1 runway incursion causal analysis section 3. 2 pilots and vehicle operators must taxi and maneuver...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Runway Incursion Causal Analysis
Section 3
2
PILOTS and VEHICLE OPERATORS must taxi and maneuver their aircraft/vehicles on taxiways and runways in accordance with ATC instructions.
CONTROLLERS must monitor the location and progression of the aircraft and vehicles operating on the airport surface, in accordance with instructions issued, to provide separation assurance.
A safety hazard/ runway incursion is likely to occur when the exact location of an aircraft or vehicle on the airport surface in
relation to a specific ATC clearance is unknown.
Genesis of a Incursion
3
Runway Incursion Causal Categories
OPERATIONAL ERROR (OE) - A human error caused by a tower controller. There are over 8000 tower controllers in the U.S.
PILOT DEVIATION (PD) - A human error caused by a pilot. There are over 675,000 licensed pilots in the U.S.
VEHICLE/PEDESTRIAN DEVIATION (V/PD) - A human error caused by a vehicle operator or pedestrian which results in an entry onto the movement area that has not been authorized by ATC.
4
V/PD21%OE/D
23%
PD56%
Runway Incursion History
Comparison by Error Distribution
(data as of July 2002)
- Office of Runway Safety
Operational Error
Pilot Deviation
Vehicle/Pedestrian
Deviation
5
Operational Error (OE)
CONTROLLERS are at risk of being a party to an incursion when they are unable to correlate their
visual observations of the aircraft/vehicle location with previously issued ATC instructions.
Some contributing factors include:
-FAILURE TO FOLLOW ESTABLISHED STANDARDIZED PROCEDURES
-FAILURE TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR ACTIONS OR INACTIONS
-LACK OF TRAINING & PRACTICE TO INTERNALIZE PROCEDURES
-LOSS OF SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
6
Primary Performance Factors of Operational Error Runway Incursions (1997-2001)
There were 430 Operational Error Runway Incursions 398 of these Operational Errors were analyzed
55 involved a simultaneous runway crossing with an aircraft landing or departing with coordination
186 loss of arrival/departure separation on same/intersecting runways
7
Primary Performance Factors of Operational Error Runway Incursions (Continued)
54 other operational errors included: mistaking the location of aircraft or vehicle on/near runway, clearing aircraft to
land/depart from closed runway, and errors involving taxi into position and hold (TIPH).
52 simultaneous runway crossings with an aircraft landing or departing with lack of coordination
51 “hear back/read back” involving entries or crossings
8
Primary Performance Factors of Operational Error Runway Incursions (1997-2001)
186
158
55
52
51
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Lack of Coordination between Ground and Local with Crossing
“Read Back/ Hear Back”
Loss of Separation on the Runway
Simultaneous Runway Crossing with Arrival and Departure
Other OEs included mistaken traffic location, usage of closed runway, and misuse of TIPH clearance.
Crossing
9
Causal Factors Operational Errors (OE)(data from category A & B incursions between 1997-2000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Lost SituationalAwareness
Improper Procedures Poor Judgement Faulty CrewCoordination
Poor Communications
Per
cen
tag
e
- FAA Report on Runway Incursion Information Evaluation Program, 10/12/01
for the period of March 17, 2000 through March 16, 2001.
10
Pilot Deviation (PD)
PILOTS are at risk of being a party to an incursion when they are unable to correlate their visual observations of airport signs,
markings and lighting and other physical features on the airport with the specific ATC taxi instructions.
Contributing Factors:
-FAILURE TO ASK FOR HELP WHEN CONFUSED
-FAILURE TO USE THE AIRPORT DIAGRAM
-LACK OF TRAINING
-NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE AIRPORT
11
Primary Performance Factors of Pilot Deviation Runway Incursions (1997-2001)
There were 972 Pilot Deviation Runway Incursions 719 of these Pilot Deviations were analyzed
87 other pilot deviations included: landing over aircraft in position and landing/departing on closed/wrong runways, taxiways, etc.
537 pilots entered the runway or crossed the hold short line after acknowledging hold short instructions
95 pilots took off without clearance after acknowledging “taxi into position and hold” (TIPH) instructions
12
Primary Performance Factors of Pilot Deviation Runway Incursions (1997-2001)
537
95 90
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Violated Hold Line after Acknowledging
Hold Short
Departed without Clearance after Acknowledging
TIPH Instructions
Landed over Traffic in Position or Used
Incorrect Surface for Departure / Landing
13
Causal Factors Pilot Deviations (PD)
Pilot Interviews(data from category A & B incursions between 1997-2000)
Conditions at Time of Runway Incursions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Not Familiar withAirport Signage
Not Familiar withAirport
UnfavorableEnvironmental
Conditions
Clearance wasNot Readback
Inexperienced atTowered Airports
Airport DiagramNot Used
Failed to FollowInstructions
Per
cen
tag
e
- FAA Report on Runway Incursion Information Evaluation Program
March 17, 2000 through March 16, 2001
14
Distribution of Pilot Deviations(approximate percentages)
OE
PD
VPD
Other2%
Commercial21%
General Aviation77%
- Office of Runway Safety
15
Pedestrian Deviation (V/PD)
VEHICLE OPERATORS and PEDESTRIANS are at risk of being a party to an incursion
when they are unable to correlate their visual observations of airport signs, markings and lighting and other physical features on the
airport with the specific ATC taxi instructions.
Some contributing factors include:
-FAILURE TO ASK FOR HELP WHEN CONFUSED
-FAILURE TO USE THE AIRPORT DIAGRAM
-LACK OF TRAINING
-NOT FAMILIAR WITH AIRPORT
16
Primary Performance Factors of Vehicle/Pedestrian Runway Incursions.
All 350 Vehicle/Pedestrian Runway Incursions were analyzed
217 entered the runway without communications or authorization
133 instructed to hold short and read back but still entered the runway
157 POVs and pedestrians60 airport vehicles
109 airport vehicles24 by a non-pilot maintenance taxiing an aircraft
End of Section 3