runways. runway length requirements governmental regulations airport location critical aircraft ...
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RUNWAYS
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Runway Length Requirements
Governmental regulations Airport location Critical aircraft
Sources: http://www.faa.gov/arp/150acs.cfm?ARPnav=acs
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Runway Pavement Components
Full strength (FS) Take-off & Landing
Partial strength (PS) Take-off
Clear Way (CL) Take-off
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Length Conditions
Normal take-off Engine failure
Continue take-off Abort take-off
Landing
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Some Terms (see fig 3-22)
Lift off distance (LOD) Threshold to wheels off the ground
D35 Threshold to aircraft 35 feet above ground
Take off distance (TOD) Runway length provided to D35 with factor of
safety applied = 1.15 D35 (for normal takeoff)
Take off roll or run (TOR) Full strength pavement; “runway”
Accelerate and stop distance (DAS) Landing distance (LD)
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Relationship of Distances
35’
LOD
D35
TOD
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Normal Take-Off
35’
LODN
D35,N
TODN = 1.15 D35,N
Clear Zone (CLN,max) = 0.5(TODN -1.15 LODN)
TORN = TODN – CLN = FSN
FSN
TODN
CLN
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Engine Failure, Continue
35’
LODE
D35,E
TODE = D35,E (do not apply factor of safety)
CLE,max = 0.5(TODE - LODE)
TORE = TODE – CLE = FSE
FSE
TODE
CLE
Engine fails
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Engine Failure, Abort
DAS
TODA = DAS
FSA
TODA
PSA
Engine fails at V=V1 Stop
V1 = speed above which you continue to take offV2 = rotation or lift off speed
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Landing
SD
LD
LD = SD/0.6
LD = FSL
FSL
Stop
50’
FS = “Runway”
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Runway Layout
CL CLPS PSFS = “Runway”
FL
Field Length (FL) = max {TODN,TODE, DAS, LD}
FS = max {FSN,FSE, FSL}
PS = DAS – FS PSmin = 0 ft
CL = min {FL-DAS, CLN,CLE} CLmin = 0 ft CL max= 1000 ft
PS (partial strength) = SW (stopway)
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Example (1/3)
Distances for typical aircraft are as follows:
LOD: Normal 6,000 ft; Failure 7,000 ftD35: Normal 7,000 ft; Failure 8,200 ft
DAS: 7,900 ft and SD: 4,500 ft. (LD = 4500/.6=7500)
Design the runway for bi-directional operations
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Example (2/3)
TODN = 1.15(7000)= 8,050 ft
CLN,max = 0.5(8050 -1.15(6000)) = 575 ft
FSN = 8050-575 = 7,475 ft
Normal take-off
TODE = 8,200 ft
CLE,max = 0.5(8200 - 7000) =600 ft
FSE = 8200- 600 = 7,600 ft
Engine failure, continue
DAS = 7,900 ft
Engine failure, abort
LD = 4500/0.60 =7,500 ft
Landing
FSL = 7,500 ft
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Example (3/3)
FL = max {8050, 8200, 7900, 7500} = 8,200 ft
FS = max {7475, 7600, 7500} = 7,600 ft
PS = 7900-7600 = 300 ft
CL = min {8200-7900, 575, 600} = 300 ft
300 300300 3007600
88008200
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Airport Location Adjustments
Elevation 7% per 1,000 ft Fe = 0.07 E + 1; E in 000’s
Temperature Ft =0.01[T –(15-1.981E)]+1
Grade Fg = 0.1 G +1
Reference length (LR) – LR from before LR = Actual length/(Fe Ft Fg) Or, Actual length = LR*(Fe Ft Fg)
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Critical Aircraft Requirements
Runway length affects Take-off weight Landing weight
Runway lengths Take off Landing
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Aircraft Weights
Operating Empty Weight (OEW) No fuel or payload
Maximum Takeoff Operating Weight (MTOW)
Maximum Landing Weight (MALW) Maximum Structural Payload
Weight (MSPW) Maximum Zero Fuel Weight
OEW+MSPW
Fuel Weight (FW)
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Example (1/8)
A runway is planned for an airport at elevation 2,300 ft AMSL and average temperature of 92oF. The critical aircraft is a Boeing 737-200. Determine:
1. Runway length without weight limits
2. Weight limits for an 8,000 ft runway
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Runway length without weight limits (2/8)
Source: AC 150/5325-4A
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Example (3/8)
100.4
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Example (4/8)
69.5
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Example (5/8)
100.4
69.5
Runway 8,545 ft w/0% grade MTOW 100,400 lbs
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Example (6/8)
Runway 5,650 ft w/0% grade, MLW 103,000 lbs
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Example with 8000 foot R/W (7/8)
69.5
Runway 8,000 ft
MTOW97,160 lbs
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Example (8/8)
Distance to fly from this airport?
MTOW 97,160 lbs
OEW 67,238 lbs
Pax+Fuel 29, 832 lbs
225 lbs/pax Fuel 15 lbs/mi
50 pax @ 1240 miles60 pax @ 1090miles75 pax @ 860 miles