rome: etruscans-punic wars. rome egypt persia carthage macedon rome macedon persia carthage egypt

Rome:Rome:Etruscans-Punic WarsEtruscans-Punic Wars

ROME

Egypt

Persia

Carthage

Macedon

Rome Macedon

Persia

Carthage

Egypt

GeographyGeography

How was geographic location important to How was geographic location important to ancient Rome’s political, social, and ancient Rome’s political, social, and economic development?economic development?– Far away from eastern powers & empiresFar away from eastern powers & empires– On Italian peninsula, with few geographic On Italian peninsula, with few geographic

neighbors/enemiesneighbors/enemies– The Alps: mountains provided natural The Alps: mountains provided natural

protectionprotection– Mediterranean Sea: gave protection & allowed Mediterranean Sea: gave protection & allowed

tradetrade

Ancient ItalyAncient Italy (c. 6(c. 6thth century B.C.) century B.C.)

Etruscans Etruscans (900-500 BC)(900-500 BC)

Lived in northern parts of ItalyLived in northern parts of ItalyUsed alphabet similar to Greeks, but no one has Used alphabet similar to Greeks, but no one has been able to fully understand their languagebeen able to fully understand their languageCreated extravagant artCreated extravagant artWall paintings showing how people livedWall paintings showing how people livedProbably had a class system:Probably had a class system:– Wealthy overlords at the topWealthy overlords at the top– PriestsPriests– Slaves made of those taken over by EtruscansSlaves made of those taken over by Etruscans

Eventually lower class people revolted---one Eventually lower class people revolted---one group the group the LatinsLatins in Rome become very in Rome become very successfulsuccessful

Rise of RomeRise of RomeRoman legend of how the Latins created Roman legend of how the Latins created Rome:Rome:– 2 bros. Romulus & Remes fought over who 2 bros. Romulus & Remes fought over who

would control the city they were buildingwould control the city they were building– Romulus wins & named it after himself Romulus wins & named it after himself

(Rome)(Rome)

Real beginning of Rome:Real beginning of Rome:– Between 800 & 700 BC, the Latins Between 800 & 700 BC, the Latins “the first “the first

Romans”Romans” created many villages around what created many villages around what would be Romewould be Rome

– Villages eventually decided to form one Villages eventually decided to form one community, thus creating Romecommunity, thus creating Rome

600s BC: Etruscans kings ruled over the 600s BC: Etruscans kings ruled over the Latins in RomeLatins in Rome– Etruscans did some good things for the Etruscans did some good things for the

Latins:Latins:Taught the Latins how to build with brick & tileTaught the Latins how to build with brick & tile

Drained marshes to create farmland & get rid of Drained marshes to create farmland & get rid of mosquitoesmosquitoes

Created a Created a ForumForum in the center of the city—a in the center of the city—a square where all Roman government & law was square where all Roman government & law was locatedlocated

Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times. Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti

Etruscan alphabet adopted by the RomansEtruscan alphabet adopted by the Romans

Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men fighting Cyclopsfighting Cyclops

Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)(509 BC – 27 BC)

509 BC: Latins/Romans rejected Etruscan 509 BC: Latins/Romans rejected Etruscan king (monarchy) and established a king (monarchy) and established a republicrepublic..– Power rests with the Power rests with the citizenscitizens who have the who have the

right to vote for their leaders.right to vote for their leaders.– In Rome, In Rome, citizenshipcitizenship with voting rights was with voting rights was

granted only to free-born male citizens.granted only to free-born male citizens.

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)(509 BC – 27 BC)

STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICTSTRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT

Patricians-Patricians- wealthy landowners who held wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and most of the power: inherited power and social statussocial status

Plebeians-Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: majority of the population: can vote, but can vote, but can’t rulecan’t rule

When the patricians set up the Roman When the patricians set up the Roman Republic, they created 2 branches of Republic, they created 2 branches of govt.:govt.:– Executive Branch (Consuls)Executive Branch (Consuls)

ConsulsConsuls were 2 patrician officials elected for 1 yr. were 2 patrician officials elected for 1 yr. terms who ran the day-to-day affairs of the cityterms who ran the day-to-day affairs of the cityThey both had to agree on a decision before acting They both had to agree on a decision before acting on iton itOnly one person had veto power over the consulsOnly one person had veto power over the consuls—this was a —this was a dictatordictator who was appointed briefly in who was appointed briefly in times of crisistimes of crisis

– Legislative Branch (Assembly of Centuries & Legislative Branch (Assembly of Centuries & the Senate)the Senate)

Both were controlled by the patriciansBoth were controlled by the patricians

Plebeians vs. PatriciansPlebeians vs. Patricians

Plebs were very upset because they had Plebs were very upset because they had no power or representation in governmentno power or representation in government– 494 BC: plebeians went on strike, refusing to 494 BC: plebeians went on strike, refusing to

serve in the militaryserve in the militaryWithout the plebeians=no Roman military or Without the plebeians=no Roman military or workforceworkforce

The patricians give in to some of the Plebs’ The patricians give in to some of the Plebs’ demandsdemands

– Tribunes (Plebeian representatives) would be elected by Tribunes (Plebeian representatives) would be elected by the Assembly of Tribes & could veto any government the Assembly of Tribes & could veto any government decisiondecision

Roman laws had never been written down.Roman laws had never been written down.The Plebeians want them to be written down to ensure The Plebeians want them to be written down to ensure that justice was being applied fairly.that justice was being applied fairly.

THE TWELVE TABLESTHE TWELVE TABLES451 BC: officials carved 451 BC: officials carved Roman lawsRoman laws on twelve bronze on twelve bronze tablets and hung in Forum.tablets and hung in Forum.Laws confirm right of all free Laws confirm right of all free citizenscitizens to protection of the to protection of the law.law.Become the basis for later Roman law.Become the basis for later Roman law.

287 BC: The Assembly of Tribes given the right to make 287 BC: The Assembly of Tribes given the right to make laws for the city—this move made Rome into a true laws for the city—this move made Rome into a true democracy (government by the people)democracy (government by the people)

Roman ReligionRoman Religion

Roman Republic lasted nearly 500 yearsRoman Republic lasted nearly 500 years

During this time, it was heavily influenced During this time, it was heavily influenced by Greek cultureby Greek culture

The Romans adopted Greek gods and The Romans adopted Greek gods and mixed in their own ancient godsmixed in their own ancient gods

Romans renamed Greek gods:Romans renamed Greek gods:– Jupiter: same role as Greek god ZeusJupiter: same role as Greek god Zeus– Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods & Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods &

protector of Roman stateprotector of Roman state– Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the earth Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the earth

& hunters& hunters– Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of wisdom Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of wisdom

& war& war– Venus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of loveVenus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of love

Expansion & CrisisExpansion & Crisis

The city always faced threats from other The city always faced threats from other people in Italy.people in Italy.

As a way of protecting the city, Romans As a way of protecting the city, Romans took over other cities or forced others to took over other cities or forced others to ally with Rome.ally with Rome.

By 264 BC, the city had taken over the By 264 BC, the city had taken over the Italian Peninsula.Italian Peninsula.

Roman Legions:Roman Legions:– The 1The 1stst Roman armies used phalanxes, but Roman armies used phalanxes, but

they were too large & slowthey were too large & slow– Troops were reorganized into legionsTroops were reorganized into legions– Legion=6,000 troops that were broken down Legion=6,000 troops that were broken down

into small units of 60-120 soldiersinto small units of 60-120 soldiers– They were skilled, disciplined soldiers who They were skilled, disciplined soldiers who

treated their enemies welltreated their enemies wellMost places were allowed to keep their local Most places were allowed to keep their local governments if they vowed to help Rome in future governments if they vowed to help Rome in future wars. wars.

Romans also created military colonies Romans also created military colonies throughout Italythroughout Italy– These military settlements were serve as These military settlements were serve as

defense from future attacksdefense from future attacks– To link the colonies, roads are builtTo link the colonies, roads are built– Roman roads were very well constructed & Roman roads were very well constructed &

also used for tradealso used for trade

Rome vs. CarthageRome vs. Carthage

Carthage: wealthy trading city located in Carthage: wealthy trading city located in northern Africanorthern Africa

300 BC: Carthage takes over part of 300 BC: Carthage takes over part of Spanish coast and most of SicilySpanish coast and most of Sicily

Rome doesn’t like emerging power, so Rome doesn’t like emerging power, so they set out to stop Carthage in the they set out to stop Carthage in the Punic Punic Wars (264-146 BC).Wars (264-146 BC).

11stst Punic War (264 BC-241 BC) Punic War (264 BC-241 BC)

Carthage trying to take over the Strait of Carthage trying to take over the Strait of MessinaMessina

This brings the Carthaginians close to This brings the Carthaginians close to Rome, so Rome sends forces to stop Rome, so Rome sends forces to stop them.them.

Carthage had a strong navy; Rome had a Carthage had a strong navy; Rome had a strong army.strong army.– In order to win, Rome had to come up with In order to win, Rome had to come up with

new tactics.new tactics.– Romans threw grappling hooks onto Romans threw grappling hooks onto

Carthaginian ships, boarded the ships, & Carthaginian ships, boarded the ships, & fought to the death.fought to the death.

Carthage gives up its holdings in Sicily.Carthage gives up its holdings in Sicily.

22ndnd Punic War (218 BC-202 BC) Punic War (218 BC-202 BC)

Carthage wants revenge.Carthage wants revenge.

New Carthaginian general who is only 25 New Carthaginian general who is only 25 years old- Hannibalyears old- Hannibal

218 BC- Hannibal takes Roman city in 218 BC- Hannibal takes Roman city in SpainSpain

Hannibal, an army of 40,000, & 40 Hannibal, an army of 40,000, & 40 elephants attempt to invade Rome by elephants attempt to invade Rome by passing through the Alps.passing through the Alps.– ½ his men die½ his men die– Nearly all the elephants dieNearly all the elephants die

As a way to defeat Hannibal, General As a way to defeat Hannibal, General Publius Scipio raises volunteer legions.Publius Scipio raises volunteer legions.– They attack the city of CarthageThey attack the city of Carthage– This causes Hannibal to leave Italy to defend This causes Hannibal to leave Italy to defend

CarthageCarthage

202 BC: Scipio’s volunteers defeat 202 BC: Scipio’s volunteers defeat Hannibal at Zama & Carthage gives up all Hannibal at Zama & Carthage gives up all their land in Spaintheir land in Spain

33rdrd Punic War (149 BC-146 BC) Punic War (149 BC-146 BC)

After 2After 2ndnd war, 50 years of peace war, 50 years of peace

149 BC: Carthage lost fight against one of 149 BC: Carthage lost fight against one of Rome’s alliesRome’s allies– Rome used this as a reason for warRome used this as a reason for war– Roman soldiers invaded CarthageRoman soldiers invaded Carthage

Burned the city to the groundBurned the city to the ground

Made Carthaginians into slavesMade Carthaginians into slaves

Put salt into the soil so no crops would growPut salt into the soil so no crops would grow

ROME FINALLY ENDS THE THREAT OF ROME FINALLY ENDS THE THREAT OF CARTHAGE!!!!!CARTHAGE!!!!!

Following its victory over Carthage, Rome Following its victory over Carthage, Rome dominated the Mediterranean basin for dominated the Mediterranean basin for 100 years. This contributed to the spread 100 years. This contributed to the spread of Roman culture throughout the area.of Roman culture throughout the area.

Roman Republic in CrisisRoman Republic in Crisis

Between 230 and 202 BC—Rome had Between 230 and 202 BC—Rome had taken over most of the Atlantic coast of taken over most of the Atlantic coast of EuropeEurope– SpainSpain– FranceFrance– EnglandEngland

188 BC—Rome took Asia Minor—modern 188 BC—Rome took Asia Minor—modern day Turkeyday Turkey


133 BC—Rome forced Syria and Egypt 133 BC—Rome forced Syria and Egypt into an alliance with Romeinto an alliance with Rome

By 130 BC—Rome had taken over all of By 130 BC—Rome had taken over all of the Mediterranean region—from Spain to the Mediterranean region—from Spain to Asia MinorAsia Minor

The Romans called the Mediterranean The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea their “little lake”Sea their “little lake”


Ruling such a large area was very difficult Ruling such a large area was very difficult for Romefor Rome

Rome began to face severe political and Rome began to face severe political and economic problemseconomic problems

To help rule the large land holdings, the To help rule the large land holdings, the Roman government made all of the non-Roman government made all of the non-Italian areas into provincesItalian areas into provinces


Each province was required to pay tribute Each province was required to pay tribute to Rometo RomeMost of the taxes collected never reached Most of the taxes collected never reached Rome, but stayed in the pockets of the tax Rome, but stayed in the pockets of the tax collectorscollectorsThe people knew their money was being The people knew their money was being stolenstolenThe people began to rebelThe people began to rebel


Many poor farmers flocked to the city of Many poor farmers flocked to the city of Rome because ofRome because of– The low cost of foodThe low cost of food– The free entertainmentThe free entertainment– A hope of finding a jobA hope of finding a job

Unfortunately, the slaves did all the Unfortunately, the slaves did all the work in the citywork in the city– The poor farmers were left unemployed The poor farmers were left unemployed

and living off the Roman governmentand living off the Roman government


A series of reformers will try to fix the Republics A series of reformers will try to fix the Republics problemsproblemsUnfortunately, most of the reforms will be Unfortunately, most of the reforms will be unsuccessfulunsuccessfulThe reformers were:The reformers were:– Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus– Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus– Gaius MariusGaius Marius– Lucas Cornelius SullaLucas Cornelius Sulla– 11stst Triumvirate—Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Julius Triumvirate—Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Julius

CaesarCaesar– 22ndnd Triumvirate—Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marc Antony Triumvirate—Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marc Antony

Roman Republic in CrisisRoman Republic in CrisisTiberius GracchusTiberius GracchusTiberius had the chance to be a patrician, Tiberius had the chance to be a patrician, but chose to be a plebeian tribunebut chose to be a plebeian tribune133 BC—he proposed a law to take land 133 BC—he proposed a law to take land away from the rich farmers and give the away from the rich farmers and give the land to those who had no landland to those who had no landThe law passed, but with much oppositionThe law passed, but with much oppositionTiberius was eventually killed by 300 Tiberius was eventually killed by 300 riotersrioters

Tiberius Gracchus


Gaius GracchusGaius GracchusTiberius’ brotherTiberius’ brotherGaius was elected tribune 1 year after Gaius was elected tribune 1 year after his brother’s murderhis brother’s murderGaius wanted to give more land to poor Gaius wanted to give more land to poor farmersfarmersHe created laws to sell grain at lower He created laws to sell grain at lower pricesprices121 BC—Gaius was murdered by his 121 BC—Gaius was murdered by his opponentsopponents

Gracchi Brothers

Roman Republic in CrisisRoman Republic in CrisisGaius MariusGaius Marius107 BC—he was elected consul107 BC—he was elected consulHe passed laws that enlisted the poor into the He passed laws that enlisted the poor into the militarymilitary– A way to give the poor jobs—they were paid for A way to give the poor jobs—they were paid for

their servicetheir service– After military service, the poor were given landAfter military service, the poor were given land– This system changed the military system—soldiers This system changed the military system—soldiers

became loyal to their commander, not to the became loyal to their commander, not to the RepublicRepublic

88 BC—Gaius was overthrown by his newly 88 BC—Gaius was overthrown by his newly created army, led by Lucas Cornelius Sullacreated army, led by Lucas Cornelius Sulla

Gaius Marius


Lucas Cornelius SullaLucas Cornelius Sulla

Sulla made himself dictator of RomeSulla made himself dictator of Rome

He attempted to steal power away from He attempted to steal power away from the Assembly of Tribesthe Assembly of Tribes

This attempt embroiled Rome into a This attempt embroiled Rome into a brutal period of violencebrutal period of violence


11stst Triumvirate Triumvirate70 BC—2 new consuls were elected in 70 BC—2 new consuls were elected in Rome—Rome—GnaeusGnaeus PompeyPompey and and Marcus Marcus CrassusCrassusPompey was a general and Crassus Pompey was a general and Crassus was a politicianwas a politicianBoth men began to gain support from a Both men began to gain support from a young aristocrat—young aristocrat—Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Gnaeus Pompey

Marcus Crassus

Julius Cesar


11stst Triumvirate Triumvirate

60 BC—the 3 men formed the 160 BC—the 3 men formed the 1stst Triumvirate—all 3 would share power Triumvirate—all 3 would share power over Romeover Rome

The Triumvirate was very unstable—The Triumvirate was very unstable—each man tried to take power from the each man tried to take power from the othersothers



Caesar flexed his muscle by conquering Caesar flexed his muscle by conquering the Celts, increasing Roman holdings in the Celts, increasing Roman holdings in BritainBritain

Crassus tried to show military power, Crassus tried to show military power, but he will be killed in battle in 53 BCbut he will be killed in battle in 53 BC

Crassus’ death left Caesar and Pompey Crassus’ death left Caesar and Pompey to battle over Rometo battle over Rome


11stst Triumvirate TriumviratePompey feared that Caesar would try to Pompey feared that Caesar would try to take all powertake all powerPompey convinced the Roman Senate Pompey convinced the Roman Senate to order Caesar to leave his legions in to order Caesar to leave his legions in Britain and return to Rome, aloneBritain and return to Rome, aloneCaesar did start for Rome, but with his Caesar did start for Rome, but with his legionslegions



When Caesar crossed the Rubicon When Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army, civil war broke out River with his army, civil war broke out in Romein Rome

Caesar quickly took over all of Italy in Caesar quickly took over all of Italy in only 2 monthsonly 2 months

Pompey was driven out of ItalyPompey was driven out of Italy


Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

45 BC—Caesar made himself dictator 45 BC—Caesar made himself dictator of Rome for lifeof Rome for life

He gave the poor loans and jobsHe gave the poor loans and jobs

He gave many non-Italians citizenshipHe gave many non-Italians citizenship



Many in the government questioned Many in the government questioned Caesar’s true political intentionsCaesar’s true political intentions– They believed Caesar wanted to make They believed Caesar wanted to make

himself himself KingKing

Many government officials began a plot Many government officials began a plot to rid Rome of Caesarto rid Rome of Caesar



March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)—March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)—Caesar was assassinated by a group of Caesar was assassinated by a group of Roman SenatorsRoman Senators– The assassination was led by Caesar’s The assassination was led by Caesar’s

friend—Marcus Brutusfriend—Marcus Brutus


22ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate

After Caesar’s murder, Caesar’s 18 After Caesar’s murder, Caesar’s 18 year old grandnephew—year old grandnephew—OctavianOctavian——began to make alliances with 2 very began to make alliances with 2 very powerful government officials—powerful government officials—Marc Marc AntonyAntony and and Marcus LepidusMarcus Lepidus

Octavian

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus


22ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate

The 3 began to divide the Roman world The 3 began to divide the Roman world between thembetween them– Octavian—Italy and the WestOctavian—Italy and the West– Antony—Greece and the EastAntony—Greece and the East– Lepidus—North AfricaLepidus—North Africa


22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateThe 3 then formed the 2The 3 then formed the 2ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateThe Triumvirate was very short livedThe Triumvirate was very short livedOctavian forced Lepidus to retireOctavian forced Lepidus to retireAntony moved to Egypt and married Antony moved to Egypt and married CleopatraCleopatraOctavian convinced the Roman people Octavian convinced the Roman people that Antony was going to seize Romethat Antony was going to seize Rome

Roman Republic in CrisisRoman Republic in Crisis22ndnd Triumvirate TriumvirateOctavian and Antony go to war over RomeOctavian and Antony go to war over RomeAntony and Cleopatra commit suicide to Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide to escape captureescape captureOctavian became the sole leader of RomeOctavian became the sole leader of RomeOctavian’s victory ushered out the Octavian’s victory ushered out the Republic and created the Roman EmpireRepublic and created the Roman EmpireOctavian is the 1Octavian is the 1stst Roman Emperor Roman Emperor

rome: etruscans-punic wars. rome egypt persia carthage macedon rome macedon persia carthage egypt

Documents

veto power

bcthe roman republic

roman military

bc509 bc

government494 bc

inherited power

rome600s bc

power rests