi Tu sazogadoeba

ganixilavs enas, rogorc problemas,

rogorc uflebas, da rogorc

resurss. Tu ena problemad aRiqmeba,

maSin bilingvuri ganaTlebis

xelSewyoba ar xdeba. enis, rogorc

uflebis pirobebSi aqcentireba


18

individualur uflebebze xdeba. enis,

rogorc resursis midgoma iZleva

yvelaze farTo asparezs bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis gansaxor-

cieleblad.

magaliTebis moyvana SegviZlia

TiToeul midgomasTan mimarTebiT. ena

_ rogorc problema _ yvelaze mwvaved

idga amerikaSi. inglisuri enis

sakiTxi mudam sakamaTo iyo: amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi mravali wlis

ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda sxvadasxva

eTnikuri da lingvisturi jgufebis

sacxovrebel adgils. aSS gadaiqca

erTgvar ,,saxarS qvabad~, sadac

xdeboda imigrantebis asimilacia

(beikeri, 2010). gansxvavebuloba

aRiqmeboda, rogorc problema,

safrTxe qveynis erTianobisa da

sazogadoebaSi erTiani ideologiis

CamoyalibebisaTvis; amitom inglisuri

ena, rogorc umravlesobis ena,

warmoadgenda erTaderT saSualebas

uamravi imigrantis gasaerTianeblad.

ruzveltis da reiganis gancxadebebSi

kargad aris asaxuli msgavsi

politikis mxardaWera. cnobili

mecnieri bilingvuri ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT _ sonia nieto, romelic

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

cxovrobs da moRvaweobs, ixsenebs:

,,Cemi gogona, marisa, sul 3 wlis iyo,

rodesac sabavSvo baRis msgavs dRis

centrSi miviyvaneT. rodesac

maswavlebelma moismina marisas

espanuri saubari, myisve aRniSna, rom

marisa enas ver ,,flobs~.'

' ra Tqma unda, marisa enas flobda,

Tumca es ar iyo oficialurad

sanqcirebuli inglisuri ena.

miuxedavad amisa, marisa ukve 4

wlis asakSi Tavisuflad flobda

inglisurs espanurTan erTad (nieto,

2010). am magaliTis moyvana imisTvis

dasWirda sonia nietos, raTa xazi

gaesva StatebSi gavrcelebuli

midgomisaTvis, romelic enas

aRiqvamda, rogorc problemas.

marTlac, ,,mxolod inglisuri''

moZraobis wevrebi moiTxoven, rom

inglisuri saxelmwifo enad

gamocxaddes da, aseve, moiTxoven

bilingvuri ganaTlebis gauqmebas

(beikeri, 2010).

meore midgomis mixedviT, ena

ganxilulia, rogorc adamianis ganu-

yofeli ufleba. enobrivi uflebebi

SeiZleba iyos individualuri,

jgufuri da saerTaSoriso. Tumca,

lingvisturi uflebebis dacva xSirad

idealisturi midgomebidan gamom-

dinareobs, radgan, magaliTad,

evropaSi arsebuli umravlesobisa da

umciresobis yvela ena rom

gamoiyenebodes saparlamento

muSaobisTvis, TargmniT xarjebs

dasWirdeboda evroparlamentis

biujetis udidesi nawili.

analogiurad, samxreT afrikaSi 11-ve

oficialur enaze saganmanaTleblo

resursebis Seqmna uamrav finansur

resurss moiTxovs. enobrivi uflebebi

ganxilulia, rogorc individualuri

uflebac, Tumca arsebobs mosazreba,

rom misi ganxilva unda moxdes

jgufis doneze, radgan enis

gamoyeneba ar xdeba erTi individis

doneze. jgufur doneze enobrivi

uflebebi sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba,

amasTanave, eri-saxelmwifoebisa da

liberalizmis ideologia individu-

alur da ara jgufur uflebebs

efuZneba (beikeri, 2010)

lingvisturi uflebebis

sakiTxi araerTxel ganxilula

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

sasamarTloebSi. umniSvnelovanesi

sasamarTlo procesi gaxldaT `brauni

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg~ (1954

wels). saqme Seexeboda qveynis

samxreTSi momxdar faqts, rodesac

afroamerikeli moswavleebis mizanmi-

marTTuli segregacia moaxdines.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom segre-

gacia ewinaaRmdegeboda konstituciis

me-14 Sesworebas da ar iZleoda

Tanabar saganmanaTleblo SesaZleb-

lobebs yvela moswavlisTvis.

enisadmi mesame midgoma enas

ganixilavs, rogorc resurss. enis,


19

rogorc resursis aRqma warmoadgens

bilingvizmisa da multilingvizmis

xelSemwyob faqtors. Tumca, gansa-

kuTrebuli diferenciacia da

midgomebis CamoTvla ar aris saWiro,

rodesac saubaria bilingvizmis

Sesaxeb. or da met enaze mxolod

komunikaciis unaric ki nebismier

SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens resurss

rogorc individisTvis, ise TemisaTvis

da mTlianad saxelmwifosTvis. xolo

Tu aqcentireba xdeba srulyofil

bilingvizmze, Sesabamis Zlier

programaze dayrdnobiT, aq Sedegad

viRebT ormag wignierebas,

mravalferovnebis dadebiTad aRqmas,

multikulturalizms, tolerantobis

unars, es yvelaferi ki aucilebelia

21-e saukunis msoflioSi integraciisa

da mSvidobiani TanacxovrebisaTvis.

evropaSi multilingvizmis xelSew-

yoba namdvilad jdeba enisadmi mesame

midgomaSi. enobrivi umciresobis

enebic ganixileba, rogorc

kulturuli da socialuri resursi.

amasTanave, enebs didi mniSvneloba

eniWebaT saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da

ekonomikaSi, man gansakuTrebuli

aqtualoba 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris

Semdeg SeiZina (beikeri, 2010). evropis

garda, aziaSic mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebia lingvisturi Tvalsaz-

risiT; iseTi konservatiuli qveyanac

ki, rogoric aris iaponia, 2011 wlidan

gegmavs inglisuri enis gaZlierebul

swavlebas skolis dabal safexurze.

es aris erTgvari pasuxi

globalizaciis gamowvevaze, romelic,

erTi SexedviT, upirobod moiTxovs

inglisuris, rogorc ,,lingva

frankas~'' codnas; Tumca, Tavis

mxriv, enobrivi dagegmvis kuTxiT,

nebismieri qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania

geografiuli arealis da qveynis

ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaTvalis-

wineba. arc statistikuri monacemebis

ugulebelyofa iqneba racionaluri.

ai, ras gveubneba statistika: 2010

wlisaTvis, savaraudod, 2 miliardi

adamiani isaubrebs inglisurad

(gredoli, 2000). aseve, gaaqtiurda

Cinuri ena: 1.4 miliardi CinelisTvis

igi saxelmwifo enaa, Tumca CineTis

ekonomikis aseTma aRmavlobam moxibla

kidev 400 milioni azieli, romlebmac

ukve Seiswavles Cinuri. aqedan

gamomdinare, ar unda gamovricxoT

Cinuris, rogorc msoflio

mniSvnelobis enis damkvidreba

uaxloes aTwleulebSi

(www.ethnologue.com). agreTve, mniSvne-

lovani resursia espanuri enac,

radgan, garda samxreT amerikisa,

Tavad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic,

2006 wlis monacemebiT, 44 milioni

espanurenovani iricxeboda. Tu

davujerebT aSS-is mosaxleobis

aRweris biuros, isini iuwyebian, rom

StatebSi 2050 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis

meoTxedi iqneba laTinuri warmo-

mavlobis, Sesabamisad _ espanure-

novani (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

mosaxleobis aRweris biuro).

ena, rogorc resursi da saqarTvelo enis, rogorc resursis ganxilva

mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis.

sabednierod, miuxedavad Cveni qveynis

enobrivi da eTnikuri mraval-

ferovnebisa, saxelmwifo enas

ganixilavs, rogorc resurss da ara

problemas. amis dasturia multi-

lingvuri ganaTlebis mxriv

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi. ganviTa-

rebuli qveynebis msgavsad, qarTuli

saganmanaTleblo sivrcec mimarTulia

ganaTlebis internacionalizaciisken.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xor-

cieldeba ucxo enasTan mimarTebiT.

aRsaniSnavia ramdenime siaxle: 2010-

2011 saswavlo wlidan saqarTvelos

sapilote skolebSi moswavleebi pir-

veli klasidanve euflebian inglisur

enas, xolo momavalSi igegmeba

aRniSnuli siaxlis yvela skolaSi

danergva. es faqti mniSvnelovnad

gazrdis Cveni momavali Taobis

momzadebis dones inglisurSi.

agreTve, inglisuri enis swavlebis


20

gaZlierebis mizniT, saqarTvelos

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministro 2010 wlis ivlisidan

axorcielebs proeqts ,,aswavle da

iswavle saqarTvelosTan erTad~.

proeqti wlis bolomde saqarTveloSi

1000 inglisurenovani maswavleblis

Camoyvanas iTvaliswinebs. momdevno

wlebSi moxalise maswavleblebis

raodenoba kidev ufro gaizrdeba

(ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministro, 2010). am proeqts ramdenime

meTodologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia.

pirveli is, rom nebismieri ucxo enis

Seswavlisas mniSvnelovania komuni-

kacia mSobliur enaze mosaubresTan.

garda amisa, dadasturebulia, rom

bavSvi / mozardi ucxo enis Seswavlas

aqcentis gareSe axerxebs 15 wlamde,

anu skolis periodSi (kuminsi, 1981);

amitom mniSvnelovania Cveni mos-

wavleebisaTvis inglisurenovan moxa-

lise maswavleblebTan yoveldRiuri

komunikacia.

dasawyisSive aRiniSna, rom enis,

rogorc resursisadmi midgoma iZleva

yvelaze farTo asparezs bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis gansaxor-

cieleblad. am mxriv saqarTveloSi

mniSvnelovani siaxleebia. saqarTvelo-

Si moqmedi araqarTulenovani skolis

moswavleebi axali saswavlo wlidan

qarTul enas gaZlierebulad

Seiswavlian. wels pirvelad, araqar-

Tulenovani moswavleebisaTvis ukve

dabeWdili istoriisa da geografiis

multilingvuri saxelmZRvaneloebidan

am sagnebis 30%-s bavSvebi qarTulad

iswavlian. momdevno wlebSi qarTu-

lenovani saxelmZRvaneloebis raode-

noba yvela saganSi moimatebs, rac

araqarTulenovan moswavleebs saxel-

mwifo enis srulyofilad Seswavlis

SesaZleblobas miscemT. (saqarTvelos

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sami-

nistro). ,,multilingvuri swavlebis

xelSewyobis programis farglebSi

multilingvuri swavlebis programe-

bis pilotireba 40 araqarTulenovan

skolaSi mimdinareobs da miznad

isaxavs iseTi ganaTlebis sistemis

Seqmnas, romelic erovnul umci-

resobaTa sazogadoebaSi integraciis

ZiriTadi instrumenti iqneba.

saqarTveloSi danergvis procesSia

bilingvuri ganaTlebis efeqturi da

Zlieri programebi, rogoricaa:

,,ganmaviTarebeli multilingvuri ga-

naTleba~, ,,gardamavali multilin-

gvuri ganaTleba~, ,,mSobliuri enis

mxardaWeris multilingvuri ganaT-

leba~, ,,ormagi enobrivi multilin-

gvuri ganaTleba~. Teoretikosebi da

ganaTlebis eqspertebi msoflios

masStabiT bilingvuri ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT muSaoben efeqturi

bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebze

da maT warmatebiT danergvasa da

ganxorcielebaze. arsebobs biling-

vuri ganaTlebis modelebis erTgvari

klasifikaciac. mag. 1970 wels makkeim

moaxdina bilingvuri ganaTlebis

pirveli klasifikacia da gamokveTa

90-ze meti maxasiaTebeli. skutnab-

kanjasma ki gamoyo bilingvuri

ganaTlebis 10 tipi, romlebic

gavrcelebulia mTel msoflioSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi

bilingvuri ganaTleba / programebi

da modelebi siaxles warmoadgens, 40

sapilote skolaSi mxolod 2010-2011

saswavlo wlidan daiwyo mul-

tilingvuri programebis danergva.

amitom mniSvnelovania farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis da, gansakuTrebiT,

aRniSnul multilingvur programebSi

uSualod CarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis

msoflioSi gavrcelebuli bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis gacnoba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli

programebi aprobirebulia da

gamocdilia, Zalian rTulia, rom

romelime programa ucvleli saxiT

moargo konkretul qveyanas. nebismier

programas sWirdeba sazogado-

ebisaTvis morgeba da garkveuli

saxecvlileba. ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministrom adgilobriv

saeqsperto jgufebTan da latviel

konsultantebTan muSaobis Sedegad,


21

SeimuSava bilingvuri ganaTlebis

programis debulebis proeqti,

romelSic, saqarTvelos realobidan

gamomdinare, bilingvuri ganaTlebis

yvela SesaZlo programaa warmod-

genili. aRsaniSnavia, rom programebis

siaSi, bilingvuri ganaTlebis Zlier

programebTan erTad, gvxvdeba susti

programebic, radgan maTi

ganxorcieleba ufro martivia Zlier

programebTan SedarebiT. Tumca,

rodesac saubaria bilingvuri

ganaTlebis upiratesobaze, rac

gamoixateba akademiuri Tu kognituri

TvalsazrisiT, es upiratesoba

miiRweva swored Zlieri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis saSualebiT.

amjerad Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCerebT

erT-erT Zlier, gamamdidrebel

bilingvuri ganaTlebis programaze,

romelic cnobilia ,,dualuri bilin-

gvuri ganaTlebis~' saxelwodebiT.

Tumca aRniSnuli programis SigniT

arsebobs ramdenime saxesxvaoba.

Ddualuri bilingvuri ganaT-leba (istoriuli mimoxilva) pirveli dualuri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis skola daarsda deidis

qaunTiSi, floridaSi gadasaxlebaSi

myofi kubelebis mier 1963 wels. me-20

saukuneSi kidev 14-ma dualurma

bilingvuri ganaTlebis skolam

daiwyo funqcionireba deidis

qaunTiSi. es ganpirobebuli iyo im

faqtiT, rom ivaraudeboda kubelTa

male dabruneba samSobloSi (kastros

reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg).

Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovani iyo, maT

SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi mSobliuri

ena. adgilobrivi inglisurenovani

bavSvebic swavlobdnen am skolebSi,

rac ganpirobebuli iyo mSoblebis

surviliT, maT Svilebs SeeswavlaT

ucxo ena. me-20 saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan daiwyo dualuri

bilingvuri ganaTlebis programebis

aRzeveba, gansakuTrebiT ki 1989

wlidan gaizarda maTi raodenoba. 25

Statsa da kolumbiis disTriqTSi 297

bilingvuri skola funqcionirebda. am

skolebis 94%-Si swavlebis ena iyo

espanuri / inglisuri, Tumca sxva

enebis kombinaciebic gvxvdeboda.

kerZod: franguli / inglisuri, Cinuri

/ inglisuri, koreuli / inglisuri,

navaro / inglisuri (beikeri 2010).

dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi arsebobs dualuri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis daaxloebiT 300 saxeoba.

Tumca, gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,

arsebobs ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi, romlebic saerToa yvela

dualuri programisTvis. amerikul

dualur bilingvur programebs

Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aqvs

(ginesii da gandara, 1999; linholm-

leari, 2001):

(1) umciresobaTa ena gamoiyeneba

swavlebis enad sul mcire sagnebis

50%-Si eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi;

(2) swavlebis konkretul monakveTSi

mxolod erTi ena gamoiyeneba,

swavleba unda Tanxvdebodes

moswavlis enobriv kompetencias,

magram, amave dros, unda iyos

moswavlis motivaciis gasazrdeli da

gamomwvevi, ena iswavleba ZiriTadad

sagnobriv Sinaarsze dafuZnebiT;

(3) enobrivi umciresobis da

umravlesobis moswavleebi Tanabrad

arian warmodgenilni klasSi da

integrirebulni arian TiTqmis yvela

gakveTilze.

(4) moswavleebi srulyofilad eufle-

bian orive saswavlo enas.

(5) moswavleebis miRwevebi inglisur

enaSi yvela moswavlisTvis utoldeba

an aWarbebs im moswavleTa dones,

romlebic mxolod inglisurad swav-

loben.

saerTo maxasiaTeblebis da

msgavsi orientirebis arsebobis

miuxedavad, dualuri ganaTlebis

programebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT

gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. arsebobs

gansxvavebuli modelebi da am mod-

elebis ganxorcielebis gzebi.


22

sazogadod, eqspertebsa da

dargis specialistebs Soris miR-

weulia SeTanxmeba dualuri ganaT-

lebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT,

Tumca, aseTive SeTanxmeba ar arsebobs

saxelwodebasTan mimarTebiT. amitom

gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli saxelwode-

bebi, romlebic, saboloo jamSi, er-

Tiandeba dualur bilingvur ganaT-

lebaSi (kroufordi, 2004).

dualuri enobrivi ganaTleba;

dualuri imersia;

ormxrivi bilingvuri ganaT-

leba;

gamamdidrebeli ganaTleba;

ormxrivi imersia.

am saxelwodebebidan SesaZle-

belia avarCioT dualuri gamam-

didrebeli ganaTleba. termin ,,gamam-

didreblis~ CarTva am SemTxvevaSi

mniSvnelovania, radgan kidev erTxel

keTdeba aqcenti dualuri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis upiratesobaze. aRniSnuli

upiratesobebi moicavs Semdegs.

moswavleze orientirebuli

swavleba;

saswavlo procesSi 2 enis gamo-

yeneba;

ormagi wignierebis miRweva or

enaSi;

proeqtebsa da aRmoCenebze da-

fuZnebuli swavleba.

moswavleebis mxridan maRali

TviTSegnebisa da sakuTari Ta-

vis rwmenis gamoxatva;

gansxvavebuli kulturebis pa-

tiviscema;

mSoblebis maRali CarTuloba;

umaRlesi moTxovnebi –

maswavleblebis, administrato-

rebis, moswavleebisa da

mSoblebis mxridan;

ormagi wignierebis sargeb-

lianobis da efeqturobis

aspeqtebi, romlebic dadgenilia

tvinTan dakavSirebuli kvle-

vebis Sedegad.

enebs Soris drois

gadanawileba gansxvavebulia sxva-

dasxva skolasa da sxvadasxva

modelSi, magram ZiriTadad gavr-

celebulia 50:50-ze da 90;10-ze modeli.

90:10-is modelSi 90% iswavleba

umciresobaTa enebze sabavSvo baRsa

da pirvel klasSi, xolo Semdeg

izrdeba umravlesobis enis xvedriTi

wili, ise, rom dawyebiTi skolis

maRal klasebSi swavlebis enebis

Tanafardobam 50:50-s miaRwios. am

SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebi inglisuri

enis formalur swavlas iwyeben me-3

klasidan, xolo manamde isini ingli-

surs araformalurad swavloben.

50:50-is modelSi enebs Soris

Tanafardoba Tavidanve daculia.

Tumca, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

principia, rom sawyis etapze meti

yuradReba eTmoba umciresobaTa

mSobliur enas, xolo zeda klasebSi

aqcenti umravlesobis enisken gadadis

(beikeri, 2010). tomasis da kolieris

gancxadebiT (2002), 90:10 da 50:50

dualuri gamamdidrebeli bilingvuri

ganaTlebis modelebi aris is

modelebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

SesaZlebelia maRali enobrivi

unarebis ganviTareba Tanabrad orive

enaSi da agreTve yvela saganSi,

skolis damTavrebamde.

dualuri bilingvuri skolebi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis garda

gvxvdeba makedoniaSi, CineTsa da

samxreT okeaniaSi. dualuri

bilingvuri skolebi daarsda, rogorc

samSvidobo iniciativebi. bilingvuri

ganaTlebis samSvidobo daniSnuleba

asaxuli aqvs tankerslis Tavis

statiaSi ,,bombebi Tu bilingvuri

programebi?~'(2001). balkaneTSi gan-

viTarebuli ukanaskneli konfliqtis

fonze, bilingvuri ganaTleba

danaxulia, rogorc sxvadasxva enisa

da kulturis gaazrebis, eTnikuri

konfliqtebis daregulirebis seri-

ozuli instrumenti (beikeri, 2010).


23

dualuri bilingvuri ganaTlebis saqarTveloSi danergvis perspeqtivebi saqarTvelo warmoadgens eTnikuri

da enobrivi TvalsazrisiT mra-

valferovan qveyanas. ena danaxulia,

rogorc resursi da ara problema.

Cvens qveyanaSi enobrivi

TvalsazrisiT eTnikuri umciresobebi

namdvilad ar ganicdian mSobliuri

enis TvalsazrisiT SezRudvebs,

radgan maT aqvT saSualeba, iswavlon

skolaSi TavianT mSobliur enebze.

Tumca, integraciisa da CarTulobis

TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania qar-

Tulis (saxelmwifo enis), rogorc

meore enis codna. am etapze skolaSi

qarTuli enis saTanado doneze

swavleba / Seswavla ver xerxdeba.

swored amitom, Cveni saganmanaTleblo

sistema aqcents akeTebs bilingvuri

ganaTlebis danergvaze. mniSvne-

lovania, rom bilingvuri ganaTlebis

nebismieri programa moergos im

garemos, Tems da sazogadoebas,

romelSic igegmeba misi danergva.

agreTve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos

moswavleTa kontingenti. moswavleTa

kontingentis gaTvaliswinebiT, bilin-

gvuri ganaTlebis nebismieri prog-

ramis ganxorcielebis perspeqtiva

SesaZlebelia sami mimarTulebiT

ganvixiloT:

(1) araqarTulenovani mosaxleobiT

kompaqturad dasaxlebuli regionebi

(qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi),

sadac moswavleebi da Temic

ZiriTadad monolingvalia (somxu-

renovani / azerbaijanulenovani). am

SemTxvevaSi dualuri bilingvuri

ganaTleba klasikuri saxiT ver

ganxorcieldeba, radgan am programis

ZiriTad maxasiaTebel niSnad

miTiTebulia, rom enobrivi umci-

resobis da umravlesobis moswavleebi

Tanabrad unda iyvnen gadana-

wilebulni klasSi. Tumca, sadac

mosaxleobis 98% warmoadgens eTnikur

umciresobas, aRniSnuli balansis

miRweva SeuZlebelia.

dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, rom

dualuri bilingvuri ganaTleba 300-

mde gansxvavebul models moicavs.

dualuri ganaTlebis zogierTi

programa, romelic gavrcelebulia

CrdiloeT amerikaSi, `calmxrivi~

programebis (one-way programs) saxeliT

aris cnobili da Seqmnilia

specialurad monolingvali sazo-

gadoebisaTvis. magaliTad, amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi calmxrivi

dualuri ganaTlebis farglebSi,

inglisurenovani moswavleebi or

enaze swavloben: inglisurad da

iaponurad da sabolood xdebian

bilingvalebi. sxva tipis calmxrivi

dualuri bilingvuri ganaTleba,

romelic agreTve StatebSia gavr-

celebuli, mowodebulia inglisuris

Seswavlis msurvelTaTvis, iseTi

moswavleebisaTvis, romlebmac ukve

miaRwies kognitur ganviTarebas

TavianT pirvel enaSi _ espanurSi da

am etapidan paralelurad swavloben

inglisurad kurikulumis farglebSi.

aseTi programebi SemuSavebulia

geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan

im arealSi ar arian inglisurenovani

moswavleebi. msgavsi modelebi

misaRebi iqneba saqarTvelos

realobaSic eTnikuri umciresobiT

dasaxlebuli regionebisTvis, mxolod

Tavdapirvelad mSobliur enaze

swavlebis aqcentirebiT. igulisxmeba

90:10 swavlebis modeli.

(2) meore SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa

kontingentis TvalsazrisiT, mniSv-

nelovani iqneba iseTi skolebis

ganxilva, sadac gvaqvs Sereuli

seqtorebi, magaliTad, rusul-

qarTuli, rusul-somxuri. aseve

araqarTulenovani skolebi, romlebic

saqarTvelos did qalaqebSia

Tavmoyrili (Tbilisi, rusTavi). am

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, klasSi

warmodgenili iyos umciresobis da

umravlesobis enebze mosaubre

moswavleebi Tanabari raodenobiT.

magaliTad, rusul-qarTul skolaSi

SesaZlebelia, rom qarTulenovani


24

moswavleebisTvis da maTi mSob-

lebisTvis motivacia iyos rusulis,

rogorc erT-erTi farTod

gavrcelebuli enis, saTanadod

daufleba. aseT dros, rodesac

skolaSi ori seqtori funqcionirebs,

maswavleblebis problemac ar iqneba

da SesaZlebelia dualuri bilin-

gvuri programebis dagegmva da

ganxorcieleba. xSirad skolebSi

SeiZleba ara mTlianad safexurze,

aramed romelime klasSi xorci-

eldebodes bilingvuri programa.

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom

zogjer did qalaqebSi da Sereul

regionebSi skolaSi SeiZleba iyvnen

erTi romelime eTnikuri warmo-

mavlobis moswavleebi, Tumca _

enobrivad gansxvavebuli. magaliTad,

TbilisSi arsebul rusul an somxur

skolaSi SeiZleba moswavleTa

umravlesoba warmoadgendes eTni-

kurad russ an somexs, magram

zogierTs ufro metad hqondes

mSobliuri ena ganviTarebuli,

zogierTs ki _ saxelmwifo ena

(qarTuli). es SeiZleba gamowveuli

iyos Sereuli ojaxebis simravliT an

sabavSvo baRSi siaruliT. aseT

SemTxvevaSi misaRebi iqneba dua-

luri ganaTlebis danergva 50:50

modeliT, sadac moswavleebic gada-

nawilebulni iqnebian ara eTnikuri,

aramed enobrivi TvalsazrisiT.

dominanti / mSobliuri da dominanti /

qarTuli.

(3) mesame SemTxvevaSi racionaluri

iqneba, rom ganvixiloT umaravlesobis

skolebis warmomadgenlebi.

saqarTvelos swrafva

evrointegraciis procesebSi

CarTulobisken, mWidro

TanamSromlobis damyareba dasavlur

qveynebTan moiTxovs ucxo enebze

aqcentis gakeTebas. zemoT ganxiluli

iniciativebi, romlebic inglisur

enasTan dakavSirebiT xorcieldeba,

amis dasturia. rodesac vsaubrobT

multilingvur ganaTlebaze, saqarT-

veloSi igi yovelTvis asocirdeba

eTnikur umciresobebTan. Tumca, ratom

ar SeiZleba, rom Zlieri bilingvuri

ganaTlebis programebis danergvis

perspeqtivebi ganvixiloT umravle-

sobis moswavleebTan mimarTebiT.

ormagi wignierebis ganviTareba

qarTul da romelime prioritetul

enaze mniSvnelovani instrumenti

iqneba momavali Taobebis TviTrea-

lizaciisa da sazogadoebaSi Tavis

damkvidrebis mizniT. orenovani

saswavlo gegma Cveulebrivi sajaro

skolis moswavleebisaTvis fufunebas

warmoadgens. msgavsi saswavlo

gegmebiT sargebloben erTeuli,

ZviradRirebuli kerZo skolebi,

romelTa saswavlo gegma ZiriTadad

aris qarTul-inglisuri, romlis

farglebSic moswavleebi Tanabari

datvirTviT swavloben sagnebs orive

enaze. 2011-12 saswavlo wlidan yvela

skolaSi igegmeba inglisuri enis

Seswavla pirveli klasidan. amitom

momaval wlebSi ukve iqneba skolebSi

imis safuZveli, rom dainergos

dualuri bilingvuri programebi.

sabolood ki unda iTqvas, rom

ara mxolod dualuri, aramed

nebismieri bilingvuri programis

danergvisa da warmatebiT ganxor-

cielebisaTvis mniSvnelovania sami

erTgvari instruqciis gaTvaliswineba

da gacnobiereba:

mravalferovneba aris resursi

da ara problema.

meore enis Semswavlel mos-

wavleebs esaWiroebaT meti,

vidre mxolod saswavlo gegma.

meore enis SemswavlelTa

ojaxebisTvis Ria unda iyos

skola da isini maqsimalurad

unda iyvnen CarTulebi TavianTi

Svilebis ganaTlebis procesSi.


25

literatura

beikeri, 2006 _ k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi.

,,samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis

centris’’ 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema.

gomesi, 2006 _ Gómez. R, (2006). Promising Practices: Dual Language Enrichment For ELL Students K-12. The Texas Association for Bilingual Education .

gredoli, 2000 _ Graddol , D. (2000). The future of English? A guide to forcasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century.The British Council .

kroufordi, 2004 _ Crawford, J. (2004). Educating English learners. Los Angeles: Bilingual Educa-tion Services.

kuminsi, 1981 _ Cummins, J. (1981a) Age on arrival and immigrant second language learning in Canada. A reassessment. Applied Linguistics, 2, l32-l49.

nieto, 2010 _ Nieto , S.(2010). Language, Diversity, and Learning: Lessons for Education in the 21st Century.CAL Digests .

tabataZe, 2010 – S. tabataZe.ganaTlebis politikis axali iniciativebi samo-qalaqo integraciis konteqstSi da araqarTulenovani skolebi. mSvidobis demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 2010.

tomasi da kolieri, 2002 _ Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effec-tiveness for language minority students' long-term academic achievement.

haidegeri, 1982 _ Heidegger, M.(1982). On the way to language. Language Arts & Disciplines multilingvuri ganaTlebis programis debuleba, 2010, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa

da mecnierebis saministro.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro- http://www.census.gov/

ABSTRACT

Irina Bagauri

Language, diversity and learning from the point of view of ,,Dual Bilingual Education’’

The present article aims to introduce to the society three different views connected

with language: language as a problem, right and resource.Language a resource will be dis-cussed in context of Georgia. Also language as a resource represented as a promotional in-strument for bilingual education, and just considering of it the main subject of this article -,,Dual Bilingual Education’’ program is presented. The final part of the article includes the conclusion, recommendations, and analysis the future and possible perspectives of the imple-mentation of this program in Georgian reality.


26

irina SubiTiZe

bilingvizmis kognituri da socialuri upiratesobebi

abstraqti

statia exeba kognitur da socialur upiratesobebs, rac

bilingvuri ganaTlebis process ukavSirdeba. es aris sakiTxebi,

romlebic yvelaze metad ainteresebs bilingvuri ganaTlebiT

dainteresebul farTo sazogadoebas. yuradReba gamaxvilebuli

iqneba kognitur da socialur ganviTarebaze. SesavalSi mokled

ganvixilavT bilingvizmis arss, daniSnulebasa da statiis mizans.

ZiriTadi nawili Seexeba Teoriebs bilingvizmisa da kognituri gan-

viTarebis Sesaxeb, Catarebuli kvlevebis analizs; aseve, mokledD

mimovixilavT bilingvizmis socialur faqtors saqarTvelos kon-

teqstSi da daskvnis saxiT warmovadgenT, ra pozitiuri efeqtebi

axlavs kargad dagegmil bilingvur ganaTlebas da ra uaryofiTi

Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT araefeqturad ganxorcielebis

SemTxvevaSi. sakiTxi gaSlili iqneba ramdenime mTavari kiTxvis

irgvliv: Uori enis floba uSlis Tu ara realurad xels efeqtur

azrovnebas? azrovneben Tu ara ufro efeqturad monolingvalebi?

arian Tu ara bilingvalebi inteleqtulurad naklebad

ganviTarebulebi monolingvalebTan SedarebiT ori enobrivi

sistemis arsebobis gamo? ra socialuri upiratesobebi aqvs

bilingvur ganaTlebas saqarTveloSi?

Sesavali gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli, bilingvuri ganaTleba aris cxare debatebis sagani rogorc eqspertebsa da mecnierebs, aseve ubralod sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. bilingvizmi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konteqstSi gansxvavebuli mizne-bisaTvis. igi gulisxmobs kompetencias erTze met enaSi. ra Tqma unda, sakamaToa, ,,kompetenciaSi~'ra SeiZ-leba vigulisxmoT: enis codna akademiur doneze Tu ubralod komunikaciis unari. rTulia calsaxad ramis mtkiceba, radgan sakiTxi jer

kidev kvlevisa da kamaTis sagans warmoadgens. ase rom, bilingvizmi, rogorc misi Sinaarsobrivi, aseve praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, gamoi-yeneba sxvadasxva kuTxiT, sxvadasxva miznebisTvis. is SeiZleba damaxa-siaTebeli iyos rogorc indivi-debisTvis, aseve sazogadoebis garkveuli fenisTvis an mTlianad qveynisTvis. statiis mizania, gaacnos sazogadoebas bilingvuri ganaTlebis pozitiuri Sedegebi kognituri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, misi efeqturad ganxorcielebis Sem-TxvevaSi. mokled mimovixilavT


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bilingvizmis socialur aspeqtebsac saqarTvelos konteqstSi. sanam uSualod kognitur Teoriebsa da bilingvizmis upira-tesobebs ganvixilavT, umjobesia gavmijnoT, ras gulisxmobs bilingvizmi da ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben Semecnebis ganviTarebas. SevecdebiT, vupasuxoT kiTxvebs, romlebic istoriulad yvelaze xSirad ismis aRniSnuli Temis irgvliv: ori enis floba uSlis Tu ara xels efeqturad azrovnebas? SeuZliaT Tu ara monolingvalebs ufro meti informaciis aTviseba bilingvalebTan SedarebiT? aris Tu ara naklebad inteleqtualuri bilingvali ori enobrivi sistemis arsebobis gamo? ganapirobebs Tu ara bilingvizmi socialur warmatebas? moyvanili iqneba argumentebi, romlebic gamyarebulia mecnieruli kvlevebis SedegebiT da visaubrebT im perspeqtivebze, romlebic SeiZleba hqondes bilingvals monolingvalTan SedarebiT multilingvur sazogado-ebaSi integraciisaTvis. bilingvizmi da kognituri ganvi-Tareba miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrs saubroben bilingvizmis SesaZlo dadebiT an uaryofiT Sedegebze, ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma savsebiT gafanta miTi, rom bavSvi, romelic erTze met enas eufleba paralelurad, verc erT enaSi ver aRwevs maRal akademiur Sedegs. piriqiT, kvlevebma daadastura, rom rac ufro patara asakidan xdeba bavSvi bilingvali, miT meti upiratesobebi aqvs SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (bialis-toki, 1991). magram warmateba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, maT Soris sworad SerCeul meTodikasa da kargad gaweril kurikulumze (diasi, 1985), socialur-ekonomikur garemoze, politikur viTarebasa da geografiul mdebareobaze, aseve, mSobliuri enis rolze meore enis swavlis procesSi.

bilingvizms swavloben mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebi: lingvistika, fsiqologia, ganaTlebis mecnierebebi da sxv.; mas mWidro kavSiri aqvs iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan, rasac pirovnebis kognituri ganviTareba hqvia; bilingvizmi xels uwyobs vizualur-sivrciTi unarebis ganviTa-rebas, SemoqmedebiTobis, analitikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebas da ar zRudavs individis romelime mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas. kognitu-ri bilingvizmi damaxasiaTebelia individisTvis. gonebrivi monacemebi da SemecnebiTi unari, romelic saWiroa enebis asaTviseblad yvela pirovnebaSi individualuria da damokidebulia im enebis specifikazec, romlTa Seswavlac xdeba.. (hakuta da sxvebi, 1992).

kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriebi adreulma Teoriebma, romlebic amtkicebdnen monolingvizmis upi-ratesobas, safuZveli daudo balansisa da sacavebis Teoriebs, romlebic bilingvizmis negatiur gaazrebas efuZneboda. TandaTanobiT, Tanamedrove kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, ganviTarda zRvruli donis Teoria, romelic bilingvizms pozitiur konteqstSi ganixilavs kognitur ganviTarebasTan mimarTebiT. statiis am nawilSi mokled mimovixilavT am Teoriebsa da maT dadebiT an uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebs. ,,balansis~ / `sasworis~ Teo-riaSi'' ori sxvadasxva ena Sedarebulia sasworis TefSebTan. erT-erTis damZimeba xdeba meoris xarjze, anu roca erT enaSi aRwevs pirovneba garkveul warmatebas, es xdeba meore enis dakninebis safuZvelze. misi alternatiuli Teoriaa e.w. ,,sacavebis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, monolingvalis TavSi aris erTi savse sacavi (rezervuari), xolo bilingvalis TavSi _ ori naxevrad carieli. Tu erTi gaivseba, maSin meore carieldeba (ziarWurWlis principiT)...Ees warmod-genebi ar iyo gamyarebuli realuri kvlevebiT, ufro metic, rogorc mogvianebiT bialistoki aRniSnavda,


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,,milionobiT adamiani izrdeba garemoSi, sadac ori an meti ena gamoiyeneba da araviTari travma amis gamo ar gaaCniaT~''(bialistoki, 2001, gv. 59). arsebobs kidev erTi mizezi, ris gamoc es Teoriebi SeiZleba miviCnioT usafuZvlod. misi momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom enebi tvinSi mkacrad arian gancalkevebuli, maSin, roca enobrivi niSnebi dakav-Sirebulia kognitur sistemasTan da erTi enidan codna swrafad transformirdeba meore enaSi (beikeri 2010). meore enis Semswavlels ar sWirdeba ZiriTadi enobrivi struqturis xelaxla aTviseba, mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia is unarebi, rac werisTvis an kiTxvisTvisaa saWiro, gadaitanos meore enaSi; ubralod, sagnebsa da movlenebs gamoxatavs sxvadasxva simboloebiT. umniSv-nelovanesia mSobliur enis roli da akademiuri warmatebac, romelic xSirad ganapirobebs meore enaSi miRweul Sedegebs. mogvianebiT kuminsma (1980a, 1981a) erTiani codnis modelze dafuZnebiT, ganaviTara ,,aisbergis Teoria~, romlis mixedviT, gonebaSi gan-Tavsebuli enebi SeiZleba SevadaroT or aisbergs, romelTac wylis qveS aqvT erTi Ziri, safuZveli. Cven ki SegviZlia davinaxoT mxolod misi wylis zedapirze xiluli nawili (beikeri, 2010). Ees Teoria, winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT, araerTi kvleviTa da eqsperimentiTaa ganmtkicebuli, rac mis validobas eWvqveS ar ayenebs. mniSvnelovania enebis codnis done, romelic gansazRvravs bilingvizmis pozitiur an negatiur gavlenas pirovnebis kognitur da socialur ganviTarebaze. mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom, rac ufro maRali xarisxiT flobs bilingvali or enas, miT ufro _ izrdeba kognituri ganviTarebis SesaZleb-loba (kuminsi da malkai, 1978, kesleri da quini, 1982, bialistoki 2001a.).

am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelo-vania kidev erTi, ,,zRvruli donis Teoria~' (taukoma da skutnab-kanjasi,

1977, kuminsi, 1976). Ees Teoria gulisxmobs bilingvizmis dayofas safexurebad enis flobis donis mixedviT, rac saSualebas iZleva, gansazRvro, rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios bilingvizmma individze. pirveli safexuri ukaviaT bavSvebs, romlebic arc erT enaSi ar arian Zlierebi. Sesabamisad, maTi kognituri ganviTareba SezRudulia. meore safexurze myofi bavSvebi erT enaSi arian kompetenturebi, xolo meore enaSi CamorCebian saswavlo process. maTi kognituri ganviTareba ar gansxvavdeba monolingvalebisgan. mesame safexurze arian sruli bilingvalebi, romlebic saswavlo masalas orive enaze Tavisuflad iTviseben, Sesabamisad, mxolod am safexurzea SesaZlebeli saubari bilingvizmis kognitur upirateso-bebze.

kvlevebi bilingvizmisa da kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

bilingvizmTan dakavSirebuli adreuli kvlevebis umravlesoba mxolod mis negatiur mxareebs warmoaCenda, radgan, bevri gauT-valiswinebeli mizezis gamo, es kvlevebi aravaliduri iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi, gauTvaliswinebuli iyo iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi, rogoricaa: kvlevis meTodologia (cdispirTa SerCeva ara moxerxe-bulobis, aramed SemTxveviTobis principiT) identuri fokus-jgufebis SerCeva (rac gulisxmobs gonebrivi da fizikuri monacemebis, socialuri statusis, asakis, sqesis, skolis tipis gaTvaliswinebas), geografiuli mde-bareoba, garemo da konteqsti sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad iyo ugulebelyofili. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevebi ar asaxavda realobas da ar iZleoda Sedegis mTel populaciaze ganzogadebis saSualebas. MmagaliTad, me_19 saukunis dasawyisSi, uelsis soflebSi bilingvalebisa da monolingvalebis inteleqtis gasazo-mad, Catarda kvlevebi, romelsac testirebis safuZvelze unda gaezoma bilingvalebisa da monolingvalebis inteleqti. Catarebuli kvlevebiT


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dadginda monolingvalebis upirate-soba bilingvalebTan SedarebiT. magram aRniSnul kvlevaSi iyo daSvebuli bevri xarvezi, maT Soris _ testirebis ena. bilingvalebma testi daweres meore enaze da monolingvalebma _ mSobliur enaze. testi am SemTxvevaSi bilingva-lebisTvisac aucileblad mSobliur enaze unda yofiliyo. garda amisa, sakamaToa TviTon termini ,,inteleqti~'' da misi gazomvis meTodebic. ase rom, miRebuli Sedegidan daskvnis gakeTebis da, miT umetes, ganzogadebis ufleba ar iyo mizanSewonili (beikeri, 2010). A arsebobda aseve SiSi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo adreul bilin-gvalTan, rac, kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelgvar safuZvels moklebulia. mTavaria, bavSvi informacias iRebdes erTi wyarodan mudam erTsa da imave enaze da es araviTar negatiur gavlenas ar axdens mis ganviTarebaze - piriqiT. magaliTisTvis, warmovidginoT ojaxi, sadac mSoblebi iyeneben sxvadasxva enas komunikaciisTvis da surT, maTi Svili iyos bilingvali. bavSvs arasodes ar aereva erTmaneTSi enebi, Tu mSoblebi mudam erT enaze daamyareben masTan komunikacias, (mag: qarTul enaze mosaubre deda mudam qarTulad unda mimarTavdes Svils, xolo rusulenovani mama _ mudam rusulad). A aris SemTxvevebi, roca bilingvali bavSvebi SedarebiT gvian iwyeben metyvelebas, Cndeba SiSi, rom SesaZloa es iyos im multilingvuri garemos Sedegi, sadac bavSvi izrdeboda. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli garemo gavlenas axdens bavSvis fsiqikaze, magram ara uaryofiTs. warmovidginoT, roca adamiani or saxls erTdroulad aSenebs, ra Tqma unda, gacilebiT meti dro sWirdeba, vidre erTis aSenebisas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom mTeli cxovreba usaxlkarod iqnebiT... roca aaSenebs _ eqneba ori erTis nacvlad. ar aris aucilebeli, Zalian swrafad aaSenos, mTavaria, aSenebuli iyos mtkice da komfortuli Senoba, sadac Taobebi SeZleben cxovrebas... asea bavSvebSic:

roca bavSvi izrdeba multilingvur garemoSi, gacilebiT meti dro sWirdeba ametyvelebisaTvis, vidre monolingvals, magram is mTeli cxovreba sargeblobs sociumSi upiratesobiT da prestiJiT, misi karieruli winsvla advilad SesamCnevia monolingvalTan Seda-rebiT. amJamindeli kvlevebi amtkiceben, rom semantika monolingvalebSi ufro ganviTarebulia, radgan bilingvalebs sWirdebaT dro ori enidan Sesabamisi sityvis arCevisaTvis, aseve axasiaTebT erTgvari ,,enobrivi waborZike-ba'(golani da sxvebi, 2002), magram arc erTi es faqtori ar ukavSirdeba kognitur ganviTarebas da ar amtkicebs monolingvalebis upira-tesobas. ,,sityvaTa gamoxmobis'' siswrafes araviTari mniSvneloba ar eniWeba yoveldRiuri funqcionirebi-saTvis (beikeri, 2010); piriqiT, bilingvalebs aqvT ufro moqnili goneba, ufro abstraqtulad azrovnebis unari, met yuradRebas uTmoben azris formirebas da ar arian aqcentirebulni sityvebze (lamberti da pilma, 1962). am kvlevebma saTave daudo axal debatebsa da kvlevebs bilingvur ganaTlebasa da kognitur ganviTarebaze, romlebmac sabolood daamsxvria miTi monolingvalebis upiratesobaze bilingvalebTan SedarebiT. lanko-uoralma (1972) Seiswavla sityvis JReradobisa da misi gancalkevebis sakiTxi 30 afrikul-inglisur enaze mosaubre bavSvze dakvirvebiT. monolingvali da bilingvali bavSvebis SerCeva moxda maTi asakis, sqesis, socialuri klasisa da statusis gaTva-liswinebiT. adrindeli kvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, am kvlevaSi zedmiwevniT iyo daculi kvlevis meTodika, amitom miRebuli Sedegi gacilebiT sando iyo, vidre misi winamorbedi kvlevebisa. bavSvebs miewodaT sami

sityva Cap (`qudi~) Can (`SeiZleba~) Hat (`qudi~). sityvebi unda daewyoT msgavsebis mixedviT. Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Svidi wlis asakidan pasuxebSi monolingvalebsa da bilingvalebs


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Soris araa gansxvaveba, xolo 4-dan 6 wlamde asakis bavSvebi yuradRebas aqceven sityvis mniSvnelobas da ise ajgufeben, xolo bilingvalebi _ JReradobis mixedviT. gakeTda daskvna: bilingvalebi ori sami wliT uswreben monolingvalebs semanti-kuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT (beikeri 2010). kidev erTi masStaburi kvleva bilingvalebis upiratesobis dasad-genad Catarda 1992 wels. kvleva iyo saerTaSoriso, rac kidev ufro zrdis mis mniSvnelobas. kvlevaSi mona-wileobdnen bavSvebi malaiziidan, aRmosavleT evropidan, kanadidan, singapuridan, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan, meqsikidan, bavSvebi inglisurTan erTad swavlobdnen germanul, Cinur, holandiur, berZnul, frangul, ukrainul, italiur enebs. enebisa da qveynebis mravalferovneba mniSvnelovani iyo kvlevisaTvis, rac mas gacilebiT masStabursa da sandos xdida (beikeri 2010). kvlevam kidev erTxel ganamtkica hipoTeza, rom bilingvali bavSvebi gacilebiT SemoqmedebiTad azrovneben da gacilebiT uswreben kognituri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT maT Tanatol monolingval bavSvebs. bilingvalebs ufro moqnili da analitikuri enobrivi unarebi aqvT. srulyofilad Catarebuli kvlevebi maT aSkara upiratesobaze miuTiTeben. socialuri bilingvizmi saqarTvelos konteqstSi kognitur ganviTarebasTan erTad, sainteresoa bilingvizmis socialuri aspeqtebic. sakiTxi metad farTo da mravalmxrivia, amitom statiaSi ganvixilavT mokled, saqarTve-losTan mimarTebiT bilingvizms, rogorc socialuri warmatebis erT-erT aucilebel faqtors. socialuri bilingvizmi dakav-Sirebulia individis RirebulebaTa sistemasTan, rac gansazRvravs mis adgils sazogadoebaSi. mniSvne-lovania, rogor SeZlebs individi enobrivi niSnebis gamoyenebas konkretul situaciaSi, konkretul sociumSi (hakuta da sxvebi 1992).

socialuri bilingvizmis Ses-wavlis sagans warmoadgens enis roli sazogadoebasTan mimarTebiT. ena mniSvnelovania, rogorc socialuri warmatebis erT-erTi faqtori. bilingvuri ganaTleba aris raRac mTlianis erTi nawili; Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania mTlianad enobriv TemSi arsebuli situaciis analizi, sadac bilingvuri ganaTleba xorcieldeba. E enobrivi mdgomareoba arasodesaa stabiluri. Eenis statusi (ramdenad mniSvnelovania konkretuli ena mocemul momentSi) TavisTavad moqmedebs sociumSi misi rolis

mniSvnelobaze. mag: XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi rusuli enis codna aucilebeli iyo socialuri prestiJis mosapovebelad. es exebodaT rogorc umravlesobis, ise umciresobis warmomadgenlebs. TandaTanobiT rusuli inglisurma Caanacvla (ladaria, 2002). dRes mdgomareoba radikalurad gansxva-vebulia. qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis swavla eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis aramarto prestiJuli, aramed warmatebuli momavali cxovrebis garantiaa. B bolo periodSi qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis mimarT gazrdilma socialurma moTxovnam, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi araqarTulenovani mosax-leobisaTvis, qarTuli ZiriTadi enis kategorias miakuTvna, mimdinare reformebi, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela moqalaqisaTvis qarTuli iyos gamoyenebuli swavlebis enad, samsaxureobrivi uflebamosilebis SesrulebisTvis, rac maT daexmarebaT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, agrZno-binebs Tavs qveynis srulfasovan moqalaqed da mis kuTvnil adgils miuCens sazogadoebaSi. saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri

qveyanaa, sadac ramdenime eri, kultura da religia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

Tanaarsebobs. amitom umciresobebis ganaTleba da integracia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebiT ukanasknel periodSi gaaqtiurda intensiuri muSaoba am mimarTulebiT. maTi integraciisTvis


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da socializaciisTvis mravali mniSvnelovani cvlileba xorci-eldeba, rac eTnikuri umci-resobebisTvis ,,qarTulis, rogorc meore enis'' swavlasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli. Aam mizniT saqarTvelos masStabiT SeirCa 40 sapilote skola qvemo qarTlSi, javaxeTsa da TbilisSi, sadac 2009 wlidan mimdinareobs bilingvuri ganaTlebis pilotireba. proeqti miznad isaxavs, erTi mxriv, eTnikuri umci-resobebisTvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebiT sazogadoebaSi integ-racias, meore mxriv, xels uwyobs SeinarCunon da ganaviTaron mSob-liuri ena da kultura. saqarTveloc ar aris gamonaklisi da arsebobs garkveuli riskfaqtorebi, rom eTnikurma umciresobebma dakargon sakuTari mSobliuri ena da mxolod qarTuli iswavlon, an verc qarTuli iswavlon da mSobliuri enis codnis donec gauaresdes. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es damokidebulia ganaTlebis politikis sworad warmarTvaze. programis sworad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, upiratesoba gacilebiT meti iqneba, radgan isini SeZleben srulfasovani umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas, dasaqmebasa da sociali-zacias sazogadoebaSi. daskvna statiaSi ganvixileT bilingvizmis roli kognituri da socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc Tanamedrove kvlevebidan Cans, bilingvizmi mxolod pozitiurad moqmedebs adamianebis ganviTarebaze,

misi efeqturad ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi. dRevandel epoqaSi yvela gza warmatebuli karierisken bilin-gvur ganaTlebaze gadis, radgan is uzrunvelyofs mravalmxriv ganviTa-rebuli, inteleqtualuri, Tavisu-fali, SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis Camoyalibebas. albaT Zalian cota adamians Tu warmoudgenia cxovreba dRes an momavalSi erT enaze molaparake msoflioSi, swored amitom izrdeba dRiTidRe bilingvuri ganaTlebis roli da upiratesoba. amis paralelurad, arsebobs safrTxe, radgan araefeqturad dagegmil da ganxorcielebul programebs SesaZ-loa ukuSedegic hqondes. skolis administaratorebs da ganaTlebis politikis Semqmnelebs mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva hmarTebT programis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi, radgan warmatebas ganapirobebs sworad SerCeuli kadrebi, meTodika, qveynis da kulturis Taviseburebebis gaTva-liswineba saswavlo procesis dagegmvisas... meore enis specifika, sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad, mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs bilingvuri ganaTlebis pozitiur Sedegs. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovania, sworad daigegmos da ganxorcieldes bilingvuri ganaTlebis procesi, moxdes monitoringi Sesabamisi samsaxurebidan, saswavlo procesi daigegmos samarTlianad Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seiqmnas Sesabamisi saswavlo masalebi, momzaddnen kadrebi, raTa Sedegi iyos pozitiuri.


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literatura

beikeri, 2010 _ k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi. samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis centris 2010 wlis qarTuli versia.

ladaria, 2002 _ n. ladaria, sociolingvistika; Tbilisi, 2002. bialistoki, 1999 _ Bialystok, E. 1999 ., Cognitive and Linguistic Processing in the Bilin-

gual Mind hakuta, 1987 _ Hakuta K, Bernardo M. Ferdman and Refael M. Diaz, 1987., Bilingualism and

Cognitive Development, Three Perspectives. hakuta, 1992 _ Hakuta, K & D’ Andrea, D., 1992, Some properties of bilingual Maintenance

and Loss in Mexican Background high-school students. Applied Linguistics 13 (1), 72-99. bialistoki, 2010 – kognituri da lingvisturi damuSaveba bilingvur az-

rovnebaSi; http://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/cd/19_1_inpress/Bialystok _final.pdf

ABSTRACT

Irina Shubitidze Benefits of Cognitive and Social Bilingualism

The article is dedicated to cognitive and social advantages of bilingual education. These are the issues that most concerned to wide society. Our primary emphasis in this article is on cognitive and social development. The major goal of the issues is to demonstrate the great range of social and cognitive advantages of bilingual educa-tion. In the introduction will be discussed briefly bilingualism and purpose and goal of the article. The main part of the article is about theories of cognitive development and research analysis (both old and new research). Also there will be review of social aspects of bilingual education in the context of Georgia. Summing up what positive results will be in properly planned process and what are the threats if bilingual pro-grams will not be planned correctly. Two main subject will be discussed under the several questions: Does the ownership of two languages interfere with efficient thinking? Do monolinguals have more effective thinking quarters? Is the bilingual less intelligent then a monolingual because of a dual language system? What social advantages has bilingual education in Georgia?


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merab babuxadia

meore enis arasafexureobrivi swrafi swavlebis

meToduri Taviseburebani anu lingvisti gramatikis swavlebis winaaRmdeg

„ar ixmareb, ra xelsa xdi,

saunjesa dafarulsa?!“

abstraqti

ukanasknel xanebSi evropul qveynebSi ganviTarda enaTa swavlebis

meTodi, romelic farTod mkvidrdeba msoflioSi da romelic

Tanamedroveobis yvela standartsa da moTxovnilebas

akmayofilebs. winamdebare statiis mizania, xsenebuli meTodebi

movargoT qarTul realobas da enis _ `cocxali~ qarTuli enis

swrafi da efeqturi SeswavlisTvis gamoviyenoT. Tezisebis saxiT

gTavazobT winamdebare statiis mokle aRweras: SeviswavloT

frazebi da winadadebebi _ da ara sityvebi (saleqsikono

masalisTvis); araviTari gramatika _ mosmena ganuwyvetliv

(martividan rTulisken), siRrmisken _ da ara sifarTovisken,

ltolva. nel-nela, mravaljeradi gameorebiT mosmenilis

damaxsovreba; mosmena > sworad gageba > gameoreba >

avtomaturamde miyvana; miniteqstebis mosmena da daswavla;

msjeloba maTze awmyoSi, namyosa da myofadSi (gramatikis gareSe)

da samive pirsa da orive ricxvSi gadmocema (aseve _ samive

droSi); teqstebis kiTxva ara saxelmZRvanelodan, aramed

mocemuli enis kargad SerCeuli mxatvruli literaturidan;

mosmena ara xelovnuri audiomasalisa, aramed kasetebisa da

audiowignebisa _ aucileblad SemswavlelisTvis saintereso

Temebze...

ucxo enis swavlebis (swrafi

swavlebis) meTodikaSi mravali

pirvelxarisxovani saxelmZRvaneloa

dawerili, romlebic, xSir SemTx-

vevaSi, Tanamedrove standartebs

Seesabameba, Tumca, Cveni azriT,

garkveulwiad damuSaveba esaWiroeba

teqstebis SerCevis, anu praqtikuli

gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. amis

gasaRebia enis praqtikul gamo-yenebaze yuradRebis maqsimaluri

koncentrireba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi

Tsu-Si ucxoenovan studentebTan da

amJamad azerbaijanulenovan studen-

tebTan muSaobam am mxriv sakmaod

didi gamocdileba dagvigrova..

unda iTqvas, rom ramdenime

aTeuli wlis win gamocemuli


34

qrestomaTiebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi

adekvaturad ver pasuxobdnen

ucxoenovani studentebisa Tu moswav-

leebis moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebs,

radgan isini ZiriTadad mSobliuri

enis gramatikuli saxelmZRvanelo-

ebis qargaze iyvnen `gawyobilni~ da

gasagebicaa, rom mraval xarvezs

Seicavdnen am TvalsazrisiT. sul

ramdenime welia, rac am problemebze

nayofierad muSaoben da, Sesabamisad,

kargi originaluri Tu naTargmni

meTodikuri da praqtikuli

saxelmZRvaneloebi gaCnda. vfiqrobT,

maTi Semdgomi meTodologiuri

daxvewa-ganviTareba saqmes waadgeba,

rasac Cveni naSromi isaxavs miznad.

SevecdebiT, Tezisebad Camova-

yaliboT Cveni mosazrebebi:

Tezisi pirveli: radganac

qarTuli ena mdidaria afiqsebiT,

romlebic Tavisebur da sxva

enebisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul

Sesityvebebs qmnian, leqsikonis

Sedgena ucxoenovan studentebs ara

sityvebis, aramed frazebis CaweriT

unda davawyebinoT. magaliTad,

damwyebma studentma icis Tvla: erTi,

ori, sami, oTxi da ase Semdeg.

vekiTxebiT: ras udris erTs

mivumatoT erTi da mivumatoT ori?

umetes SemTxvevebSi pasuxi aseTia:

erTs mivumatoT erTi da mivumatoT

ori udris oTx-i... da aramc da aramc

- oTx-s! gramatikulad amis ganmar-

teba araefeqturia enis praqtikuli

moxmarebis kuTxiT, radgan gra-

matikuli struqturis gageba da

daswavla jer kidev ar niSnavs mis

praqtikul gamoyenebas. metic,

amgvarad naswavli winadadeba

motoruli metyvelebis mteria da

gabmul saubarSi ZiriTad damab-

rkolebladac ki iqceva xolme,

radgan studenti fiqrobs wesze da

ara warmosaTqmel Sinaarsze,. pirveli Tezisis mTavari

postulatia frazebi (an winadadebebi)

da ara sityvebi. iswavleT frazebi da

yuradRebas nu miaqcevT calkeul

sityvebs (igivea, rac sityva

konteqstSi). frazebis swavlisas sul

cotaoden gramatikasac swavlobT.

gramatika xom enobrivi sinamdvilidan

`amosuli~ wesebia?! is gvaswavlis,

rogor davalagoT es sityvebi

erTmaneTis mijriT sworad.

magaliTad, viciT, rom „is“ da

„miirTmevs“ erTadaa yovelTvis.

magaliTad, „is miirTmevs saWmels“

winadadebaSi ar SeiZleba zmnaSi „s“

CavagdoT - „is miirTmev saWmels“.

vimeorebT da vimeorebT „is miirTmevs,

is miirTmevs, is miirTmevs...“. es swori

frazaa. am SemTxvevaSi ar gvWirdeba

imis codna, es awmyoa Tu namyo,

pirveli Tu mesame piri. mxolod imis

codna gvesaWiroeba, rogor Tanmim-

devrobaSi arian isini erTmaneTTan.

amas ki rogor axerxebT? umoklesi da

usworesi gzaa frazebis Seswavla

mravaljeradi gameorebis gziT.

amdenad, rodesac aRmoaCenT axal,

TqvenTvis ucnob sityvas, is im

sityvasTan erTad amowereT da ise

SeadgineT leqsikoni. an mTlianad

winadadeba amoiwereT, an masSi

arsebuli Sesityveba da ara calke

sityva!

rodesac moubrundebiT Tqvens

leqsikons, gadameorebisas frazebisa

da winadadebebis upiratesobaSi

darwmundebiT. garda amisa, es enis

Seswavlis ufro mokle gzaa, radgan

Tqven ara calkeul sityvebs, aramed

sityvaTa jgufs euflebiT.

Tuki sityvebs cal-calke

SeiswavliT, es bunebrivi gza ar

iqneba, rameTu saubrisas calkeuli

sityvebiT ver SemoifarglebiT, aramed

mxolod sityvaTa jgufiT. Cven xom

frazebiT vsaubrobT? bavSvebic xom

mTel winadadebebsa da sityvaT-

mwkrivebs ismenen da ise alapa-

rakdebian xolme mSobliur enaze.

aramc da aramc maT calkeul sityvebs

aravin aswavlis. dasawyisSive ician,

ras niSnavs esa Tu is fraza da

SeiZleba ar uwyoden yvela sityvis

mniSvneloba, magram zustad esmiT


35

frazis Sinaarsi. mogvianod, ufro met

frazas euflebian da calkeuli

sityvebis mniSvnelobebsac gebuloben.

es gacilebiT mokle gzaa

calkeuli sityvebis dasaufleblad

da saukeTeso gza swrafi

metyvelebisa. rodesac saubrisas

dafiqrdebiT sityvebze, maSin Tqveni

metyveleba Seneldeba da mocemul

enaze arabunebrivadac imetyvelebT.

amis kargia magaliTia inglisuri

teqstis roboti wamkiTxveli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom is zustad

gamoTqvams TiToeul sityvas, mis mier

wakiTxuli gabmuli metyveleba

Sorsaa bunebrivi inglisuri

metyvelebisagan. amas iwvevs

arabunebrivi wyveta sityvebs Soris _

arada, aseTi pauzebi ara sityvebs,

aramed frazebs Soris arsebobs.

axali winadadebebis wakiTx-

visas frazebi mTlianad unda

amoiweroT. rodesac gadasameoreblad

miubrundebiT, Tqven isev mTel

frazebs gadaimeorebT da ara

calkeul sityvas. aTjer ufro

swrafad daeuflebiT enas. yvelaferi

gamoswordeba Tqveni gramatikis

CaTvliT.

meore Tezisia - nu iswavliT

gramatikas! meore (an ucxo) enis

dauflebisas es umniSvnelovanesi

wesia. daviwyoT iqidan, rom sabWoTa

saskolo sistema unificirebuli iyo

da wlebis ganmavlobaSi (sul mcire

me-5 an me-3 klasidan) iswavleboda

ucxo ena. vswavlobdiT uamrav teqsts

Tavisi gramatikiT, sityvebiT, magram

ra? Camodioda ucxoeli da masTan

saubarsa da komunikacias ver

vaxerxebdiT. ver vagebinebdiT da ver

vigebdiT (meti raRaa ucxo enis

codna?), anu skola mTavar amocanas

ver asrulebda da saWiro iyo

repetitorebi da wlebis ganmavlobaSi

individualuri muSaoba. aseve

grZeldeboda umaRles saswavlebleb-

Sic da Sedegi identuri iyo. amdeni

Sroma da energia da, rac mTavaria _

dro, wyalSi iyo Cayrili.

aqve unda gamovutydeT Tavs da

vikiTxoT - SegiZliaT Tu ara Tqvens

sasurvel enaze (inglisurze,

qarTulze da a.S.) gabmulad da

swrafad, iolad da avtomaturad

saubari? Tu ara, ratom? Tqven xom

enis aseTi floba gsurT? pasuxi

erTia - araswori gziT midiodiT da

ise euflebodiT mas.

sworedac rom gramatikaze

gakeTebulma metismetma aqcentma

moitana es Sedegebi. gamudmebiT

gramatikuli wesebis Seswavlam es

Sedegi gamoiRo. maswavleblebis

miTiTeba da davaleba aseTi iyo -

gramatikuli wesebi kargad unda

SegeswavlaT. Tqvenc iZulebulebi

iyaviT, amaze didi dro dagexarjaT

da am wesebiT gaZeZgili saxelmZRva-

neloebisaTvis drois xarki gageRoT.

amas meore cudi Sedegic axlavs.

adamianTa umravlesobas dResac sjera

gramatikuli wesebis didi mniSv-

nelobisa meore enis SeswavlaSi.

ratom ar unda viswavloT

gramatika? mravali Sroma mieZRvna

imas, rom gramatikis swavla

realurad aqveiTebs Tqvens

sametyvelo Cvevebs. iwyebT mocemul

enaze saubars da im gramatikul

wesebze fiqrobT, romliTac savse

gaqvT Tavebi. nacvlad imisa, rom

avtomaturad saubars SeecadoT,

gramatikuli wesebis gaxsenebas

cdilobT. es ukve aRaraa avtomaturi

metyveleba. ai ZiriTadi mizezTagani,

romlis gamoc ar SegiZliaT

avtomaturad imetyveloT. veRarc

iolad saubrobT da veRarc

avtomaturad.

weris SemTxvevaSi sakmarisze

meti dro gaqvT fiqrisa. SegiZliaT

nela an Zalze nela weroT.

sxvadasxva gziT gaasworoT Sec-

domebi: sakuTar Tavs gausworoT,

daixmaroT wigni, megobari an maswav-

lebeli. magram saubrisas, mogexsene-

baT, amdeni dro ar gaqvT. vinme Tu

SegekiTxebaT, is Tqvengan dauyovne-

bliv pasuxs moelis. darwmunebuli


36

unda iyoT maTTan saubarSi Tqveni

pasuxis sisworeSi.

maS, rogorRa viswavloT gra-

matikulad gamarTuli metyveleba? aq

gamosavali mosmenaSia. rodesac is-

menT, xvdebiT, sworia Tu ara mety-

veleba da ar fiqrobT, romel droSi

dgas esa Tu is winadadeba. ismenT

mxolod imas, Tu rogor JRers es wi-

nadadeba, sworad rogor warmoiTqmis

da rodesac alaparakdebiT, swor

gramatikul formas gamoiyenebT. es

erT-erTi gzaa swrafi, ioli da

efeqturi metyvelebisa.

mesame Tezisi yvelaze

mniSvnelovania - mosmena! ganusaz-

Rvreli raodenobiT mosmena uaRresad

mniSvnelovania da, amavdroulad, enis

efeqturad dauflebis uadvilesi

gzac. mocemuli Tezisebis siaSi mos-

menas pirvel adgils mivaniWebdi.

rusul enas Cven ara skolaSi, aramed

ezoebSi TamaSisas, kinoebSi, radiosa

da sxva sainformacio saSualebebiT

veuflebodiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom

skolaSi misi swavleba urigod ar iyo

dayenebuli.

ena Seiswavle yuriT da ara

TvaliT! rodesac saxelmZRvanelodan

swavlobT, gramatikul wesebs eufle-

biT. Sesabamisad, ufro meti gramati-

kuli wesebi mecodineba, vidre Tvi-

Ton, magaliTad, inglisels rom ar

uswavlia. inlisurenovani pirovneba

am wesebs SeiZleba yursac ar ugdeb-

des. isini, ubralod, bunebrivad

saubroben. maSasadame, saubrisas

gramatikul wesebze aravin fiqrobs,

rameTu amisTvis droc ar rCeba.

gramatikuli wesebi xSirad

wignis ramdenime gverds Seicavs. sau-

brisas maTze fiqri Zalian Sors wag-

viyvanda da es damabrkolebelic iqne-

boda. maSasadame, gramatikuli wesebi

ubralod ar muSaobs. maS ra muSaobs?

mosmena da mosmena, vidre is Zalian

ar gagviadvildeba da ar ava av-

tomatur doneze. es Zalian Zlieri

meTodia, ai rogor euflebian bavSvebi

enas - mosmeniT! ori weli da mosmeniT

enas idgamen...

bevrs aRizianebs is, rom

sworad ar saubrobs ucxo enaze. ma-

gram kargi metyveleba kargi mos-

menidan modis. oTxidan eqvs Tvemde

mosmenaa saWiro, mxolod mosmenaze

koncentrireba da nu idardebT

saubarze. Tqven SeZlebT amas, magram

nu daaZalebT Tavs. nu genaRvlebaT,

Tuki Secdomebs dauSvebT. eqvsi Tve

usmineT da usmineT. Tu ufro mets

mousmenT, kidev ukeTesi.

mosmenisas ori um-

niSvnelovanesi ram unda gvaxsovdes:

pirvelia, Tu rogor vusmenT. unda

darwmundeT, rom es martivi enaa. mini-

maluri sirTulis ena. Zalian gsurT

misi maqsimumis gageba. mokled, Tu

naxavT, rom mosasmeni masala gauge-

baria, Tavi daanebeT da moZebneT mar-

tivi. meorec, usmineT ganusazRvrelad

_ droSi ganusazRvrelad.

meoTxe Tezisia - Rrmad swavla.

es ena Sens nawilad aqcie. es erT-

erTi gasaRebia avtomaturi mety-

velebisa. avtomatur metyvelebaSi

daufiqrebeli saubari igulisxmeba.

araviTari Targmna TavSi, araviTari

gramatikuli wesebi. mxolod ila-

parakeT. nu fiqrob, nu cdilob, is-

eve, rogorc mSobliuri enis swavli-

sas ar gWirdeba amis mcdeloba. iq ar

grZnob siZneles. is ukiduresad ad-

vilia. ginda Tqva raime? Tqvi. aravi-

Tari fiqri. mTeli problema skolasa

da saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSia,

radgan sapirispirod gaswavlidnen

yvelafers. saxelmZRvaneloebSi bevr

rames swavlobdiT wesebTan erTad,

mraval saleqsikono sityvasa da

gramatikul wess. isini sakmaod

swrafadac aiTviseT da axla ki _

kargad arc gaxsovT. SeiZleba TqvaT

kidec, rom gramatika kargad iciT.

SeiZleba TqvaT, rom kargad flobT am

sityvebs. magram iciT Tu ara isini

sinamdvileSi? radgan, rodesac vambob

vici, vgulisxmob imasac, rom es

codna SemiZlia swrafad, iolad da


37

avtomaturad gamoviyeno. daufiq-

reblad SegiZliaT ucxo enis

gramatikis gamoyeneba? ise kargad

iciT sityvebi, rom avtomaturad ila-

parakebT? kvlav da kvlav, araviTari

dafiqreba, Targmna, fiqris Seyovneba,

pauza saubrisas. araviTari ucnauri

dayovnebebi.

amgvarad, es problemebi gaqvT

da asec unda iyos, Tqven xom skolaSi

(da umaRlesSic) swavlobdiT? ra kar-

gad euflebodiT saxelmZRvaneloebs

da fiqrobdiT, - ra swrafad vswav-

lob... SesaniSnavia, - da eZleodiT

cru TviTkmayofilebas. problema is

aris, rom Rrmad ar swavlobdiT da

es ar iyo realuri swavla. testebs

da gamocdebsac abarebdiT brwyin-

valed, magram ucxoenovanebTan sau-

brisas veRarafers axerxebdiT. an,

ukidures SemTxvevaSi - saSineli

aqcentiTa da sustad.

amdenad, avtomaturi saubari

gWirdebaT. rogor viswavloT Rrmad?

es iolia, magram mZlavri saSualebaa.

Rrma swavla mravaljeradi, ganusaz-

Rvreli raodenobiT gadameorebas

gulisxmobs. vfiqrobT, erTi gak-

veTili erTi kvira unda grZelde-

bodes. masSi 50 sityva unda Sevides.

mogecemaT erTi saubari an nawili

(mocemuli sityvebis odenobis gaT-

valiswinebiT - ar unda aRematebodes

50-s). Semdeg mogecemaT mini-

moTxroba/teqsti. masSic imave sity-

vebsa da frazebs imeorebT. imeorebT

da imeorebT. Semdeg saleqsikono gan-

yofileba geZlevaT, sadac imave sity-

vebsa da frazebs kvlav imeorebT,

imeorebT da imeorebT. arc moiwyenT,

radgan erTsa da imave sityvas

sxvadasxva situaciebSi moismenT,

sxvadasxvagvarad da sxvadasxva kon-

teqstSi... amitomac gWirdebaT regu-

laruli gameoreba. axali sityva-

fraza minimum 30-jer mainc unda mois-

minoT da gaigoT, rom daimaxsovroT,

Rrmad SeiswavloT da avtomaturad

gamoiyenoT metyvelebaSi. pirvel

rigSi vgulisxmobT maT mosmenasa da

sworad gagebas. da es manamde unda

gagrZeldes, vidre sabolood ar

gaRrmavdeba da avtomaturamde ar

dava. es araa mxolod mosmena, es

siRrmiseuli mosmenaa, kvlav da kvlav,

isev da isev mosmena. 20-jer mosmenis

Semdeg gegonebaT, rom araferi xdeba,

gavige, magram yvelaferi igivea. es

imitom, rom siRrmiseuli mosmenaa

saWiro. TiTqos Tavidan araferi

xdeba, magram uceb afeTqeba da sity-

vebi avtomaturad wamova... gasaocari

grZnobaa. es swored isaa, rac gWirde-

bodaT.

maSasadame, siRrmiseulad iswav-

leT da gaimeoreT. rasac moismenT _

imeoreT da imeoreT. yoveldRe

Svidjer da metadac.

mexuTe Tezisi meore Teziss

ukavSirdeba. gaxsovT, gramatika ar

gindaT-meTqi?

ra unda CavanacvloT mas, rom

sworad vilaparakoT? esaa mini-

teqstis/moTxrobis Sesaxeb Tvalsaz-

risi. mxolod Zalian mcire moculo-

bis ioli moTxroba. Cven mravali

sxvadasxva mosazreba unda movisminoT

am mini-teqstis garSemo. oTxi-xuTi

winadadebisagan Semdgari teqsti mra-

valjer unda movisminoT da

davrwmundeT, rom Tqven is gesmiT.

teqsti awmyoSia warmodgenili.

pirveli, rasac gavakeTebT, warsul

droSi gadaviyvanT. am versiasac kar-

gad gavigebT, Zalian bevrs movusmenT

da Zalian bevrjer gadavimeorebT. es

praqtikuli gramatikaa _ wesebisa da

Teoriis gareSe geZlevaT. gWirdebaT

mxolod is, rom mousminoT, gaigoT

maT Soris sxvaoba da imeoroT da

imeoroT. axla ukve gadavdivarT erTi

wlis Semdgomdroindel movlenebze

(momavali dro). es mesame droa ukve.

iwyebT samive versiis gadameorebas.

TvalnaTliv dainaxavT, rogor icv-

leba am moTxrobis TiToeuli versia.

Semdeg gadaviyvanoT sxvadasxva pirSi

da vaCvenoT, raoden icvleba erTi da

igive teqsti pirebis mixedviT

sxvadasxvanairad. ismenT da ismenT


38

maT gagebamde. araviTar SemTxvevaSi

ar ifiqroT romel droSia da romel

pirSi da a. S. ubralod moismineT da

gaimeoreT teqsti gasagebad. es ioli

da efeqturi gzaa. gramatikuli wese-

bisa da maTi gazuTxvis gareSe av-

tomaturad swavlobT gramatikul we-

sebs. amavdroulad darwmundebiT, rom

gamarTulad ilaparakebT.

meeqvse Tezisi Seexeba realuri

masalis gamoyenebas. ukve aRvniSneT,

rom Tavi unda daaneboT sax-

elmZRvaneloebis xelovnur teqstebs...

ras vgulisxmobT realuri masalis

gamoyenebaSi? esaa mSobliur enaze

mosaubre adamiani da is, rasac is

iyenebs realur metyvelebaSi. magali-

Tad, kargia, Tu bevrs ikiTxavT Sesas-

wavl enaze, magram saxelmZRvaneloe-

bis teqstebi ar ikiTxoT! darwmundiT,

rom is wasakiTxad advilia da Sesas-

wavl enazea dawerili, originaluria.

magram airCieT is, rac Zalian

gainteresebT. aseve, ar mousminoT ad-

amianebs, romlebic realur situacias,

dialogs TamaSoben, radgan es ar

aris normaluri, realuri ena.

mxolod bunebrivad mosaubre xalxs

usmineT, Tanac TqvenTvis saintereso

Temebze. audiowignebic SesaniSnavi

gzaa realuri enis mosasmenad,

mxolod usmenT wigns. kvlav TqvenT-

vis saintereso Temebze. isev da isev

imdenad advili unda iyos, rom unda

gagegebodeT TiTqmis asi procentiT.

mosmenam siamovneba unda moggvaroT.

Tu bavSvebis audiowignebis mosmenidan

daiwyebT, xom yvelafers ajobebs.

aqac unda iyoT darwmunebulebi, rom

gesmiT TiTqmis asi procenti. usmineT

da usmineT usazRvrod, vidre ar wai-

wevT win da gadadiT saymawvilo lit-

eraturis mosmenaze. aseve, usmineT da

usmineT usazRvrod, manam, vidre sak-

maod advili ar iqneba TqvenTvis da

gadadiT ufro rTul doneze. ukve

yurgaCveulebs SegeZlebaT mousminoT

axal ambebs, satelevizio da radio-

gadacemebs, uyuroT da mousminoT

filmebs da Souebs.

swored realuri, cocxali ma-

saliT daeuflebiT cocxal enas. sax-

elmZRvaneloebi oficialur enas ga-

ziareben da ZiriTadad weras Tu gas-

wavlian. saxelmZRvaneloebSi moce-

muli leqsika da stili mxolod

sawer enas Tu SegaswavliT. rodesac

usmenT cocxal enas da mas Seiswav-

liT, Tqven daeuflebiT im enas, ro-

melsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, nor-

maluri saubris dros viyenebT. es

swored isaa, rogoradac vsaubrobT,

realurad rogorc gamovTqvamT an vi-

yenebT sityvebs. es realuri gamoTqme-

bia.

amdenad, gvaxsovdes, mxolod

realuri masala da ara sax-

elmZRvaneloebi da kasetebze an CD

diskebze ganTavsebuli xelovnuri mo-

sasmeni masala. es saxaliso wesia,

romelic Tavs dagaRwevinebT rutinas

da iseT masalas gamogaZebninebT, ro-

melic gainteresebT. vaRiaroT, rom

saxelmZRvaneloebi araa saintereso.

metic, rogorc wesi, mosawyenia. maSa-

sadame, moZebneT realuri mosasmeni

da realuri wasakiTxi masala, ro-

melic gainteresebT da aucileblad

Tqveni donis Sesaferisi, rom gaigoT.

meSvide Tezisi mosmenilisa da

mis irgvliv dasmuli kiTxvebis

pasuxis gacemas Seexeba. Tu fiqrobT

realur metyvelebaze, ra xdeba

realur saubarSi? Cveulebriv masSi

mravali kiTxva da mravali pasuxia

mocemuli. iSviaTad xdeba, erTi pi-

rovneba saubrobdes da meore mxolod

ismendes. Cveulebriv, aseTi saubari

saurTierToa - erTi meores esaubreba

da piriqiT. erTi svams kiTxvebs da

meore gaiazrebs maT da scems

pasuxebs da ase grZeldeba gamudme-

biT, kiTxva-pasuxis reJimSi. saubari,

SekiTxva, pasuxi - ai realuri

saubari, rac gamudmebiT xdeba.

amavdroulad, rodesac yuri ismens,

goneba fxizldeba, gamococxldeba,

radganac SekiTxva pasiuri ar aris.

rodesac SekiTxvas ismenT, raRac unda

moimoqmedoT. gonebiT mocemul enaze


39

fiqrobT, gebulobT da pasuxsac mo-

cemul enaze iZleviT. es Zalze

mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, rom gavigoT

- enobrivi moRvaweoba Zalze aqtiuri

qmedebaa. Sesabamisad, aseTi aqtiuri

gziT unda SeviswavloT ucxo enac.

Tqveni goneba gacilebiT swrafad

muSaobs da gacilebiT swrafadve

swavlobT, rodesac bevr SekiTxvas

iyenebT. amisTvis ki viyenebT am

moTxrobebs. mosmeniT, rogorc aRv-

niSneT, unda usminoT da usminoT, ma-

gram axla cotaTi gansxvavebul rames

vakeTebT. vismenT da moTxrobebis

irgvliv dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxebs

vcemT. Cven vsvamT kiTxvebs teqstis

garSemo. Zalze bevr SekiTxvas, Se-

kiTxvasa da SekiTxvas. es imitom, rom

Sesaswavl enaze iazrovnoT. am Se-

kiTxvebiT swored amas SeiswavliT.

amiT SeiswavliT gamudmebul da

swrafad azrovnebas am enaze.

pirveli, rac gakeTdeba, SekiTx-

vebis dasma Zalian advili iqneba. esec

Zalze mniSvnelovania. Tu ase ar ga-

vakeTeT da rTuli SekiTxvebi davs-

viT, bevrsac ifiqrebT da es Zalian

gaiweleba droSi, Zalian neli iqneba.

Tqven nela iazrovnebT. SesaZloa

mSobliur enazec gadaxvideT da ise

TargmnoT da moifiqroT pasuxebi.

amitom, am moTxrobebis irgvliv da-

gisvamT uamrav SekiTxvas da swraf

SekiTxvebs, Tumca Zalian, Zalian iol

SekiTxvebs. imdenad advils, rom

dauyovnebliv gaigoT da Tqveni

pasuxic Zalian swrafi iqneba. siCqare

Zalze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia am

moTxrobebisa. pasuxis gacemisas erT

an or sityvas iyenebT. es yvelaze

mokle pasuxebia. ar gWirdebaT didi

winadadebiT pasuxi. ar dagWirdebaT

gramatikaze fiqri. saerTod, arc sxva

araferze ifiqrebT. Tqven gonebas

miaCvevT meore / ucxo enaze Zalian

swraf gagebas da saTanadod gascemT

pasuxs. gaigebT uswrafesad da isau-

brebT uswrafesad. amitomac migaCvevT

am gansakuTrebul teqstebs kiTxva-

migebis wesiT.

vimeoreb, kiTxvebi Zalian mokle

pasuxebs unda gulisxmobdes dasawy-

isSi. es umartivesi teqnikaa, magram

Zalze efeqturi. gansakuTrebiT maSin,

Tu ramdenime Tve moixmarT mas.

gasaocari Sedegebi moaqvs. TandaTan

Tqveni saubari aCqardeba da am enaze

daiwyebT azrovnebas. aRmoaCenT, rom

erT mSvenier dRes swrafad gebulobT

da ubralod laparakobT am enaze.

aRarc fiqrobT da aRarc TargmniT.

ismenT da saubrobT - gasaocari

grZnoba dageuflebaT.

rogor SevTxzaT aseTi

moTxroba an ambavi? Sesaswavl enaze

mosaubre valaparakoT da diqtofonze

CaviweroT. gamudmebiT vusminoT.

yovel jerze gesmiT SekiTxva da

Tqven pasuxobT. Zalze advilia, Tan _

efeqturi.

Cveni swavlebis meTodi da gak-

veTilebi mxolod realuri enis Ses-

wavla iqneba realuri konteqstiT am

Tezisebze dayrdnobiT. ra Tqma unda,

Cven mier SemoTavazebul gakveTilebSi

Tavmoyrili da mowesrigebuli iqneba

yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva... yvela

gakveTils eqneba moTxrobebi kiTxva-

pasuxiT. yvela gramatikuli Tanmim-

devrobiT, gramatikis wesebis gareSe.

yvelas eqneba saleqsikono ganyo-

fileba sityvebis gareSe - frazebiT

gadmocemuli. TiToeul maTgans eqneba

audio, mosasmeni masala realuri

metyvelebidan, romelsac mousmenT da

mousmenT...


40

ABSTRACT Merab Babukhadia

Features of Fast Methodological Teaching of Foreign Language (Why do you need the unusable covered treasure?

Or a Linguist Against of Grammar Teaching)

Will not be the original in our method, which was widely established in the world and satisfied all the modern needs and meet standards. We try to use them only in the modern Georgian language, in the study of Georgian language real quick and effective. This thesis is established in the form: learn phrases and suggestions, not words (for dictionary material) any grammar, reading constantly (from simple to complex) in this study eighty percent of thesis is given, to the depth and width, not to aspiration. Slow - by slowly recurring refrain heard multiple Remember. Re-peat 50-100 - yet. Hearing> understanding> repeat>to automatically speech; mini - texts reading and learning; discussion on them in the present, past, and who (in the grammar without the tell) and all three persons and transmission the number (as well as the three time); text’s question is not a textbook, but given from real texts of this language literature, not reading the text C-Ds, but the podcast, you will listen to audio-books interesting topics - just listen! But only big part of lis-tening material should understand that it will make interesting and attractive. Af-ter moving to a youth age, and more advanced (the only real texts). After radio and movies, the question around text and answers from easy to difficult, etc.


41

nino SaraSeniZe

Secdomebis analizi da maTze muSaoba enis

aTvisebis procesSi

abstraqti

enis Seswavlis procesSi Secdomebi xSiria. maswavlebelma aucileblad unda imuSaos maTze da ise dagegmos saswavlo procesi, rom yvela tipis Secdomaze moaxinos reagireba. statiaSi ganxilulia Secdomebze muSaobis gzebi da saSualebebi, gaanalizebulia is amocanebi, romlebic maswavleblis winaSe dgas. mniSvnelovania, rom Secdomebze muSaobam ar unda Seaferxos moswavlis metyvelebis procesi da ar unda Seuqmnas mas fsiqologiuri problemebi. amitom maswavlebelma sasurvelia, CainiSnos SecdomaTa tipebi, moaxdinos maTi klasifikacia, xolo Semdeg sxvadasxva aqtivobisa da savarjiSoebis gamoyenebiT imuSaos Secdomebze. statiaSi ganxilulia warmoTqmisa da zepirmetyvelebis problemebi da rekomendaciebi, gaanalizebulia gramatikuli Secdomebisadmi damokidebuleba da naCvenebia maTi daZlevis gzebi. aseve warmodgenilia weriT davalebebSi gamovlenil Secdomebze muSaobis efeqturi saSualebebi. statiaSi SemoTavazebulia savarjiSoTa is tipebi, romlebic maswavleblebs daexmarebaT problemis daZlevaSi.

enis Seswavlis procesSi Sec-

domebi gardauvalia. igi enis aTvise-

bis Tanamdevi movlenaa. Sesaswavl

enaze metyvelebis unaris ganviTareba

aucileblad iwvevs Secdomebs, rom-

lebic sxvadasxva faqtoriTaa ganpi-

robebuli: rTulia Sesaswavli enis

fonematuri struqturis srulad aT-

viseba da misi realizeba, sawar-

moTqmo aparatis morgeba axali enis

monacemebTan, aseve xdeba mSobliuri

enis yalibis meqanikuri gadatana axal

enobriv sistemaSi, an adgili aqvs

konstruqciis arasrulad aTvisebas

da miRebuli codnis arasrulfasov-

nad gadatanas praqtikaSi. es da sxva

mravali sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad

TvalsaCinoa saklaso muSaobisas.

rogor unda moiqces maswavlebeli?

reagirebis gareSe datovos Secdomebi

Tu meyseulad mianiSnos masze

moswavles? mxolod gausworos Sec-

doma Tu imsjelos TiToeul maT-

ganze? ra dro dauTmos Secdomebis

analizs? Semoitanos axali masala

Tu isev imuSaos im masalaze, ro-

melic jer kidev ar auTvisebia

moswavles ise, rom ar dauSvas Sec-

doma? yvela Secdomaze hqondes

reaqcia maswavlebels Tu mxolod

zogierTze an SerCeviT imsjelos Ti-

Toeulze? ra dro dauTmos Secdome-

bis analizs da rogor miawodos is

klass? individualurad unda moxdes

moswavleTa mier daSvebuli Secdome-

bis analizi Tu igi saklaso ganxil-

vis sagani unda gaxdes? _ es kiTxvebi

da maTze pasuxis gacema mniSvnelova-

nia saswavlo procesis srulyofilad

agebisaTvis da sagakveTilo procesSi


42

maswavleblis qmedebis sworad war-

marTvisaTvis.

pirveli da mniSvnelovani pi-

roba, romelic unda Sesruldes, aris

is, rom moswavle, romelic cdilobs

Sesaswavl enaze martivi komunikaciis

agebas da axerxebs Tundac elementa-

rul komunikacias, ar unda Sevaf-

erxoT; anu am SemTxvevaSi uSecdomo

metyveleba an Secdomebis analizi ki

araa mTavari, aramed is, rom Sesas-

wavl enaze metyvelebis survili ga-

vuCinoT enis Semswavlels / moswav-

les. es metad mniSvnelovani

fsiqologiuri faqtoria, radgan enis

Seswavlisas yvelas uviTardeba kom-

pleqsi imisa, rom igi arasworad an

arasrulyofilad gadmoscems azrs.

Tu maswavlebeli am SemTxvevaSi

yovel Secdomaze reagirebs,

sasurveli Sedegis nacvlad, rom

moswavlem gamarTulad ilaparakos,

SesaZloa sruliad sapirispiro

Sedegi miviRoT _ moswavles

daekargeba Sesaswavl enaze mety-

velebis survili.

aRsaniSnavia is, rom Secdomebi

mosalodnelia yvela doneze, magram

sxvadasxva doneze Secdomebi

sxvadasxvagvari iqneba. enis Seswavlis

pirvelive safexurze Cndeba sawar-

moTqmo problemebi. Sesaswavli enis

fonematuri struqtura erTbaSad

Zneli aRsaqmeli da warmosaTqmelia.

miT ufro, es exeba specifikuri

bgerebis sworad gamoTqmas. Semdgom

etapze Tavs iCens sxvadasxvagvari

gramatikuli sakiTxi. Secdomebi mud-

mivad vlindeba weraSi. yvela am sa-

kiTxs etapobrivad da mizanmimarTu-

lad unda damuSaveba. Secdomebze

muSaoba saswavlo procesis ganuy-

ofel nawilad unda iqces. enis swav-

lebisas Secdomebi gardauvalia, amde-

nad saswavlo procesis sworad

dagegmva gulisxmobs Secdomebze spe-

cialur muSaobas. amgvarad dagegmili

saqmianoba ki safuZveli gaxdeba, erTi

mxriv, enis komunikaciuri aspeqtis

ganviTarebisa, xolo meore mxriv, igi

ganaviTarebs da aamaRlebs enis

akademiuri flobis dones.

Secdomebze muSaoba warmoTqmaSi

sawarmoTqmo problemebi Tavs

iCens enis swavlebis pirvelive dRi-

dan, magram maTi gamosworeba mcire

droSi ar moxdeba, rac ar unda

gaZlierebuli da intensiuri muSaoba

Catardes am mxriv. enis codnis donis

amaRlebasTan erTad, sawarmoTqmo

problemebic mcirdeba, magram igi

yovelTvis SeiZleba darCes aqcentis

saxiT, anu srulyofilad swori war-

moTqmac verasodes ganxorcieldes.

ramdenadac es SeiZleba ganvixiloT

mkveTrad individualuri Tvisebebisa

da unarebis gamovlenad, amdenad, misi

srulad daZleva mxolod individis

SesaZleblobebs SeiZleba mivandoT.

zogierTi individi bunebrivi smenisa

da sxva unar-Cvevebis Sedegad enis aT-

visebis paralelurad axerxebs sawar-

moTqmo aparatis srulyofas da

uaqcento metyvelebas, zogisaTvis ki

es mudmiv maxasiaTeblad rCeba, Tumca

SesaZloa, misi enobrivi kompetencia

maRalic ki iyos. amdenad, sawar-

moTqmo problemebis analizisas unda

moxdes mxolod ZiriTad problemebze

aqcentireba. rogorc cnobilia,

bgeris umTavresi maxasiaTebeli misi

sityvaTganmasxvavebeli funqciaa _

bgeraTa CanacvlebiT SeiZleba mivi-

RoT sruliad gansxvavebuli

mniSvnelobis sityva. amitom enis

SemswavlelTan gansakuTrebulad unda

mieqces yuradReba amgvar problemebs

enaSi da masze specialurad Seiqmnas

savarjiSoebi, raTa sawarmoTqmo

problema ar gadaizardos enobriv

problemaSi. amisaTvis:

specialurad damuSavdes Sesas-

wavli enis fonematuri stru-

qtura enis Semswavlelis

mSobliur enasTan mimarTebiT

da gamoiyos gansxvavebuli

bgerebi; am bgeraTa gamoyenebiT

Seiqmnas winadadebebi da mcire

zomis martivi, araavTenturi


43

teqstebi, romlebsac gamovi-

yenebT rogorc sawarmoTqmo

miznebisaTvis, ise karnaxisa da

werisaTvis. yoveli nacion-

aluri jgufisaTvis unda gani-

sazRvros SecdomaTa mosalod-

neli tipebi. magaliTad,

Turqul da azerbaijanulenovan

moswavleebs, agreTve evropuli

enebis umravles warmo-

madgenlebs uZneldebaT qar-

Tuli enis yru mkveTr Tanx-

movanTa warmoTqma, rogorebi-

caa: p, t, k; rusulenovan enis

Semswavlels gauWirdeba yru

fSvinvierebis warmoTqma: f, T,

q. aseve rTulia afrikatebis (Z,

c, w, j, C, W) warmoTqma zemoT-

CamoTvlili enebis warmo-

madgenlebisTvis, magram somxu-

renovani moswavlisaTvis es ar

warmoadgens gansakuTrebul

problemas. qarTulisaTvis

specifikuria enisZirismieri y

Tanxmovani da misi sworad war-

moTqma xangrZliv, SesaZloa

dauZlevel problemadac ki

darCes qarTuli enis Semswav-

lelisaTvis. amdenad am prob-

lemebze aucileblad unda ga-

maxvildes yuradReba, magram

srulyofili warmoTqmis sur-

vilma ar unda Seaferxos enis

Seswavlis procesi da arc enis

Semswavlels unda gauCndes

iseTi ganwyoba, rom es

dauZleveli procesia. Tu Sec-

domebi ar cvlis sityvis

mniSvnelobas, maTze specialu-

rad yuradRebis gamaxvileba

arcaa saWiro, radgan amgvari

problemebi enobrivi kompeten-

ciis amaRlebasTan erTad Tan-

daTan Semcirdeba.

gamoiyos iseTi bgerebi, ro-

melTa araswori gamoyeneba ga-

moiwvevs sityvis mniSvnelobis

cvlas. qarTulisaTvis aseTia: p

- f: papa - fafa, piri _ firi,

puri _ furi, poni _ foni, paqti

_ faqti... T _ t: Tari _ tari,

Taro _ taro, TuSi _ tuSi... q

_ k: qudi _ kudi, qari _ kari,

qera _ kera, qula _ kula... c _

w: celi _ weli, curavs _

wuravs... C _ W: Ciri _ Wiri, Cala

_ Wala... g _ R: gori _ Rori,

gvari _ Rvari, gomi _ Romi, go-

nieri _ Ronieri... R - y: Ria _

yia, Rele _ yeli... da ase Sem-

deg. sasurvelia, enis Semswav-

lels sakiTxav da sawarmoTqmo

masalad winaswar mivawodoT

aseTi sityvebi, raTa man, erTi

mxriv, yuradReba gaamaxvilos

maT sworad warmoTqmaze da

meore mxriv, Tavad icodes mo-

salodneli Secdomis arseboba.

am sityvaTa gamoyenebiT

sasurvelia, Seiqmnas winadade-

bebi an mcire moculobis

teqstebi, romelTa gamoyeneba

SeiZleba sakiTxavad, smenisa da

gagebis unaris gasaumjobese-

blad, karnaxiT werisaTvis.

aseve mizanSewonili iqneba

Casasmeli savarjiSoebis mi-

wodebac, romlebSic Tavad unda

gansazRvros sityvis konteqs-

turi mniSvneloba da Tavad

unda SearCios mocemul sity-

vaTagan erT-erTi. aseve

mniSvnelovania specialuri miz-

niT Seqmnili audiomasalis mi-

wodeba an maswavleblis mier

warmoTqmuli calkeuli sityve-

bisa da teqstebis demonstri-

reba.

momzaddes specialuri savar-

jiSoebi sawarmoTqmo aparatis

dasaxvewad; amisaTvis SeiZleba

misaRebi iyos `enis gasatexe-

bic~, magram aq unda gaviTval-

iswinoT is, rom enis gasatexis

yvela sityva advilad as-

axsneli da gasagebi unda iyos

enis SemswavlelisaTvis.

swavlebis procesSi sasurvelia

maswavlebelma CainiSnos is

Secdomebi, romlebsac war-


44

moTqmisas uSveben moswavleebi

da Semdgom Seqmnas specialuri

savarjiSoebi maTTvis. amgvari

savarjiSoebis SesaZlo tipebis:

TvalsaCinoeba, romelzedac

moxdeba swori da araswori

formebis gamijvna (ra aris ga-

moxatuli suraTze), demon-

strirebaze dayrdnobiT gameo-

reba, simReris an leqsis audio-

Canaweris mosmena da Semdgom

moswavleebis mier imave teqstis

gameoreba... es ukanaskneli

SesaZloa xSirad Tavad maswav-

lebelma Seasrulos: mis mier

wakiTxul an warmoTqmul

teqsts imeoreben moswavleebi.

moiZebnos masala (leqsebi, sim-

Rerebi...), romlebic gamosadegi

iqneba sawarmoTqmo daniSnule-

biT.

aseve, didi mniSvneloba eqneba

multiplikaciuri da mxat-

vruli filmebis naxvas spe-

cialuri davalebebiT (magali-

Tad, kiTxva-pasuxi: ra Tqva am

gmirma? ra upasuxa meorem?...)

Secdomebze muSaoba zepirmetyvele-

baSi

rogorc ukve iTqva, maswavleblis

pirveli rigis amocanaa, rom ar Seawy-

vetinos moswavles metyveleba daSve-

buli Secdomebis gamo. magram amave

dros:

maswavlebelma unda CainiSnos

Secdomebi;

maswavlebelma unda moaxdinos

SecdomaTa klasifikacia;

unda ganisazRvros SecdomaTa

tipebi enis kompetenciis mixed-

viT, anu moxdes im sakiTxebis

gamoyofa, romelzedac

yuradRebis miqceva SesaZlebeli

iqneba enis flobis konkretuli

donisaTvis;

Seiqmnas specialuri savar-

jiSoebi, testebi mosalodneli

Secdomebis gamosasworeblad;

asakisa da enis flobis donis

mixedviT daigegmos samuSaoebi

klasSi Sesasruleblad (mas-

wavleblis saubari, specialuri

ganmarteba, axsna, analizi...)

gramatikul Secdomebze muSaoba

gramatikuli Secdomebis gamos-

woreba metad xangrZlivi procesia da

igi gansakuTrebul muSaobas moiTxovs

rogorc maswavleblis, ise enis

Semswavlelis mxridan.

maswavlebelma unda CainiSnos

yvela is Secdoma, romelsac moswav-

leebi uSveben zepirmetyvelebisas Tu

werisas. magram yvela Secdomis anal-

izi, bunebrivia, ver moxdeba erTbaSad,

radgan igi moiTxovs rogorc eno-

brivi kompetenciis garkveul dones,

ise gasaTvaliswinebelia asakobrivi

sakiTxic, radgan arsebobs SecdomaTa

meqanikuri da gaazrebuli daZlevis

gzebi. dawyebiTi klasebis moswav-

leebs sasurvelia mxolod swori

forma mivawodoT xSirad daSvebuli

Secdomebis sanacvlod da specialuri

analizis gareSe mivaRwioT maT ga-

mosworebas. asakobrivi da enobrivi

kompetenciis zrdasTan erTad Tan-

daTanobiT moxdeba enobrivi stru-

qturisa da enobrivi meqanizmebis

gaazreba da SecdomaTa safuZvlian

analizs mxolod am SemTxvevaSi eqneba

azri.

gramatikuli Secdomebis anal-

izisas mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu

ra iwvevs am tipis Secdomas. am

SemTxvevaSi ramdenime aspeqti unda

gaviTvaliswinoT: Secdoma SeiZleba

gamowveuli iyos mSobliuri enis

analogiT, radgan enis Semswavlels

pirdapir gadmoaqvs Tavisi enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli konstruqcia Sesas-

wavl enaSi; gramatikul Secdomebs

iwvevs enobrivi kompetenciis dabali

done, anu Sesaswavli enis struqturis

arcodna da enobrivi meqanizmebis

gauTvaliswinebloba.

rogor unda vimuSaoT gramati-

kul Secdomebze?


45

pirvel rigSi, unda moxdes

SecdomaTa klasifikacia, ma-

galiTad: Secdomebi piris for-

maTa sworad gamoyenebis sa-

kiTxSi, zmnis droTa formebis

warmoebaSi, Secdomebi zmnur

konstruqciebSi, anu zmnasTan

dakavSirebul saxelTa forme-

bis sworad gamoyeneba, rTuli

winadadebebis konstruqciebis

Sedgena Tu sxva tipisa...

sasurvelia Seiqmnas TvalsaCi-

noeba _ sqemebi, cxrilebi...

romlebic asaxaven rogorc

Sesaswavli enis Taviseburebebs,

aseve moaxdenen mosalodnel

SecdomaTa sapirispirod swori

formebis gaaqtiurebas;

unda Seiqmnas specialuri

savarjiSoebi TiToeuli sa-

kiTxisaTvis: Casma, swori

formis SerCeva, areuli Tanmim-

devrobis dalageba, zmnis, wi-

nadadebis, teqstis gadayvana

sxva drois / piris formaSi,

kiTxva-pasuxi pirTa formebis

gaaqtiurebiT, minidialogis

Sedgena mocemuli formebis ga-

moyenebiT, situaciuri TamaSebi

Sesaswavli formebis gamoyene-

biT, gamonaklisebze specialuri

muSaoba da ase Semdeg...

mocemuli formebis gamoyenebiT

winadadebebi an teqstis

Sedgena;

informaciis gameoreba da ax-

ali winadadebis / informaciis

damateba;

dialogis Sedgena mocemuli an

gansaxilveli formebis gamo-

yenebiT (wyvilebSi muSaoba)...

gramatikuli Secdomebze muSao-

bis erT-erTi efeqturi gzaa fun-

qciuri gramatikis sakiTxebis mi-

wodeba enis SemswavlelTaTvis. igi

gansakuTrebulad avlens gramati-

kis praqtikul daniSnulebas da

amave dros, aviTarebs enobriv kom-

petenciebs komunikaciuri situa-

ciebis mixedviT.

Secdomebze muSaoba weris

mimarTulebiT

weriTi davalebebi metad

mniSvnelovania rogorc uSualod

weris unar-Cvevis, ise zogadad eno-

brivi kompetenciis ganviTarebisaTvis.

weris procesi metyvelebasTan Se-

darebiT nela da pasiuri codnis

gaaqtiurebiT mimdinareobs, ramde-

nadac enis Semswavlels / moswavles

sakmarisi dro aqvs azris gadmosace-

mad mis mier aTvisebuli masalidan

gaazrebulad SearCios formebi. amde-

nad, werisas daSvebuli Secdomebi

saukeTeso indikatoria gaazrebuli

codnis doneze arsebul problemaTa

gamosavlenad. Tu weriT namuSevarSi

Secdomebi mravladaa, es aSkarad aCve-

nebs, rom enis SemswavlelisaTvis

garkveuli sakiTxebi jer kidev

dauZlevelia. amdenad, werisas daSve-

bul Secdomebze mizanmimarTulad

unda imuSaos rogorc enis Semswav-

lelma, aseve maswavlebelma.

weriTi davalebebis saxiT

moswavles SeiZleba sxvadasxva

samuSao mieces da TiToeuli maTgani

Tavisebur midgomasa da muSaobas

moiTxovs. upirveles yovlisa ki unda

aRiniSnos, rom didi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba weriTi namuSevris kargad gamo-

yenebas SecdomaTa analizisaTvis. ami-

tom maswavlebelma aucileblad unda

mianiSnos yvela Secdomaze, xolo

Semdgom gamokveTilad unda miuTiTos

swori forma an azris gamoxatvis

swori enobrivi saSualebebi. vi-

zualizaciis es xerxi kargi saSuale-

baa moswavlisaTvis sakuTar Secdo-

maTa gasaanalizeblad.

dawyebiT safexurze efeqturia

karnaxi, radgan igi avlens im prob-

lemebs, romlebic mosmenis, gagebis,

enis fonematuri struqturisa da or-

Tografiis gaazrebis dones avlens.

karnaxi kargad gamoavlens, ra prob-


46

lemebia bgeraTa aRqmisa da sworad

weris TvalsazrisiT.

weriTi davalebis erT-erTi

saxeobas warmoadgens winadadebebisa

da teqstebis Sedgena. am SemTxvevaSi

vlindeba gramatikuli problemebi,

rac aseve unda gaxdes Secdomebis

gasworebisa da analizi safuZveli.

rveulSi, specialur adgilze, gamok-

veTilad, umjobesia sqematurad da

TvalsaCinod, saTiTaod unda gamoik-

veTos yvela Secdoma swori variantis

CvenebiT.

metad efeqturi saSualebaa

moswavleTa mier Secdomebis gas-

woreba. amisaTvis rveulSi unda ga-

moiyos adgili Secdomebis gaswore-

bisaTvis, sadac moswavle Tavadve

dawers Secdomis sanacvlod swor,

gamarTul variants.

mokled, Secdomebis analizi

weris mimarTulebiT amgvarad

SeiZleba warmovidginoT:

karnaxi da misi analizi;

weriTi davaleba da misi anal-

izi;

naweris gasworebisas mieniSnos

yvela Secdoma swori formis

miTiTebiT;

gamoiyos specialuri adgili

Secdomebis gasworebisaTvis;

Seiqmnas specialuri davale-

bebi, teqstebi tipur SecdomaTa

gaanalizebisaTvis.

dasasrul, kidev erTxel mivu-

brundeT im SekiTxvebs, romlebic

daisva da sakiTxis gaTvaliswine-

biT maT mokled gavceT pasuxi:

amdenad, Secdomebi reagirebis

gareSe ar unda darCes, magram Ti-

Toeul maTganze dauyovneblivi

reagireba Seaferxebs moswavlis

metyvelebis process. amitom

sasurvelia, maswavlebelma CainiS-

nos Secdomebi, moaxdinos maTi

klasifikacia da Semdgom gaaanal-

izos isini. enis Seswavlis sawyis

safexurze SeiZleba mxolod

mieniSnos swori formis Sesaxeb.

aseve efeqturi iqneba TvalsaCinoe-

bebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sqemebis,

gamoyeneba. enobrivi kompetenciis

zrdasTan erTad ki sasurvelia

SecdomaTa analizi da maTze gark-

veuli msjeloba. SecdomaTa

klasifikaciis Semdeg maswavle-

belma enis aTvisebis procesSi

TandaTanobiT unda gaaanalizos

Secdomebi da igi etapobrivad mia-

wodos klass. araa aucilebeli

Secdomebis analizs mTeli sagak-

veTilo procesi daeTmos, an gark-

veuli TanamimdevrobiT moxdes

maTze msjeloba. piriqiT, maTi

gaanalizeba komentaris xasiaTs

unda atarebdes. aseve aucilebelia

specialuri savarjiSoebis Sedgena,

romlebSic ukve gaanalizebuli

Secdomebis praqtikaSi gadatana

moxdeba. es kidev erTxel gamoav-

lens imas, ramdenad sworad iyene-

ben ganxilul formebs. sasurvelia

Secdomebi mTel klasTan erTad

gaanalizdes da ara individualu-

rad, Tumca weris mimarTulebiT

amas mainc individualuri xasiaTi

eZleva.


47

ABSTRACT

Nino Sharashenidze Analysis of Mistakes and Working Them in Mastering a Language

In learning a language, mistakes are common enough and they call for due attention on the part of a teacher. The article highlights the ways mistakes are to be dealt with and the tasks facing a language teacher. It is important that the correction of mistakes does not create an obstacle to the development of the speaking skills or set up a psychological prob-lem to a student. To this end, a teacher should take down and classify types of the mistakes made by the students and work on them during various activities or by means of the exer-cises. The author of the article also discusses the pronunciation and oral speech problems, grammar mistakes and those made in writing and the ways to correct them, with certain recommendations and relevant exercises given.


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s i n a a r s i - ganatleba.ge edication... · irina shubitidze, benefits of cognitive and social...

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