road map for making kathmandu valley development...

Road Map for Making Kathmandu Valley

Development Concept Plan Risk

Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes

May 29, 2012

Nepal

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),

Nepal

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management

Programme

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in NepalRoad Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in Nepal

Road Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes

Submitted to:

UNDP Nepal

Prepared by:

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)

May 2012

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and

Road Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative

National Society for Earthquake Nepal (NSET)

COPYRIGHT INFORMATION

The document is a product of the Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and

Implementation (RSLUP) in Nepal project. The content of the document is jointly owned by

the Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) and the National Society of Earthquake

Technology (NSET), Nepal and as such indicated: Copyright© 2012 EMI and NSET

Concepts, methods, data and tools (e.g. mainstreaming approach, risk sensitive land use

planning model and others) used in the document and originally owned by the Earthquakes

and Megacities Initiative (EMI) prior to the project, are and remain the sole intellectual

property of EMI as indicated in EMI’s prior documents, reports, and internal communication.

ABOUT THE DOCUMENT

This document is the main component of the Deliverable 2: Framework for RSLU Planning

of the project. The document acts as a guide for the Kathmandu Valley ministries and

municipalities in formulating their risk sensitive land use plans. A detailed summary of the

document is provided in the Executive Summary.

Contributors

EMI

Fouad Bendimerad, Ph.D., P.E., Seismology and Earthquake Risk Expert

Renan Tanhueco, Ph.D., Urban and Regional Land Use Planning Expert

Mr. Jerome Zayas, Task Manager

Mr. Moses Kent Borinaga, Project Coordinator

Mr. Jose Mari Daclan, Knowledge Management Specialist

Mr. Dominic Dizon, Training Specialist

Ms. Audrey Noeltner, Intern

Ms. Elsa Desmaison, Intern

NSET

Mr. Amod Mani Dixit, Senior Expert

Mr. Surya Bhakta Sangachhe, Task Manager

Mr. Surya Narayan Shrestha, Senior Expert

Mr. Ganesh Kumar Jimee, Junior Expert

Ms. Bhubaneswari Parajuli, Junior Expert

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 Background and Context ........................................................................................ 1

2 Summary of Analysis: Kathmandu Valley Development and Planning Context . 3

3 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 5

4 Way Forward ............................................................................................................ 6

1 Background and Rationale ..................................................................................... 8

2 Situational Analysis: Disasters in the Kathmandu Valley ................................. 14

2.1 Disaster Losses and Associated Risks ....................................................................... 15

2.2 Climate Change and Variability Impacts to Urban Settlements and Infrastructures ... 19

3 Vulnerability of Kathmandu Valley to Disasters .................................................. 20

3.1 Population and Social Aspects ................................................................................... 20

3.2 Building, Infrastructure &Transport related ................................................................. 23

4 The Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan: A Review and Gaps Analysis ................................................................................................................. 24

4.1 The KV Planning System ............................................................................................ 24

4.2 On Planning Structure ................................................................................................. 26

4.3 On KV Plan (KV Concept) and Planning Process ...................................................... 26

4.4 Gaps Analysis ............................................................................................................. 27

5 An Enabling Environment for KV 2020 ................................................................ 29

5.1 Key Policies ................................................................................................................. 29

5.2 Key National Policies .................................................................................................. 30

6 Enhancing the Capacity of the Valley Planning Structure .................................. 35

7 Framework for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive ................................................................................................................ 36

7.1 Framework for Mainstreaming DRR ........................................................................... 36

7.2 Framework for Mainstreaming in Plans ...................................................................... 36

7.3 Mainstreaming Activities ............................................................................................. 38

7.4 Capacity building ......................................................................................................... 38

7.5 Enhanced Planning Steps ........................................................................................... 39

8 DRR related Implementation Tools ...................................................................... 43

8.1 Zoning ......................................................................................................................... 43

8.2 Safe Building By-Laws ................................................................................................ 43

8.3 Co-management ......................................................................................................... 44

8.4 Public Investment Programming ................................................................................. 44

8.5 Private Investments Incentives ................................................................................... 44

9 Way Forward: Completing the Risk Sensitive Kathmandu Valley Physical Framework Plan ..................................................................................................... 45

10 References ............................................................................................................. 47

Annexes ............................................................................................................................. 48

Annex 1. Earthquake .......................................................................................................................... 48

Annex 2. The Kathmandu Valley Development Concept of 2001:..................................................... 50

Annex 3. Kathmandu Valley Development Guiding Policies ............................................................. 52

Annex 4. General Settlements Policy ................................................................................................ 52

Annex 5. Urban expansion policy ...................................................................................................... 53

Annex 6. Urban Expansion Management Policies ............................................................................. 54

Annex 7. Housing Policy .................................................................................................................... 54

Annex 8. Infrastructures Policy .......................................................................................................... 54

Annex 9. Protection of Cultural Heritage and Landscapes ................................................................ 55

Annex 10. Environmental Policy .......................................................................................................... 55

Annex 11. Natural resources ................................................................................................................ 55

List of Figures

Figure 1. KMC Land Use Zoning Map in the KMC RSLUP ................................................................. 2

Figure 2. Sample of LUP Flier distributed as part of the awareness campaign ................................... 2

Figure 3. Model for Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning used for KMC .............................................. 12

Figure 4. Location Map ...................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 5. Identified Planning System at KV level ............................................................................... 25

Figure 6. Framework for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (EMI, copyright) .......................... 36

Figure 7. Framework for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Land Use Planning (EMI, copyright) Note: Also presented in Figure 3 ..................................................................... 37

Figure 8. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City Sectoral Profile as a sample ........................................ 39

Figure 9. Proposed Activities and Timeline for the Completion of the Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan for the Kathmandu Valley ................................................................................................... 45

List of Tables

Table 1: Milestone in Integrating DRR and CCA into the Physical Development Process of Kathmandu Valley ................................................................................................................. 9

Table 2: Losses due to Earthquake in Kathmandu Valley, 1971-2011............................................. 15

Table 3: Loss estimation figures for mid-Nepal Earthquake (intensity IX MMI) ................................ 15

Table 4: Losses due to flood and landslide in Kathmandu Valley, 1971-2011 ................................. 17

Table 5: Losses due to fire in Kathmandu Valley, 1971-2011 .......................................................... 17

Table 6: Hazard Threats to the Population in Kathmandu Valley ..................................................... 18

Table 7: KATHMANDU VALLEY PLANNING SYSTEM ................................................................... 24

ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

BM Bhaktapur Municipality

CBD Central Business District

CBOs Central Business Organizations

DRA Disaster Risk Assessment

DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management

DRMMP Disaster Risk Management Master Plan

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

DUDBC Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

EMI Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative

FAR Floor Area Ratio

GIS Geographical Information System

GoN Government of Nepal

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development

IEC Information and Education Campaign

IMP Integrated Master Plan

INGO International Non-government Organizations

IT Information Technology

IWO Implementation Work Output

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

KMC Kathmandu Metropolitan City

KVDA Kathmandu Valley Development Administration formerly the Kathmandu

Valley Town and Development Committee

LSGA Local Self Governance Act

LSMC Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City

mld million liters per day

MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity

MOC Memorandum of Cooperation

MoEST Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs

MoLD Ministry of Local Development

MoLRM Ministry of Land Reform and Management

MoPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

M-TM Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action to Climate Change

NGA Non-Governmental Agency

NGO Non-governmental Organization

NSDRM National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management

NSET National Society for Earthquake Technology

NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation

RSLUP Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

VDC Village Development Committee

WB World Bank

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A number of institutions and individuals have supported and contributed to the completion of

the Roadmap for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive:

Frameworks and Processes. The Contributors are grateful for the valuable time, ideas and

resources invested by the following entities in support of the project:

• The United Nations Development Programme Nepal (UNDP-Nepal) for lending support

to the RSLUP review exercises;

• The participants of the Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning Blended Training Course for

the information and discussions from the submitted assignments and end of course

projects; and,

• The officials from Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MoPPW), Ministry of Local

Development (MoLD), Department of Urban Development and Building Construction

(DUDBC) and other Government Agencies and Local Governments in Nepal for sharing

their insights in the Closing Ceremonies of the RSLUP blended training course held at the

Kumari Hall, Annapurna Hotel, Kathmandu City on April 29, 2012.


Prepared jointly by: EMI & NSET

FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING KATHMANDU VALCONCEPT PLANRISK SEN

1 BACKGROUND AND CONTE

This document provides a roadmap on how the Kathmandu Valley (KV) Development

Concept published in 2001 can be made risk sensitive. In view of the need i

Government of Nepal to integrate disaster risk concerns in the development planning process

and land use plans of the Kathmandu Valley, this review looks into the planning process and

outputs at the Valley level, and assesses the various a

disaster risk reduction (and climate change and variability risk aspects) may be introduced to

make the KV Development Concept Plan (KV 2020 Plan) risk sensitive and supportive of the

sustainable development envisioned i

documentation of the planning exercise and outputs of the endorsed KV Development

Concept Plan because it informs on the process of planning at KV level, the stakeholders

involved in plan formulation and validatio

Kathmandu Valley. The information on the planning process was partly augmented from

input provided by the

interviews and questionnaire surveys developed by

(EMI) and National Society for Earthquake Technology

The formulation of this road map and the suggested frameworks and processes were built

upon the prior experiences of EMI in crafting the Kathmandu Metropoli

Management Master Plan (KMC DRMMP) 2005

Use Plan (KMC RSLUP) 2008

in the KMC RSLUP project, funded by the

the Deutches Komitee Katas

DRR in plans was introduced

vulnerability and (disaster) risk assessment (HVRA) and mitigation elements

use planning by: (a) using available

utilizing the findings and results of the

including emergency management parameters (e.g., evac

series of disaster risk reduction strategies and actions in the land use planning practice. Three

other related documents were

Ordinance, KMC Socio

presents an example of an output produced in the KMC RSLUP in terms of the Land Use

Zoning Map.

1 The name was recently changed to Kathmandu Valley

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in NepalMap for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes

MAKING KATHMANDU VALLEYDEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLANRISK SENSITIVE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT


Concept published in 2001 can be made risk sensitive. In view of the need i



outputs at the Valley level, and assesses the various aspects of its planning system where



sustainable development envisioned in 2001. This document relied mainly on the



involved in plan formulation and validation, and the policy framework for developing


input provided by the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee

interviews and questionnaire surveys developed by Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET).


upon the prior experiences of EMI in crafting the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Disaster Risk

Management Master Plan (KMC DRMMP) 2005-2006, and the KMC Risk Sensitive Land

Use Plan (KMC RSLUP) 2008-2010, with KMC, NSET and other local stakeholders. It was

in the KMC RSLUP project, funded by the German Federal Foreign Affairs

the Deutches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge (DKKV), that the concept of mainstreaming

DRR in plans was introduced. These activities included the integrat

vulnerability and (disaster) risk assessment (HVRA) and mitigation elements

by: (a) using available seismic, flood, fire hazard and risk information, especially

findings and results of the 2002 JICA Earthquake study (not updated); (b)

including emergency management parameters (e.g., evacuation roads), and (c) prescribing a


other related documents were completed as part of the KMC RSLUP:

Ordinance, KMC Socio-Economic Profile and KMC Emergency Operations


The name was recently changed to Kathmandu Valley Development Administration

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in Nepal Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes 1

LEYDEVELOPMENT


Concept published in 2001 can be made risk sensitive. In view of the need identified by the



spects of its planning system where



n 2001. This document relied mainly on the



n, and the policy framework for developing


Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee (KVTDC)1 to

arthquakes and Megacities Initiative


tan City Disaster Risk

2006, and the KMC Risk Sensitive Land

2010, with KMC, NSET and other local stakeholders. It was

German Federal Foreign Affairs Office through

(DKKV), that the concept of mainstreaming

integration of hazard,

vulnerability and (disaster) risk assessment (HVRA) and mitigation elements into local land

hazard and risk information, especially

Earthquake study (not updated); (b)

uation roads), and (c) prescribing a


: KMC Draft Zoning

Operations Plan. Figure 1


2 Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in Nepal Road Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks

Figure 1. KMC Land Use Zoning Map in the KMC RSLUP

Parallel to the development of the KMC RSLUP

were the conduct of awareness

by EMI and NSET through

and the dissemination of information, education

and communication (IEC) materials such as

posters and fliers (see Figures 2). These activities

helped improve understanding and support to the

KMC RSLUP by key stakeholders such as

government ministries and

It is important to note that, KMC

need to integrate its RSLUP

sensitive Kathmandu Valley physical framework

plan, which was not available at the time. KMC

RSLUP updating and completion is believed

hinge upon a KV physical framework.

year plan was proposed in the KMC RSLUP

document on how the KV plans and local land

use plans in the Valley can be made risk

sensitive.

Figure 2. Sample of LUP Flier distributed as part of the awareness campaign

Technical Services for Strengthening Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning and Implementation (RSLUP) in Nepal Road Map for Making Kathmandu Valley Development Concept Plan Risk Sensitive: Frameworks and Processes

Prepared

KMC Land Use Zoning Map in the KMC RSLUP

Parallel to the development of the KMC RSLUP

were the conduct of awareness raising activities

by EMI and NSET through public consultations

and the dissemination of information, education

and communication (IEC) materials such as

posters and fliers (see Figures 2). These activities

helped improve understanding and support to the

KMC RSLUP by key stakeholders such as

government ministries and donor organizations.

It is important to note that, KMC highlighted the

its RSLUP with a similarly risk

sensitive Kathmandu Valley physical framework

which was not available at the time. KMC

RSLUP updating and completion is believed to

KV physical framework. A three-

year plan was proposed in the KMC RSLUP

document on how the KV plans and local land

use plans in the Valley can be made risk

Sample of LUP Flier distributed as part of the awareness campaign



KMC Land Use Zoning Map in the KMC RSLUP

Sample of LUP Flier distributed as part of the awareness campaign



In the last quarter of 2011, under the UNDP

(CDRM) and the Flagship Programmes

endorse the 2010 KMC RSLUP

plan sensitive to risk came about. In December 2011, 2010 KMC RSLUP was endorsed by

selected stakeholders from the Valley. A few months later, this was approved for adoption

and implementation by the KMC Legislative Council, thus sanctioning an important

milestone in the adoption of risk

Building on all previous work, this document addresses the findings, gaps, strategies and

recommendations on how to make the KV2020 Plan and the future Physical Framework Plan

risk sensitive.

2 SUMMARY OF ANALYSISPLANNING CONTEXT

In brief, while the KV 2020 Plan did not address the

policies and strategies opted for the

policy areas: settlements, production, protection

supportive of risk reduction efforts

cored on five proactive policies in keeping

environment:

1. Environmental Protection and Management,

2. Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion and Management,

3. Better Enforcement of Building Codes and Bye Laws,

4. Improved Disaster Management

5. Improving Institutional Capacities for Planning and Enforcement.

These policies are strongly advocated

Disaster Risk Management

to Climate Change” (2009)

of KV 2020 with current available information on

the recent census information

gaps in information, processes, and tools in the KV 2020 Plan with respect to risk sensitive

parameters.

Hazards Information

One important parameter that the KV 2020

information that may guide urban expansion. New environmentally constrained areas may

need to be mapped as a result of the new information. Interviews and surveys with members

of Kathmandu Valley Development Ad

already pointed the following as necessary for updating the

• The disaster prone areas should be shown clearly in KV Plans;

• Physical infrastructure must be able to mitigate the effect of

• Areas for rescue and relief need to be identified and protected;

• Areas for future expansion of infrastructure need to be designated;

• Open spaces must be defined;

2 Formerly the Kathmandu Valley Town and Development Committee


e last quarter of 2011, under the UNDP-run Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management

and the Flagship Programmes of Nepal, the opportunity to update,

endorse the 2010 KMC RSLUP, as well as developing a road map on how to make the KV

sensitive to risk came about. In December 2011, 2010 KMC RSLUP was endorsed by



one in the adoption of risk-sensitive land use planning in the country.



SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS: KATHMANDU VALLEY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING CONTEXT

KV 2020 Plan did not address the particular hazards and risks in detail, the

policies and strategies opted for the sustainable development of KV in the

policy areas: settlements, production, protection, and infrastructural uses were found

supportive of risk reduction efforts. The development policies and strategies were strongly

cored on five proactive policies in keeping an orderly, safe, and balanced built and un

Environmental Protection and Management,

Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion and Management,

Better Enforcement of Building Codes and Bye Laws,

Improved Disaster Management, and

Improving Institutional Capacities for Planning and Enforcement.

strongly advocated in the Government of Nepal’s “National Strategy for

Disaster Risk Management” (2010) and “National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)

(2009). However, there is a need to update the planning base information

of KV 2020 with current available information on hazards, vulnerabilities and risks and with

the recent census information. The following sub-sections explain the areas where ther


One important parameter that the KV 2020 Plan has yet to incorporate is the hazard risk



Kathmandu Valley Development Administration2 (KVDA), NSET, M

already pointed the following as necessary for updating the KV 2020Plan

The disaster prone areas should be shown clearly in KV Plans;

Physical infrastructure must be able to mitigate the effect of disasters;

Areas for rescue and relief need to be identified and protected;

Areas for future expansion of infrastructure need to be designated;

Open spaces must be defined;

Formerly the Kathmandu Valley Town and Development Committee


run Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management

update, validate, and

, as well as developing a road map on how to make the KV

sensitive to risk came about. In December 2011, 2010 KMC RSLUP was endorsed by



sensitive land use planning in the country.



EVELOPMENT AND

particular hazards and risks in detail, the

sustainable development of KV in the different land use

and infrastructural uses were found to be

. The development policies and strategies were strongly

, and balanced built and un-built

Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion and Management,

National Strategy for

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)

update the planning base information

rabilities and risks and with

sections explain the areas where there are


lan has yet to incorporate is the hazard risk



, NSET, MoPPW, and MoLD

lan, among others:

disasters;


• Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identifi

addressed;

• Integration of KV Plan with Local Periodic Plans;

Updating hazards and exposure information appear critical for the Kathmandu Valley. The

succeeding process for detailing the spatial component of the

updating of the previous Earthquake Impact study made in 2002 and a review of the Flood

Study in 2009 and explained in terms of the following:

• Exposure and condition of settlements

• Exposure of condition production areas

• Exposure and condition of buildings and infrastr

• Exposure and condition of environmentally constrained areas

For the fire-related hazards, an updated inventory will help determine the places of highest

fire hazard risks.

Within the Kathmandu Valley, the risk reduction and emerg

municipalities, Village Development Committees (

area will need to undertake shall depend on th

KV Level Committee to Manage and Communicate Ha

The generation of risk information, integration of risk information in plans,

interpretations may require a group at the KV level to carry them out. These tasks are left un

answered in the KV plan:

• Hazard risks and climate change

• Interpretation and simplification of the assessments for the deliberative body and

stakeholders;

• Advocacy for awareness and better understanding of the following

change risks and environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

climate proofing of structures, community preparedness

and social development;

• Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex. D

Mines and Geology (DMG)

scientific organizations,

validation and further research;

• Preparation of simplified guidelines for mainstr

and climate change a

valley level;

• Explanation to Local and Valley level officials about the hazards and risks and ensuring

that decision makers are aware

and risks and their implications to the development thrusts pursued;

• Consolidation and taking responsibility over these hazard risk data

interpreting these into popular language

various channels of communication;

• Engaging KVDA, MoLD, MoPPW,

ensure that valley-wide development and physical framework are risk sensitive and that

common solutions are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and


Prepared

Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identifi

Integration of KV Plan with Local Periodic Plans;


succeeding process for detailing the spatial component of the KV 2020P

the previous Earthquake Impact study made in 2002 and a review of the Flood


Exposure and condition of settlements

Exposure of condition production areas

Exposure and condition of buildings and infrastructures, transport network

Exposure and condition of environmentally constrained areas

related hazards, an updated inventory will help determine the places of highest

Within the Kathmandu Valley, the risk reduction and emergency management actions that

Village Development Committees (VDC), sub-metropolitan and metropolitan

area will need to undertake shall depend on the severity of risks that will be

KV Level Committee to Manage and Communicate Hazard Risk Information




Hazard risks and climate change related risk assessments preparation (new or updated);

Interpretation and simplification of the assessments for the deliberative body and

Advocacy for awareness and better understanding of the following disaster risks, climate

d environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

climate proofing of structures, community preparedness, and implications


Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex. D

eology (DMG), Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention(DWIDP)

scientific organizations, and academe towards hazard and risk information interpretations,


Preparation of simplified guidelines for mainstreaming disaster risk management (

adaptation (CCA) in KV Plan formulation and implementation at

Explanation to Local and Valley level officials about the hazards and risks and ensuring

that decision makers are aware of and understand the essential characteristics of hazards


Consolidation and taking responsibility over these hazard risk data; translating or

interpreting these into popular language; and, disseminating the knowledge through

of communication;

Engaging KVDA, MoLD, MoPPW, district government and disaster management

wide development and physical framework are risk sensitive and that

are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and



Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identified and


KV 2020Plan shall require


uctures, transport network


ency management actions that

metropolitan and metropolitan

that will be identified.

zard Risk Information

The generation of risk information, integration of risk information in plans, and

interpretations may require a group at the KV level to carry them out. These tasks are left un-

related risk assessments preparation (new or updated);


isaster risks, climate

d environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

, and implications to economic

Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex. Department of

isaster Prevention(DWIDP))

academe towards hazard and risk information interpretations,

disaster risk management (DRM)

mplementation at


and understand the essential characteristics of hazards

translating or

disseminating the knowledge through

isaster management units to


are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and,



• Engaging municipalities, VDCs,

physical development plans and land use plans, which will implement the KV physical

framework and development objec

Risk Sensitive Physical Framework and Process

The detailing and refinement into a physical framework plan have yet to be continued. Both

framework and process for this refinement ha

Norms and Standards

A set of performance cr

different development sectors or land use policy areas

following sectors, namely:

• Agriculture and Food security

• Health

• Education

• Shelter, Infrastructure and Physical Planning

• Livelihood Protection

• Water and Sanitation

• Information, Communication, Coordination and Logistics

• Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessment

• Institutional Framework for Planning

• Transport planning

• Prevention and Securit

• Emergency management program and standards

- Hazard identification, vulnerability and risk assessment;

- Legal, fiscal and regulatory procedures;

- Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, among othe

- Incident management

- Communications and Warning

- Support for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)

3 RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations proposed in this document are additions to integrate key components of

risk sensitive planning in

policy frameworks and strategies identified for sustainable development in 2001.They are as

follows:

• Designing a program that

- Identifying, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

- Preparing the Development Vision;

- Supporting the data collection process;

- Validating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and

production (economy) plans);

3 Source: Emergency Management Accreditation Program (http://www.emaponline.org)


Engaging municipalities, VDCs, districts to prepare risk sensitive periodic plans and


framework and development objectives.



framework and process for this refinement have not been formulated.

performance criteria need to be developed for the risk reduction efforts in the

different development sectors or land use policy areas for monitoring implementation in the


Agriculture and Food security

re and Physical Planning

Livelihood Protection

Water and Sanitation

Information, Communication, Coordination and Logistics

Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessment

Institutional Framework for Planning

Prevention and Security (Public Safety, Hazard Materials)

Emergency management program and standards3

Hazard identification, vulnerability and risk assessment;

Legal, fiscal and regulatory procedures;

Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, among othe

Incident management

Communications and Warning

for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)

RECOMMENDATIONS


risk sensitive planning in crafting the KV physical framework plan. They build upon the


rogram that would include a wider set of stakeholders to be involved in:

ing, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

the Development Vision;

Supporting the data collection process;

alidating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and


Source: Emergency Management Accreditation Program (http://www.emaponline.org)


to prepare risk sensitive periodic plans and



iteria need to be developed for the risk reduction efforts in the

implementation in the

Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, among others;

for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)


crafting the KV physical framework plan. They build upon the


include a wider set of stakeholders to be involved in:

ing, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

alidating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and


- Developing the favorable conditions and institutional environment for mainstreaming.

• Inclusion of natural hazard risks and their management to the different component plans

and their development policy

- Hazard, vulnerabilit

- Inclusion of past disaster information

- Inclusion of climate change impact assessments to the region

research and validation

- Implications of hazard, vulnerability and risk informatio

terms of land use management, particularly on enforcement issues;

- Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities

development plans for Valley wide development;

- Inclusion of disaster resiliency

relevant to the Valley;

- Identifying the programs, projects and activities which may be integrated in the

periodic plans of Municipalities, and cities;

In transforming the KV plan into a spatial framework, s

• Combining the component plans into a preferred physical framework:

- Utilizing hazard maps and disaster risk information as constraints to urban expansion

areas(ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions

- Having appropriately scaled hazard maps and disaster risk information to provide a

more detailed zoning (ex. municipal level (1:10:000);

- Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities in the components

spatial plans for Va

- Inclusion of spatial components of risk management options and climate change

adaptation strategies relevant to the Valley;

• A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and risk

assessment in KV ph

risk sensitive physical framework planning (land use planning) at the KV level.

• A set of performance criteria developed for the risk reduction and climate change

adaptation efforts in the d

monitoring implementation.

In order to carry out the needed enhancements and crafting of the KV framework plan,

capacity building must be directed to the technical, operational and institutional asp

governance. Efforts already undertaken under the current projects should continue to ensure

professionals and public officials have the competency to implement, enforce and improve on

the risk sensitive land use strategies for the country.

The proposed road map

of information. While it does not aim for comprehensiveness nor exhaustiveness,

further refinement on the premise used and its analysis, to make it a more r

substantive working document for its stakeholders, within the

4 WAY FORWARD

To complete the KV Development Concept into a KV Physical framework plan, a

year plan programmed into four (4) stages is proposed, as

Stage 1 will focus on organization and preparation for KV risk sensitive planning. This shall

include the composition of KVDA committee for planning, data inventorying, work planning,


Prepared

g the favorable conditions and institutional environment for mainstreaming.

Inclusion of natural hazard risks and their management to the different component plans

and their development policy and strategy decisions:

Hazard, vulnerability and risk information and maps;

Inclusion of past disaster information (following research and validation)

Inclusion of climate change impact assessments to the region, or Valley

research and validation);

Implications of hazard, vulnerability and risk information to the component plans in


Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities


disaster resiliency actions and climate change adaptation strategies


Identifying the programs, projects and activities which may be integrated in the


In transforming the KV plan into a spatial framework, suggestions include the following:

Combining the component plans into a preferred physical framework:

Utilizing hazard maps and disaster risk information as constraints to urban expansion

areas(ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions

Having appropriately scaled hazard maps and disaster risk information to provide a


Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities in the components

spatial plans for Valley wide arrangements;

Inclusion of spatial components of risk management options and climate change


A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and risk

assessment in KV physical framework. Basic steps are proposed to follow the model for


A set of performance criteria developed for the risk reduction and climate change

adaptation efforts in the different development sectors or land use policy areas for

monitoring implementation.


capacity building must be directed to the technical, operational and institutional asp

Efforts already undertaken under the current projects should continue to ensure


the risk sensitive land use strategies for the country.

roposed road map is currently a working draft and requires further reviews and updating

While it does not aim for comprehensiveness nor exhaustiveness,

on the premise used and its analysis, to make it a more r

substantive working document for its stakeholders, within the remaining project period.

complete the KV Development Concept into a KV Physical framework plan, a

programmed into four (4) stages is proposed, as follows:

will focus on organization and preparation for KV risk sensitive planning. This shall




g the favorable conditions and institutional environment for mainstreaming.


(following research and validation);

or Valley (following

n to the component plans in


Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities in the component

climate change adaptation strategies


uggestions include the following:



areas(ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions and control);



Inclusion of spatial components of risk management options and climate change

A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and risk

teps are proposed to follow the model for


A set of performance criteria developed for the risk reduction and climate change

ifferent development sectors or land use policy areas for


capacity building must be directed to the technical, operational and institutional aspects of KV

Efforts already undertaken under the current projects should continue to ensure


draft and requires further reviews and updating

While it does not aim for comprehensiveness nor exhaustiveness, it aims for

on the premise used and its analysis, to make it a more relevant and

project period.

complete the KV Development Concept into a KV Physical framework plan, a three (3)-

will focus on organization and preparation for KV risk sensitive planning. This shall




approval process and project budgeting. This stage shall help

Nepalese government agencies and development partners in Nepal on the development

strategies, methodology and institutional arrangements for the development of the Kathmandu

Valley RSLUP. This may be completed within the first sem

Stage 2 will include updating of the KV concept plan. This shall include updating the

information about the planning environment (social, economic, physical and environmental

aspects) and the development of a simplified guide towar

(land use) planning. This may be completed within the first year.

Stage 3 will include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, transport planning, and physical

framework planning. Because of possible data requirements wh

primary data gathering(surveys and interviews), model development and processing, at least

two (2) years may be required to complete an integrated transport and land use planning for

the Kathmandu Valley. The government partners

KVDA, KMC and other Municipalities and VDC’s within Kathmandu Valley. Previous

studies will be reviewed for relevance to this particular effort.

Stage 4 will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of

metropolitan cities, municipalities and urbanizing VDCs. This stage will also include the

finalization of the KMC RSLUP. Special studies on heritage areas or historical sites are

proposed while the land use plans are similarly prepared, in or

concurrent with the land use plan preparation. This is expected to start in the last three

semesters of the three year period.

The recommended process is consistent with previous initiatives and efforts including the

KMC RSLUP and the goals of the CDRM program. Capacity building activities are proposed

to be spread over the entire project period and be made parallel to the different tasks.


approval process and project budgeting. This stage shall help reach consensus among the



Valley RSLUP. This may be completed within the first semester of the first year.

will include updating of the KV concept plan. This shall include updating the


aspects) and the development of a simplified guide towards risk sensitive physical framework

(land use) planning. This may be completed within the first year.

will include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, transport planning, and physical

framework planning. Because of possible data requirements which can only be acquired by



the Kathmandu Valley. The government partners for the project will be MoPPW, MoLD,


studies will be reviewed for relevance to this particular effort.

will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of



proposed while the land use plans are similarly prepared, in order that these master plans are


semesters of the three year period.


UP and the goals of the CDRM program. Capacity building activities are proposed



reach consensus among the



ester of the first year.

will include updating of the KV concept plan. This shall include updating the


ds risk sensitive physical framework

will include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, transport planning, and physical

ich can only be acquired by



for the project will be MoPPW, MoLD,


will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of selected sub-



der that these master plans are



UP and the goals of the CDRM program. Capacity building activities are proposed



1 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

Land Use Planning, generally, may be defined as the “prope

(Serote, 2004). This means that the land is used consistent with its natural qualities and made

productive to yield benefits for many generations of users. Proper management necessarily

involves interventions in decisions

certain activities such as those related to environmental protection and management, land use

management, building development, among others. As a matter of public interest, land use

planning is the responsibility of the government or State.

When land resources are poorly managed, it can lead to its abuse, disuse or misuse. Lack of

planning or poor planning may also result to urban agglomerations which are uncoordinated,

inefficient and can lead to man

occupation of hazard prone area), lesser economic productivity, less than optimum social

welfare leading to unsafe conditions which are major causes of risks and vulnerabilities.

These risks and vulnerabilities are manifested by the disasters which happen in an area.

One aspect of proper land use planning is its consideration

seriously put a place at risk. Often, the absence of information on natural hazard risks, or

neglect to include it in land use planning and management can contribute to disasters.

this integration of hazard, vulnerability, risks, emergency management and climate change

related impacts in the planning analysis

land use management),

activities make the planning process risk

living environment and sustainable deve

The Government of Nepal (GoN) is met with many challenges, among which is the

sustainable growth and development of

of the Valley in 2001(KV 2020 Development Concept

concerns in achieving the following

expansion; undertaking

controlling and managing environmental damage and providing adequate protection to it

people from natural and man

Within the last decade, it has become imperative to national and Kathmandu Valley local

leaders to rethink their

more so that natural and man

the component cities, municipalities, VDCs, and Kathmandu Valley as a whole. The concerns

on climate change and variability impacts to several sectors (agriculture, water, health, amon

others) have put forward the need to monitor, evaluate and address long term vulnerabilities

such as the inability of people to adapt or cope with day to day and extreme risks because of

poverty, lack of economic opportunity, poor access to services, wat

Other institutional and political factors may include the lack of enabling environment (ex.

capacity, knowledge, institutions,

environment. Several activities, project

the importance of reducing disaster risks

implementation processes

disaster risk reduction and clim

of Kathmandu Valley. A suggestion is given at the end of the table for its continuation.


Prepared

AND RATIONALE

Land Use Planning, generally, may be defined as the “proper management of land resources”

2004). This means that the land is used consistent with its natural qualities and made


involves interventions in decisions which involve State and Local regulation and control of



esponsibility of the government or State.



inefficient and can lead to many conflicts in land use (ex. incompatible uses, encroachment,


to unsafe conditions which are major causes of risks and vulnerabilities.

vulnerabilities are manifested by the disasters which happen in an area.

One aspect of proper land use planning is its consideration of natural hazards which can

seriously put a place at risk. Often, the absence of information on natural hazard risks, or

neglect to include it in land use planning and management can contribute to disasters.


related impacts in the planning analysis, and translating them into development concerns (ex.

and addressed through policies, strategies, programs

activities make the planning process risk-sensitive, with the great benefits of achieving

living environment and sustainable development.


sustainable growth and development of Kathmandu Valley. A report on the development plan

of the Valley in 2001(KV 2020 Development Concept Plan) revealed the GoN prime

the following goals: meeting community needs; managing its urban

undertaking redevelopment; providing the appropriate sites and services,

controlling and managing environmental damage and providing adequate protection to it

people from natural and man-made hazards, among others.


policies and approaches in addressing these development problems,

al and man-made disasters have continued to undermine the gains made


on climate change and variability impacts to several sectors (agriculture, water, health, amon



poverty, lack of economic opportunity, poor access to services, water scarcity, among others.


capacity, knowledge, institutions, technical and financial, cultural) to sustain a risk

environment. Several activities, projects, policies, both local and national have highlighted

the importance of reducing disaster risks through the development planning and

es. Table 1 below presents this progression of efforts

disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into the physical development processes




r management of land resources”

2004). This means that the land is used consistent with its natural qualities and made


ocal regulation and control of





y conflicts in land use (ex. incompatible uses, encroachment,


to unsafe conditions which are major causes of risks and vulnerabilities.

vulnerabilities are manifested by the disasters which happen in an area.

natural hazards which can

seriously put a place at risk. Often, the absence of information on natural hazard risks, or its

neglect to include it in land use planning and management can contribute to disasters. Hence,


development concerns (ex.

and addressed through policies, strategies, programs, projects and

, with the great benefits of achieving better


Kathmandu Valley. A report on the development plan

) revealed the GoN prime

: meeting community needs; managing its urban

redevelopment; providing the appropriate sites and services,

controlling and managing environmental damage and providing adequate protection to its


policies and approaches in addressing these development problems,

made disasters have continued to undermine the gains made by


on climate change and variability impacts to several sectors (agriculture, water, health, among



er scarcity, among others.


technical and financial, cultural) to sustain a risk-reduced

s, policies, both local and national have highlighted

development planning and

this progression of efforts to integrate

physical development processes




Table 1: Milestone in Integrating DRR and CCA into the Physical Development

Year Activity

2000-2001 Approval of Kathmandu

valley Development

Concept

2002 GoN, JICA-Kathmandu

Valley Earthquake

Mitigation Study

2005-2006 Development of a

Disaster Risk

management master plan

(DRRMP)

2007 National Urban Policy

2009-2010 Kathmandu Metropolitan

City Risk Sensitive Land

Use Plan (KMC-RSLUP)

funded by DKKV-FFO


Milestone in Integrating DRR and CCA into the Physical Development

Process of Kathmandu Valley

Description

Approval of Kathmandu

valley Development

Long term development plan, cored on policies and strategies that

address KV urban expansion and management, environmental

protection and management, efficient infrastructure

safe settlement patterns; natural calamity mitigation; and

institutional capacity building specially on land use management

and enforcement. No detailed plan or physical framework was

prepared.

Kathmandu Earthquake Risk Assessment was prepared for the Valley and

recommendations on risk reduction and emergency management

activities were given. Identification of possible temporary and

permanent spaces for evacuation and settlement were identified

Partial inventory of structures and a typology of these structures

were used in the risk assessment.

management master plan

KMC, EMI and NSET and other local and international partners

develop a disaster risk management master plan (DRMMP) for

Kathmandu City during the period 2005-2006.

National Urban Policy The long term goal of the policy is to contribute in poverty

alleviation through sustainable urbanization of the development

regions. It addresses this through appropriate planning

urbanization activities, reversing the deteriorating urban

environment, and providing clearer roles of central and local

bodies in urban development.

Kathmandu Metropolitan

City Risk Sensitive Land

RSLUP)

FFO

• The concept for mainstreaming DRR in land use planning was

presented as a framework and process by EMI. (See Figure

1.0). This is the EMI RSLUP project, KMC, EMI and NSET

collaborated to craft the KMC RSLUP to guide the future

development of Kathmandu City. It integrated hazard,

vulnerability and (disaster) risk assessment (HVRA) and

mitigation elements into local land use planning by: (a) using

available seismic, flood, fire hazard and risk information,

especially utilizing the 2002 Earthquake study (not u

(b) including emergency management parameters (e.g.,

evacuation roads), and (c) prescribing a series of disaster risk

reduction strategies and actions in the land use planning

practice.

• Three other related documents were prepared with this plan:

Draft Zoning Ordinance, KMC Socio Economic Profile and

KMC Emergency Management Plan.

• Advocacy programs and activities were prepared jointly by

EMI and NSET. The KMC RSLUP underwent a limited round

of public consultations and validations, facilitated by KM

government and NSET.

• The document highlighted the need to integrate KMC RSLUP

with a similarly risk sensitive Kathmandu Valley wide physical

framework which was not available at the time. KMC RSLUP

updating and completion is believed to hinge upon KV ph

framework.

• A three year plan was proposed in the KMC RSLUP document

on how the KV plans and local land use plans in the Valley can


Milestone in Integrating DRR and CCA into the Physical Development

Long term development plan, cored on policies and strategies that

address KV urban expansion and management, environmental

protection and management, efficient infrastructure development,

safe settlement patterns; natural calamity mitigation; and

institutional capacity building specially on land use management

and enforcement. No detailed plan or physical framework was

Earthquake Risk Assessment was prepared for the Valley and

recommendations on risk reduction and emergency management

activities were given. Identification of possible temporary and

permanent spaces for evacuation and settlement were identified.

Partial inventory of structures and a typology of these structures

KMC, EMI and NSET and other local and international partners

risk management master plan (DRMMP) for

2006.

The long term goal of the policy is to contribute in poverty

alleviation through sustainable urbanization of the development

addresses this through appropriate planning

urbanization activities, reversing the deteriorating urban

environment, and providing clearer roles of central and local

The concept for mainstreaming DRR in land use planning was

presented as a framework and process by EMI. (See Figure

1.0). This is the EMI RSLUP project, KMC, EMI and NSET

collaborated to craft the KMC RSLUP to guide the future

. It integrated hazard,

vulnerability and (disaster) risk assessment (HVRA) and

mitigation elements into local land use planning by: (a) using

available seismic, flood, fire hazard and risk information,

especially utilizing the 2002 Earthquake study (not updated);

(b) including emergency management parameters (e.g.,

evacuation roads), and (c) prescribing a series of disaster risk

reduction strategies and actions in the land use planning

Three other related documents were prepared with this plan:

Draft Zoning Ordinance, KMC Socio Economic Profile and

Advocacy programs and activities were prepared jointly by

EMI and NSET. The KMC RSLUP underwent a limited round

of public consultations and validations, facilitated by KMC

The document highlighted the need to integrate KMC RSLUP

with a similarly risk sensitive Kathmandu Valley wide physical

framework which was not available at the time. KMC RSLUP

updating and completion is believed to hinge upon KV physical

A three year plan was proposed in the KMC RSLUP document

on how the KV plans and local land use plans in the Valley can


2009 NAPA-National Action

Plan for Climate Change

2009 National Strategy for

Disaster Management

2010-2013 Three Year National Plan

2011-2012 Kathmandu Metropolitan

City RSLUP

endorsement and

adoption-(GoN Flagship

Programme 1 & funded

by UNDP-Nepal)

2012 Framework (Road Map)

for Making KV 2020

Development Concept

(GoN Flagship


by UNDP-Nepal)


Prepared

be made risk sensitive.

National Action

Plan for Climate Change • A Program of Action by the GoN to address

climate change such as those related to disastrous floods and

reduced freshwater supplies. Indirect impacts of climate change

could be experienced due to extreme events that may increase

food prices and /or damage livelihood, assets of th

communities.

National Strategy for

Disaster Management

The NSDRM prepared by the GoN, follows a paradigm shift from

merely responding to post disaster situations to disaster

prevention through development. Its main vision is to have

disaster resilient communities in Nepal. To do this, the long term

strategies include:

• Development and restructuring of institutional structures;

• Strengthen policy-wide and legal arrangements to ensure

stakeholders' participation while adhering to integrat

and decentralized implementation process.

• Create enabling environment from the central to household

level within the State to prepare and implement disaster risk

reduction and preparedness plans.

• Ensure mainstreaming disaster reduction into ov

development process along with sectoral development and

poverty reduction plans.

Three Year National Plan This plan has given the importance to the disaster risk

management and sets the long term vision for developing the

capacity of the country for coping with any type of natural and

human-induced disasters. It has clearly mentioned in the policy

and actions under the section 6.3 (Disaster Risk Management),

that the preparation of risk sensitive land use plan and following

the building code will be made compulsory in urban and

urbanizing areas. It has also mentioned about the minimization of

the impacts of climate change by protecting environment and

availing opportunities; increasing the access of people in water

induced disaster prevention services; developing safe, low cost

and environment friendly housings; developing appropriate

settlements and cities from the environmental and social

perspective.

Kathmandu Metropolitan

(GoN Flagship

amme 1 & funded

The KMC RSLUP prepared in 2010 went into another round of

review and updating. An endorsement through a validation

workshop in Dec. 2011 was made, subject to the conditions

outlined by the participants from various levels of Government.

The RSLUP was later approved by KMC Council and adopted for

implementation in early 2012.

Framework (Road Map)

for Making KV 2020

Development Concept -


Taking off from the recommendations made in the KMC RSLUP

2010 that a risk sensitive KV framework is needed towards proper

land use planning of KMC and other member municipalities, sub

metropolitan cities and VDCs in KV. A review, analysis of KV

2020 and road map are presented (this document) on how the KV

physical framework (Valley-wide land use plan) can be made risk

sensitive.

This document suggests the use of the KMC mainstreaming

framework for analyzing and planning for Kathmandu Valley.

Integrating risk reduction in periodic plans (through the physical

development plan) would be the way of preparing local risk

sensitive land use plans.



A Program of Action by the GoN to address direct impacts of

climate change such as those related to disastrous floods and

reduced freshwater supplies. Indirect impacts of climate change

could be experienced due to extreme events that may increase

food prices and /or damage livelihood, assets of the vulnerable

The NSDRM prepared by the GoN, follows a paradigm shift from

merely responding to post disaster situations to disaster

prevention through development. Its main vision is to have

disaster resilient communities in Nepal. To do this, the long term

Development and restructuring of institutional structures;

wide and legal arrangements to ensure

stakeholders' participation while adhering to integrated policy

and decentralized implementation process.

Create enabling environment from the central to household

level within the State to prepare and implement disaster risk

Ensure mainstreaming disaster reduction into overall

development process along with sectoral development and

This plan has given the importance to the disaster risk

management and sets the long term vision for developing the

ountry for coping with any type of natural and

induced disasters. It has clearly mentioned in the policy

and actions under the section 6.3 (Disaster Risk Management),

that the preparation of risk sensitive land use plan and following

e will be made compulsory in urban and

urbanizing areas. It has also mentioned about the minimization of

the impacts of climate change by protecting environment and

availing opportunities; increasing the access of people in water

n services; developing safe, low cost

and environment friendly housings; developing appropriate

settlements and cities from the environmental and social

The KMC RSLUP prepared in 2010 went into another round of

review and updating. An endorsement through a validation-

workshop in Dec. 2011 was made, subject to the conditions

outlined by the participants from various levels of Government.

er approved by KMC Council and adopted for

Taking off from the recommendations made in the KMC RSLUP

hat a risk sensitive KV framework is needed towards proper

land use planning of KMC and other member municipalities, sub-

metropolitan cities and VDCs in KV. A review, analysis of KV

2020 and road map are presented (this document) on how the KV

wide land use plan) can be made risk

This document suggests the use of the KMC mainstreaming

framework for analyzing and planning for Kathmandu Valley.

Integrating risk reduction in periodic plans (through the physical

plan) would be the way of preparing local risk



Post 2012-

Proposed

Continuati

on

Risk Sensitive-

Kathmandu Valley

Development & Physical

Framework

Land use planning is identified as one of the most effective ways to achieve DRR and to take

the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management

Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change (2009)

fast growing urban areas such as the

physical framework plan

and spatial plans by engaging the government (at various levels), private sector, civil society,

international development organizations, and other key stakeholders (e.g. academe, media,

private sector, etc.). The land use planning process helps the

need to reduce disaster risks as part of its pursuit for sustainable development

The work done by Kathmandu Municipal City (KMC)

in completing a Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan (RSLUP) in 201

experience to local and national government officials

be enhanced or made risk sensitive

reduction, climate change adaptation towards sustainable development

necessary that existing planning structures (institutions) and legal frameworks are in place,

and that tools and process are appropriate They collectively provide the environmen

enable communities to develop sustainably and become disaster resilient.

RSLUP is illustrated in Figure


Development & Physical

An updated KV concept plan and risk sensitive physical

framework is prepared that will be used to guide the urbanizing

and urbanized VDCs, municipalities and sub-

and KMC.

identified as one of the most effective ways to achieve DRR and to take

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (2009) and the

Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change (2009) forward. For highly vulnerable

fast growing urban areas such as the Kathmandu Valley, a risk sensitive land use plan or

physical framework plan offers an opportunity to incorporate risk reduction into development



. The land use planning process helps the Kathmandu Valley

need to reduce disaster risks as part of its pursuit for sustainable development

The work done by Kathmandu Municipal City (KMC), NSET, EMI, and other local partners

Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan (RSLUP) in 2010 provided

experience to local and national government officials that traditional land use planning can

be enhanced or made risk sensitive and be used to meet national and local agendas on risk

ion, climate change adaptation towards sustainable development


and that tools and process are appropriate They collectively provide the environmen

enable communities to develop sustainably and become disaster resilient.

Figure 3.


An updated KV concept plan and risk sensitive physical

ill be used to guide the urbanizing

-metropolitan cities

identified as one of the most effective ways to achieve DRR and to take

) and the National Adaptation

forward. For highly vulnerable and

risk sensitive land use plan or

to incorporate risk reduction into development



Kathmandu Valley address its

need to reduce disaster risks as part of its pursuit for sustainable development.

, NSET, EMI, and other local partners

provided the learning

that traditional land use planning can

to meet national and local agendas on risk

ion, climate change adaptation towards sustainable development. However, it is


and that tools and process are appropriate They collectively provide the environment that will

enable communities to develop sustainably and become disaster resilient. The framework for


Figure 3. Model for Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning used for KMC

This enabling environment may be anchored on several themes

as: environmental protection & management, land use planning and management, safe

infrastructure & building construction and enforcement, disaster risk management and good

governance.

Hence, in practice, mainstreaming disaster

use planning) requires one to review existing systems and identify gaps in the following:

• Supportive legal, institutional arrangements;

- Clear mandates, functions, responsibilities and jurisdictions;

- Legal frameworks;

- Capacities;

• A clear framework for plan formulation and implementation;

- Planning process and linkage (ex. linkage between sectoral development and land

use) ;

- Participatory planning;

- Planning practice and implementation/ enforcement;

- Implementation tools used (ex. zoning, building by

• Plan outputs;

- Norms and standards used

- Use of scientific information(ex. hazard and risks)


Prepared

Model for Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning used for KMC

This enabling environment may be anchored on several themes of development policies such



Hence, in practice, mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in development planning (ex. land


Supportive legal, institutional arrangements;

Clear mandates, functions, responsibilities and jurisdictions;

frameworks;

A clear framework for plan formulation and implementation;

Planning process and linkage (ex. linkage between sectoral development and land

Participatory planning;

Planning practice and implementation/ enforcement;

Implementation tools used (ex. zoning, building by- laws, incentives)

Norms and standards used

Use of scientific information(ex. hazard and risks)



Model for Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning used for KMC

of development policies such



risk reduction in development planning (ex. land


Planning process and linkage (ex. linkage between sectoral development and land

laws, incentives)



- Analytical process (ex. suitability mapping)

Recommendations are then made to ensure that these

that which is desired are addressed in the different themes or policy areas.

Unfortunately, important elements of the RSLUP

(middle box in Figure 3

suggested by the relevant stakeholders that the RSLUP for Kathmandu City should be

integrated into a full exercise

Kathmandu Valley, the EMI RSLUP proje

cover the whole Valley. Thus, th

importance of the RSLUP for the Kathmandu Valley is recognized in the Flagship

Programme and was originally include

Kathmandu Valley is a logical starting point for DRR in the country since it will

inadequate development conditions and hazard exposures which translate to its

vulnerabilities. Consultation

KMC, ADB, JICA and others

RSLUP for the Valley. This project should also be recognized and fully integrated in the

CDRM Programme.


Analytical process (ex. suitability mapping)

Recommendations are then made to ensure that these gaps between the existing situation and


Unfortunately, important elements of the RSLUP such as implementation and enforcement

3) were not completed in 2010 due to lack of resources.

the relevant stakeholders that the RSLUP for Kathmandu City should be

integrated into a full exercise to develop a risk sensitive physical framework plan for the full

the EMI RSLUP project in 2010 did not have the resources

cover the whole Valley. Thus, the work was limited to Kathmandu City


Programme and was originally included in Flagship 5. The development of the RSLUP for the

Kathmandu Valley is a logical starting point for DRR in the country since it will


. Consultations with the stakeholders including MoPPW, MoLD, KVTDC,

KMC, ADB, JICA and others point to the importance and urgency of the development of a



gaps between the existing situation and


such as implementation and enforcement

due to lack of resources. While it was

the relevant stakeholders that the RSLUP for Kathmandu City should be

to develop a risk sensitive physical framework plan for the full

ct in 2010 did not have the resources at that time to

was limited to Kathmandu City. Nonetheless, the


. The development of the RSLUP for the

Kathmandu Valley is a logical starting point for DRR in the country since it will help address


s with the stakeholders including MoPPW, MoLD, KVTDC,

the importance and urgency of the development of a



2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Kathmandu Valley (KV) i

Nepal. It covers an area of 66,650 hectares of land within Kathmandu Metropolitan City,

Madhyapur Thimi Municipali

Kirtipur Municipality and 98 Village Development Committees

rise behind the green hills in the north to provide an awe

city is located at 27°42' north Latitude and 85°20' east Longitude.


Prepared

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS: DISASTERS IN THE KATHMANDU VALLEY

Kathmandu Valley (KV) is located in the Bagmati Zone, Central Develo

It covers an area of 66,650 hectares of land within Kathmandu Metropolitan City,

Thimi Municipality, Bhaktapur Municipality, Lalitpur Sub

Kirtipur Municipality and 98 Village Development Committees. Snow

rise behind the green hills in the north to provide an awe-inspiring backdrop

at 27°42' north Latitude and 85°20' east Longitude.

Figure 4. Location Map



KATHMANDU VALLEY

one, Central Development Region of

It covers an area of 66,650 hectares of land within Kathmandu Metropolitan City,

Lalitpur Sub-metropolitan City,

. Snow-covered mountains

inspiring backdrop to the city. The



2.1 Disaster Losses and Associated Risks

Earthquake Vulnerability

Concerns over seismic risk to Kathmandu are

driven not only by the high rate of seismicity

(See Annex 1) but also by the extreme

vulnerability of structures and infrastructure

and the high density of the built environment.

The percent of building construction that

could be considered to

of earthquake is negligible, whereas the

overwhelming majority of buildings and structures indicate a high to very high vulnerability.

The density of buildings and population, the extreme vulnerability, the difficulties of access

due to narrow roads and the potential for secondary effects such as fire f

earthquake, hazardous material release, landslides, liquefaction and others are indicators of a

Table 2: Losses due to Earthquake in Kathmandu Valley,

Hazards/Disaster

Events

No

of

Da

ta

Human Population

Dea

th

Earthquake 4 3

Table 3: Loss estimation figures for mid

Municipality / VDC

Projected Population, Buildings and Impacts due to Scenario Earthquake in

Population

Kathmandu District

Kathmandu

Metropolitan City (35

Wards)

956,364


Disaster Losses and Associated Risks

Earthquake Vulnerability

oncerns over seismic risk to Kathmandu are

driven not only by the high rate of seismicity

but also by the extreme

vulnerability of structures and infrastructures

and the high density of the built environment.

The percent of building construction that

could be considered to withstand the impact

earthquake is negligible, whereas the

ming majority of buildings and structures indicate a high to very high vulnerability.


due to narrow roads and the potential for secondary effects such as fire f


large scale urban catastrophe waiting to happen with

a level of destruction that is unprecedented.

Further, Kathmandu is also subject to other haza

such as flooding, landslides and has high exposure

to climate change because of its location and fragile

environment, which aggravate the vulnerability of

the city to natural hazards (KMC RSLUP, 2011)

The following tables reveal actual losses (past

events) and potential losses estimated from the Mid

Nepal earthquake scenario.

Losses due to Earthquake in Kathmandu Valley, 1971

Human Population Buildings

Ev

acu

ate

d

Fa

rmin

g/F

ore

sts(

ha

)

Mis

sin

g

Inju

ries

Vic

tim

s

Aff

ecte

d

Des

tro

yed

Da

ma

ge

--- 6 --- ----- 10 254 --- -----

(Source: Nepal DesInventar data base, NSET 2011)

Loss estimation figures for mid-Nepal Earthquake (intensity


2009

Population No. of

Buildings Death

Injury

(Severe

and

Moderate)

Building

Damage

(Heavy

and

Partial)

956,364 187,137 14,585 120,717 87,193


ming majority of buildings and structures indicate a high to very high vulnerability.


due to narrow roads and the potential for secondary effects such as fire following an


large scale urban catastrophe waiting to happen with

a level of destruction that is unprecedented.

Further, Kathmandu is also subject to other hazards

such as flooding, landslides and has high exposure

to climate change because of its location and fragile

environment, which aggravate the vulnerability of

(KMC RSLUP, 2011).

The following tables reveal actual losses (past

ents) and potential losses estimated from the Mid-

1971-2011 F

arm

ing

/Fo

rest

s(h

a)

Liv

esto

ck

Ed

uca

tio

n C

entr

e

Lo

sses

va

lue(

NR

s)

----- --- 9 -----


Nepal Earthquake (intensity IX MMI)


Building

Damage

(Heavy

and

Partial)

Displaced

Population

87,193 291,232


Kirtipur Municipality

(19 Wards)

50,065

VDCs (Total 56 VDCs) 494,684

Kathmandu District

Total

1,501,112

Lalitpur District

Lalitpur Sub

Metropolitan City (22

Wards)

211,501


Lalitpur District Total 430,364

Bhaktapur District

Bhaktapur Municipality

(17 Wards)

82,574

MadhyapurThimi

Municipality (17

Wards)

64,770


Bhaktapur District

Total

286,714

Total Valley 2,218,191

2.1.1 Flood, Landslide and Debris Flood

There are more than 6,000 rivers and streams in Nepal, most of which flow from north to

south generally at high velocity due to steep river gradient. The majority of the larger rivers

are snow fed from the Himalayas. Since the topography of the country is steep and rugged,

with high-angle slopes and complex geology, large quantities of rainfall during the monsoon

season lead to floods, landslides, and debris flows in a number of cities. Costly yet

ineffective land conservation causes flooding and landslides. Unplanned settlements and

structures built without consideration of natural hazards aggravate the situation. In addition,

landslides caused by torrential rains add enormous volume to streams a

floods and debris flows downstream that kill numerous people and inflict immense harm to

agricultural lands, crops, and properties.

In July 1993, the Tarai region experienced a destructive flood which claimed the lives

1,336 people and affected another 487,534. In 1998, floods and landslides struck various parts

of the country, mainly the Tarai and middle Hill regions, killing 273, injuring 80, and

impacting 33,549 families. The floods and landslides also ruined 45,00

Similar flooding occurred in 1999 and continues to occur annually.


Prepared

9,065 240 2,030 4,563

494,684 89,722 8,996 74,578 51,426

1,501,112 285,924 23,821 197,325 143,182

211,501 45,202 990 8,310 19,355

218,863 39,583 2,463 20,523 21,833

430,364 84,785 3,452 28,834 41,188

12,381 271 2,287 5,836

10,423 147 1,249 4,359

139,371 24,065 925 7,759 11,996

286,714 46,869 1,342 11,295 22,191

2,218,191 417,577 28,616 237,454 206,561


Flood, Landslide and Debris Flood



from the Himalayas. Since the topography of the country is steep and rugged,

angle slopes and complex geology, large quantities of rainfall during the monsoon




landslides caused by torrential rains add enormous volume to streams a


agricultural lands, crops, and properties. (KMC, RSLUP, 2011)

In July 1993, the Tarai region experienced a destructive flood which claimed the lives



impacting 33,549 families. The floods and landslides also ruined 45,00

Similar flooding occurred in 1999 and continues to occur annually. (KMC, RSLUP, 2011)



4,563 18,673

51,426 227,784

143,182 537,689

19,355 49,016

21,833 95,224

41,188 144,239

5,836 25,011

4,359 17,656

11,996 53,944

22,191 96,612

206,561 778,540




from the Himalayas. Since the topography of the country is steep and rugged,

angle slopes and complex geology, large quantities of rainfall during the monsoon




landslides caused by torrential rains add enormous volume to streams and rivers causing


In July 1993, the Tarai region experienced a destructive flood which claimed the lives of



impacting 33,549 families. The floods and landslides also ruined 45,000 hectares of crops.

(KMC, RSLUP, 2011)



Table 4: Losses due to flood and lan

Hazards/D

isaster

Events

No

of

Dat

a Human Population

Dea

th

Mis

sin

g

Inju

ries

Flood 60 53 18 8

Landslide 60 68 6 20

2.1.2 Fire

Fire occurs mainly between April and June during the dry season when it seldom rains and

temperatures in the Tarai region reach higher than 35°C. Fires are common to the rural Tarai

and Hill regions where 90.8 percent of the total population lives in very poor housing

conditions. Houses in rural regions, especially Tarai, are composed of straw or timber and

tend to be very close to each other, thereby increasing the risk of fire and fire spread. In 1999

a blaze killed 39 people, injured 10, and affected 1,065 families. The fire, with estimated total

losses of NRs 45.23 million, destroyed 1,035 houses, 52 cattle sheds and 148 livestock.

Table 5: Losses due to fire in Kathmandu Valley, 1971

Hazards/Dis

aster

Events

No

of

Dat

a

Human Population

Dea

th

Mis

sin

g

Inju

ries

Fire 603 126 50 168

Natural hazards which threaten Madhyapur Municipality through the years 2004 to 2011 can

be categorized as related to: fire, hailstorm, rains and monsoon, earthquake, landslides. Fire

appears frequent and occurred in this city four times, in the following year: 2007, 2008, 2010,

and 2011, with a single human loss in 2010. The hail storm in 2007 caused huge destroy of

ripen crops. In 2011, heavy rains and flood destroyed the several houses and cultivated area

Roads were water -logged for several hours. In 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 caused

minor losses and landslides seriously affected the historic and picnic spot of the city so called

Nil Barahi jungle area. About a decade ago, a large landslide oc

the mostly the east and west part of this Significant Temple area.

For Kathmandu City, using a 41 year record, (1971

among hazards, in number of deaths, injuries and missing persons

losses to built- up areas. With forest fires included, it gives a picture that fire hazards are the

most destructive to KMC environment. Floods appear to affect lesser numbers of people and

very few had been recorded to die from floo

There is a short record and lack of damage estimates to indicate destructive impacts of


Losses due to flood and landslide in Kathmandu Valley,


Ev

acu

ated

Far

min

g/F

ore

sts(

ha)

Vic

tim

s

Aff

ecte

d

Des

tro

yed

Dam

age

---- 10,579 186 225 322 33,252 62

--- 573 134 39 --- 21 5




ere 90.8 percent of the total population lives in very poor housing


tend to be very close to each other, thereby increasing the risk of fire and fire spread. In 1999



Losses due to fire in Kathmandu Valley, 1971-


Ev

acu

ated

Far

min

g/F

ore

sts(

ha)

Liv

esto

ck

Inju

ries

Vic

tim

s

Aff

ecte

d

Des

tro

yed

Dam

age

168 --- 1,336 390 296 3 0.5 1293




ccurred in this city four times, in the following year: 2007, 2008, 2010,


ripen crops. In 2011, heavy rains and flood destroyed the several houses and cultivated area

logged for several hours. In 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 caused


Nil Barahi jungle area. About a decade ago, a large landslide occurred causing the erosion of

the mostly the east and west part of this Significant Temple area.

For Kathmandu City, using a 41 year record, (1971-2011), fire events (295 events) rank first

among hazards, in number of deaths, injuries and missing persons and in terms of damage

up areas. With forest fires included, it gives a picture that fire hazards are the


very few had been recorded to die from floods, but it leads fires in terms of building damages.



slide in Kathmandu Valley, 1971-2011

Liv

esto

ck

Ed

uca

tio

n C

entr

e

Lo

sses

val

ue(

NR

s)

62 ---- 58,674,000

5 ---- 35,012,050




ere 90.8 percent of the total population lives in very poor housing


tend to be very close to each other, thereby increasing the risk of fire and fire spread. In 1999,



-2011

Ed

uca

tio

n C

entr

e

Lo

sses

val

ue(

NR

s)

2 591,558,339




ccurred in this city four times, in the following year: 2007, 2008, 2010,


ripen crops. In 2011, heavy rains and flood destroyed the several houses and cultivated areas.

logged for several hours. In 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 caused


curred causing the erosion of

2011), fire events (295 events) rank first

and in terms of damage

up areas. With forest fires included, it gives a picture that fire hazards are the


ds, but it leads fires in terms of building damages.



earthquakes; but they are perceived to be more devastating when left unaddressed considering

the vulnerability of buildings and structures mentioned in this land use plan.

Fire and building collapse appears frequent in Lalitpur. The earthquake of 2011 had revealed

that damage to structure will be more under stronger earthquakes.

In Bhaktapur municipality, based on a 10

collapse has contributed to the many affected people and building damages.

Based on the Table shown below; fire flood, rain, structural collapse and epidemic account for

most of the hazard threats to the

forest fire and structural collapse comprise the monetary losses from damages.

Table 6: Hazard Threats to the Population in Kathmandu Valley

Table : Eventwise Human population death and other losses due to different natural disasters in Kathmandu Valley, 1971 - 2011

Deaths Missing Injuries

Accident 73 77 1

Boat Capsize 3 6 -

Cold Wave 2 3 -

Earthquake 4 - -

Epidemic 72 58 -

Explosion 15 10 -

Fire 603 126 50

Flood 60 53 18

Forest fire 7 - -

Frost 1 - -

Hail strom 17 - -

Landslide 60 68 6

Other 5 4 1

Panic 1 70 -

Plague 8 - -

Pollution 2 - -

Rains 24 4 -

Snow Storm 1 - -

Storm 5 - -

Strong wind 10 4 -

Struct. Collapse 128 91 6

Thunderstorm 25 19 -

Total 1,126 593 82 1,049

Source : Nepal DesInventar Database, NSET 2011

Note : Nepal DesInventar Database includes for the period of January 1, 1971 to June 15, 2011

Human PopulationNo. of

Data-

Hazard / Disaster

events


Prepared


uildings and structures mentioned in this land use plan.


that damage to structure will be more under stronger earthquakes.

In Bhaktapur municipality, based on a 10 year record: fire, flood, landslide and structural



most of the hazard threats to the population in Kathmandu Valley. Fire, flood, landslide,


Hazard Threats to the Population in Kathmandu Valley

Table : Eventwise Human population death and other losses due to different natural disasters in Kathmandu Valley, 1971 - 2011

Injuries Victims Affected Destroyed Damaged

19 - 5 - - - -

7 - 7 - - - -

- - - - - - -

6 - - 10 254 - -

486 222 4,495 - - - -

11 - 4 - 1 - -

168 - 1,336 390 296 3 0.5 1,293

8 - 10,579 186 225 322 332.52

- - - - - - 45

- - 5 2 - -

9 - - - 8 - 851.1

20 - 573 134 39 - 21

- - - - - 2 -

97 - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

10 - 1,096 14 6 - -

- - - - - - -

- - - - 10 - -

12 - - - 14 - -

170 - 548 149 50 - 0.25

26 - - 3 4 - -

1,049 222 18,648 888 907 327 1250.37 2,527

Note : Nepal DesInventar Database includes for the period of January 1, 1971 to June 15, 2011

Human Population LivestockFarming and

forest (Ha)

EvacuatedBuildings




uildings and structures mentioned in this land use plan.


year record: fire, flood, landslide and structural



population in Kathmandu Valley. Fire, flood, landslide,


Hazard Threats to the Population in Kathmandu Valley

- - -

- - -

- - -

- 9 -

- - -

- - 65,200

1,293 2 591,558,339

62 - 58,674,000

- - 2,710,000

- - 520,000

- - 4,500,000

5 - 35,012,050

- - -

- - -

1159 - -

- - -

3 - 1,760,000

- - 1,000,000

- 1 120,000

- - -

2 - 2,829,000

3 - 403,000

2,527 12 699,151,589

Losses Value

(NRs)

Education

Centre

Livestock



2.2 Climate Change and Variability Impacts Infrastructures

Nepal’s climate is influenced by the Himalayan mountain range and the South Asian

Monsoon. The climate is characterized into four distinct seasons: pre

monsoon (June-September), post monsoon (Octo

February). Annual average rainfall is about 1800 mm yearly. The monsoon rain is abundant in

the east and gradually declines as it moves westwards; while winter rains are higher in the

northwest declining as it moves sou

mid-hill areas around Pokhara and northeast and east of the Kathmandu Valley. Temperature

tends to increase from north to south.

In terms of projections, mean annual temperature may increase betw

by 2030 and about 1.7 deg C by 2050. Increases in temperature from 2

be expected until 2100. Precipitation may increase in the range of 15 to 20% for the whole

country during summer months. Generally there is

rainfall in terms of intensity of rainfall.

Nepal, largely an agrarian economy

resource availability (i.e. water resources).

The NAPA report indicates that

very high rating in terms of a vulnerability index. Essentially, it describe

vulnerable to loss of physical capital (damage to shelter and infrastructure), human capital

(malnutrition and disease), social capital (displacement of communities) and financial capital

(more disasters and lower income).

In that same report, it indicated that

disastrous floods and reduce

be experienced due to extreme events that may increase food prices and /or damage livelihood

assets of the vulnerable communities.

The report further adds that climate change is likely to result in incre

buildings, energy services, telecommunications, transport structures and water services,

hence, generally affecting the quality of lives and safety of local communities.

4 Excerpts of this section are culled from the of the

Ministry of Environment


Climate Change and Variability Impacts to Urban Settlements and


Monsoon. The climate is characterized into four distinct seasons: pre-monsoon (March

September), post monsoon (October- November) and winter (December



northwest declining as it moves south-eastwards. The highest rainfall occurs in the central and

hill areas around Pokhara and northeast and east of the Kathmandu Valley. Temperature

tends to increase from north to south.

In terms of projections, mean annual temperature may increase between 1.2 deg C

by 2030 and about 1.7 deg C by 2050. Increases in temperature from 2 deg


country during summer months. Generally there is an increase in monsoon and post monsoon

rainfall in terms of intensity of rainfall.

Nepal, largely an agrarian economy, is highly sensitive to these changes in climate and nature

resource availability (i.e. water resources).4

The NAPA report indicates that Kathmandu is one among the more vulnerable districts with a

very high rating in terms of a vulnerability index. Essentially, it described


lnutrition and disease), social capital (displacement of communities) and financial capital

(more disasters and lower income).

it indicated that the direct impacts of climate change may result to

disastrous floods and reduced freshwater supplies. Indirect impacts of climate change could


assets of the vulnerable communities.

The report further adds that climate change is likely to result in incre



Excerpts of this section are culled from the of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change 2009


Urban Settlements and


monsoon (March-May),

November) and winter (December-



eastwards. The highest rainfall occurs in the central and

hill areas around Pokhara and northeast and east of the Kathmandu Valley. Temperature

een 1.2 deg C- 1.4 deg C

deg C to 3 deg C may


an increase in monsoon and post monsoon

is highly sensitive to these changes in climate and nature

Kathmandu is one among the more vulnerable districts with a

d that poor people are


lnutrition and disease), social capital (displacement of communities) and financial capital

the direct impacts of climate change may result to

r supplies. Indirect impacts of climate change could


The report further adds that climate change is likely to result in increased damage to



National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change 2009 of the


3 VULNERABILITY OF KAT

The Nepal, Kathmandu Va

world. It is ranked 11th among 150 countries, according to the Humanitarian Aid Office of the

European Commission.

In addition, there are certain social, economic and political factors in t

which tend to aggravate the impact of hazard events.

the development related aspects which contribute to the physical, social and environmental

vulnerability of the Valley. Information was mainly

2001 and various agency reports.

3.1 Population and Social

3.1.1 Population

The Valley district growth includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur,

five (5) municipalities and ninety

and rural growth rate was

3.6million people in 202

be living in the Kathmandu District, 1

A significant percentage, a

areas and 20% in the rural areas.

migration on the Kathmandu metropolitan area.

natural increase alone in the Valley population

3.1.2 Social Aspects

Kathmandu Valley continues to

components of vulnerability reveal the following:

• Widespread Poverty

the effects of which exacerbate environmental disasters, for example, deforestation or

destruction of forests

• Movement to High risk areas

areas such as unstable slopes, river banks, or along road and rail rights of way and along

easements of power lines. This exposes the poor directly to hazards and their deprivation

reduces their capacity to cope with disasters, much less recover quickly from the effects

of disasters.

• Political Instability

conflicts which have displaced

country and lack of security and safety of life and property in the rural areas compelled

many families to move to urban

dissolved on 27th May 2012 at the stroke of midnight

constitution.

• Threat to Cultural and Heritage Sites

world heritage sites, namely Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur

Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Pas

risk to damage from environmental hazards. These heritage sites consist of numerous

temples, monasteries, stupas, palaces, chowks, ponds, and waterspouts etc., which

represent the culture,

heritage sites, there are also more than thirty religious and monument sites in various

places such as Dakshin

Bajra Yogini and Budha


Prepared

VULNERABILITY OF KATHMANDU VALLEY TO DISASTERS

Nepal, Kathmandu Valley is considered one of the most disaster-prone countries in the

among 150 countries, according to the Humanitarian Aid Office of the

In addition, there are certain social, economic and political factors in the

which tend to aggravate the impact of hazard events. The following section briefly describes

related aspects which contribute to the physical, social and environmental

vulnerability of the Valley. Information was mainly sourced from KV Development Concept

2001 and various agency reports.

Social Aspects

Valley district growth includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur,

five (5) municipalities and ninety-eight (98) VDCs. Urban growth rate was

and rural growth rate was 1.03% (2001 -2011). Population projections indicate a rise to

21 from 2.642 million in 2011. Among these, sixty eight (6

be living in the Kathmandu District, 18% in Lalitpur district and 12.5% in Bhaktapur district.

A significant percentage, about 80% of the Valley population will be residing in the urban

areas and 20% in the rural areas. The burden will be on KMC. There is a great pressure of

Kathmandu metropolitan area. It is highlighted in the KV report that a

atural increase alone in the Valley population can propel the urbanization on its own.

Kathmandu Valley continues to experience a number of pressing social issues.

omponents of vulnerability reveal the following:

Widespread Poverty: Poverty drives many people to engage in unsustainable livelihoods


forests.

o High risk areas: Poverty also drives some people to inhabit high

such as unstable slopes, river banks, or along road and rail rights of way and along


uces their capacity to cope with disasters, much less recover quickly from the effects

Political Instability: The long-running conflicts (1996-2006) have triggered armed

conflicts which have displaced many communities living in the remote areas of the


many families to move to urban centres. The four year-old Constituent Assembly

May 2012 at the stroke of midnight without delivering a new

Threat to Cultural and Heritage Sites: Seven cultural heritage sites enlisted in the


Durbar Square, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Pasupatinath, Changunarayan,



represent the culture, history, religion and architecture of the Valley. Apart from the

there are also more than thirty religious and monument sites in various

places such as Dakshin Kali, Nil Barahi, Bajra Barahi, Surya Binayak, Karya Binayak,

and Budha Nilakanth.



TO DISASTERS

prone countries in the

among 150 countries, according to the Humanitarian Aid Office of the

he Kathmandu Valley,

The following section briefly describes

related aspects which contribute to the physical, social and environmental

sourced from KV Development Concept

Valley district growth includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur, and encompasses

growth rate was 3.38% per year

rojections indicate a rise to

ixty eight (69.5%) will

% in Bhaktapur district.

bout 80% of the Valley population will be residing in the urban

There is a great pressure of

It is highlighted in the KV report that a

can propel the urbanization on its own.

a number of pressing social issues. Key

Poverty drives many people to engage in unsustainable livelihoods


to inhabit high-risk

such as unstable slopes, river banks, or along road and rail rights of way and along


uces their capacity to cope with disasters, much less recover quickly from the effects

have triggered armed

living in the remote areas of the


old Constituent Assembly

without delivering a new

Seven cultural heritage sites enlisted in the


upatinath, Changunarayan, etc. are at



cture of the Valley. Apart from the

there are also more than thirty religious and monument sites in various

, Nil Barahi, Bajra Barahi, Surya Binayak, Karya Binayak,



3.1.3 Economy

Tourism, agro-service, business, commerce and industry sector fuels the growth in

Kathmandu’s economy. The manufacturing industries engaged a total of 123,000 persons

(National Research Associates, Nepal 1999).Such principal industries are carpets, textil

ready-made garments, weaving/hosiery,

factories. A great number of hotels and resorts may be found in the Valley

• Economic infrastructure support is weak

and facilities can no longer cope and can

For this, employment and services and facilities, in addition to economic opportunities,

should be expanded in

• The Agriculture sector is also weakening.

3.1.4 Environment & Resource Related

Day-to-day risks are faced by the people living in the Valley and are strongly related to

environmental degradation.

• Degraded and denuding water resources

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology

Integrated Mountain Development

Programme (UNEP)

surface water sources, such as rivers and “kunds”

from increasing population and economic activities. The pressure on these water sources

has also increased over the years as the agricultural sector intensified its de

water. Almost all major rivers have been tapped at source for drinking water supplies.

This supply is only about 120 million liters per day (mld) during the rainy season and 80

mld during dry season, against the estimated daily demand of 170 mld (

dry season, 60-70 percent of the water supply comes from groundwater. Only 79 percent

of the total demand for water of the urban population has been met. (MoEST, ICIMOD

and UNEP, 2007). In view of the climate change impacts identified in the

2009, there is a need to address these resource issues immediately.

• Hazard Prone & Disaster areas

sourced from various agencies, NGO database (Nepal DesInventar, NSET, 2011) and

from project reports specially related to earthquake and flood impacts.

- Natural hazard & risk information integrated in Development plans and

processes: Most of the reports on natural hazard impacts in the Valley had been

published after the KV 2001 plan. Hence, haz

information were not available during KV 2020 plan conception and finalization.

• Land, Water & Air Pollution

the Valley included motor vehicles, factories, bio

emission is the major factor. The reasons for aggravating vehicular emission can be

attributed to the use of old vehicles, poor maintenance and use of substandard fuel, among

others.

• Poor sanitation& waste management in

household sewage and wastes, and industrial effluents dumped into the river without

treatment. There is also a high level of air pollution due to poor road conditions

producing dust and particulates. Improper solid waste disposal du

of garbage along roadsides also contributes to urban pollution in the city.

3.1.5 Land Use Related

The agricultural, non-agricultural and forest zones occupy 41%, 28%, and 31% of the total

land of the Valley (as of 1998)


service, business, commerce and industry sector fuels the growth in


(National Research Associates, Nepal 1999).Such principal industries are carpets, textil

weaving/hosiery, handicrafts and wooden craft, furniture, brick and tile

A great number of hotels and resorts may be found in the Valley

Economic infrastructure support is weak: As a result of fast urban expansion, s

and facilities can no longer cope and can eventually destabilize the urban management.

r this, employment and services and facilities, in addition to economic opportunities,

should be expanded in urbanizing areas. The carrying capacity needs to b

The Agriculture sector is also weakening.

Environment & Resource Related

day risks are faced by the people living in the Valley and are strongly related to

environmental degradation.

Degraded and denuding water resources: According to a joint study

Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MoEST), International Centre for

Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and United Nations Environment

) titled, “Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook,” the Valle

surface water sources, such as rivers and “kunds”, have received tremendous pressure


has also increased over the years as the agricultural sector intensified its de



mld during dry season, against the estimated daily demand of 170 mld (

70 percent of the water supply comes from groundwater. Only 79 percent


and UNEP, 2007). In view of the climate change impacts identified in the

2009, there is a need to address these resource issues immediately.

Hazard Prone & Disaster areas: Information on hazards and negative impacts may be


ct reports specially related to earthquake and flood impacts.

Natural hazard & risk information integrated in Development plans and

Most of the reports on natural hazard impacts in the Valley had been

published after the KV 2001 plan. Hence, hazard information and other vital


Land, Water & Air Pollution: The KV report had identified the cause of air pollution in

motor vehicles, factories, bio-mass and fuel; out of which, vehicular


use of old vehicles, poor maintenance and use of substandard fuel, among

Poor sanitation& waste management in Kathmandu Valley: This is mainly due to



producing dust and particulates. Improper solid waste disposal due to temporary dumping


agricultural and forest zones occupy 41%, 28%, and 31% of the total

land of the Valley (as of 1998), respectively. There is much diversification of land use. Urban


service, business, commerce and industry sector fuels the growth in


(National Research Associates, Nepal 1999).Such principal industries are carpets, textiles and

wooden craft, furniture, brick and tile

A great number of hotels and resorts may be found in the Valley.

As a result of fast urban expansion, services

eventually destabilize the urban management.

r this, employment and services and facilities, in addition to economic opportunities,

areas. The carrying capacity needs to be determined.

day risks are faced by the people living in the Valley and are strongly related to

a joint study in 2007 by

International Centre for

United Nations Environment

titled, “Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook,” the Valley’s

have received tremendous pressure


has also increased over the years as the agricultural sector intensified its demand for



mld during dry season, against the estimated daily demand of 170 mld (NWSC 2001). In

70 percent of the water supply comes from groundwater. Only 79 percent


and UNEP, 2007). In view of the climate change impacts identified in the NAPA report of

Information on hazards and negative impacts may be


ct reports specially related to earthquake and flood impacts.

Natural hazard & risk information integrated in Development plans and

Most of the reports on natural hazard impacts in the Valley had been

ard information and other vital


cause of air pollution in

s and fuel; out of which, vehicular


use of old vehicles, poor maintenance and use of substandard fuel, among

This is mainly due to



e to temporary dumping


agricultural and forest zones occupy 41%, 28%, and 31% of the total

re is much diversification of land use. Urban


residential use covers about 7% while rural settlement covers 12.6%.

covers about 66,665 hectares.

rapid decline of the agriculture land

of 2041-51 B. (1984-1994), a total of 7642 hectares of agriculture land was converted for

urban uses whereas during the period of 2051

of agriculture land was converted.

It is estimated that 3600 hectares of land will be required for the next 20 years at the rate of

300 persons per hectare.

structures were promoted

mentioned in the report is deemed to help in preserving the a

hand, new sites for urban expansion must be pre

3.1.6 Key contributors of vulnerability:

• A rapid urbanization of the Valley is uncontrolled

population growth and inadequate services and facilities will eventually destabilize the

urban management.

- Rapid conversion of unproductive agricultural lands

constraints is that habitation with low density of population was taking place in the

Valley and causing decline of fertile agriculture land. The report mentions that

between 2041B.S.

decreased from 64 percent to 42 percent. If this trend continues, the agriculture land

in the Valley will go to zero in 2082 B.S.

• Rapid and haphazard urban transformation of the Kathmandu Valley

inflicted a great pressure on the Valley's precious natura

land, environment, cultural heritage, services and facilities; and the way of life of the

people in the Valley has changed and their living is getting dearer and more painful

growth of settlements in the Valley is gene

planning intervention on the part of the government to guide its directions. The low

density urban sprawl and uncontrolled settlement development in rural areas similarly

pose a challenge for urban managers becau

maintaining municipal services

• Densification issues

KV 2020 at 300 persons per hectare (or net density of 600 persons per hectare)

considering a 50% occupation for residential purposes. Given the assumption that 500

persons per hectare (ne

densification. Standards for land allocation for educational or health institutions were

provided in the report

where this maybe cons

• Current causes and effects and trends of urbanization need to be updated

Use Plan of the Valley 2033 B.S. (1976) remained in effect until the reported period

(2001) when KV 2020 was crafted. The

current causes and effects, trends of urbanization should be analyzed for Kathmandu

Valley to aid decision making

• Basin or watershed approach is not yet developed for Kathmandu

how a basin wide approach may be tackled as the watershed planning covers a wider

5 Source: KV 2020

6 Source: KV 2020, RSLUP E-Learning, 2012 Discussion Forum

7 Ibid.


Prepared

residential use covers about 7% while rural settlement covers 12.6%.

covers about 66,665 hectares. The analysis of the land use trend of the Valley

culture land and that this trend is likely continuing

1994), a total of 7642 hectares of agriculture land was converted for

urban uses whereas during the period of 2051-57 B.S. (1994-2000), a total of

f agriculture land was converted.

t is estimated that 3600 hectares of land will be required for the next 20 years at the rate of

300 persons per hectare. Because land for built up areas are getting scarce, m

promoted in the development concept plan. This densification approach,

mentioned in the report is deemed to help in preserving the agricultural land

hand, new sites for urban expansion must be pre-identified.

Key contributors of vulnerability:

ation of the Valley is uncontrolled: It is likely that the uncontrolled


Rapid conversion of unproductive agricultural lands: One of the derived

raints is that habitation with low density of population was taking place in the


between 2041B.S. (1984) and 2057B.S. (2000), the agriculture land in the Valley

64 percent to 42 percent. If this trend continues, the agriculture land

in the Valley will go to zero in 2082 B.S. (2025)5.

Rapid and haphazard urban transformation of the Kathmandu Valley

inflicted a great pressure on the Valley's precious natural resources such as agriculture


people in the Valley has changed and their living is getting dearer and more painful

growth of settlements in the Valley is generally spontaneous, and there is very little

planning intervention on the part of the government to guide its directions. The low


pose a challenge for urban managers because of the high cost of providing and

maintaining municipal services” (MoEST, ICIMOD and UNEP, 2007)

Densification issues: The average gross residential density in the Valley was proposed in



(net density-KV 2020 report), there is still enough room for


in the report, cultural and entertainment areas; however, there is no study on

where this maybe considering the hazard risks and terrain of the Valley.

Current causes and effects and trends of urbanization need to be updated


(2001) when KV 2020 was crafted. The current approved plan is still


Valley to aid decision making7.

Basin or watershed approach is not yet developed for Kathmandu

in wide approach may be tackled as the watershed planning covers a wider

Learning, 2012 Discussion Forum



residential use covers about 7% while rural settlement covers 12.6%. The total land area

The analysis of the land use trend of the Valley in 2001 reveals

and that this trend is likely continuing. During the period

1994), a total of 7642 hectares of agriculture land was converted for

2000), a total of 5,738 hectares

t is estimated that 3600 hectares of land will be required for the next 20 years at the rate of

Because land for built up areas are getting scarce, multi-storeyed

This densification approach,

gricultural land. On the other

is likely that the uncontrolled


One of the derived

raints is that habitation with low density of population was taking place in the


(2000), the agriculture land in the Valley

64 percent to 42 percent. If this trend continues, the agriculture land

Rapid and haphazard urban transformation of the Kathmandu Valley: It has

l resources such as agriculture


people in the Valley has changed and their living is getting dearer and more painful6.“The

rally spontaneous, and there is very little

planning intervention on the part of the government to guide its directions. The low-


se of the high cost of providing and

” (MoEST, ICIMOD and UNEP, 2007).

The average gross residential density in the Valley was proposed in



, there is still enough room for


, cultural and entertainment areas; however, there is no study on

idering the hazard risks and terrain of the Valley.

Current causes and effects and trends of urbanization need to be updated: The Land


in effect. The


Basin or watershed approach is not yet developed for Kathmandu: It is not yet clear

in wide approach may be tackled as the watershed planning covers a wider



scope of uses, generally settlements or built up areas, agriculture and crop areas, forest

areas (protected forests and agro

Urban Development

natural resources (forest, agriculture

3.2 Building, Infrastructure

3.2.1 Building Related

In principle, future constructions should not increase vulnerabilities or risks to already high

risk areas. However, there is an increasing risk to building stock damage to a very strong

earthquake, not only because of old buildings (non

enforcement of local byelaws and national

• Increasing physical vulnerability of Kathmandu Valley

factors related to poor building planning, lack of municipal land use plan and a supporting

transport plan to guide development

construction standards.

• Poor site planning of spaces

major roads in the Valley. The current land use trend reveals that rural settlements are

scattered and building works are being done around such settlements in an unplanned

manner9.

3.2.2 Transport and Infrastruc

• Traffic congestion:

and poor condition of such vehicles have caused congestion of motor vehicles in the

urban area of the Valley and been increasing air and noise pollution

of pedestrian walking, bicycle and rickshaw has also caused conges

vehicles.10

• Small internal roads

important urban roads. This will similarly improve the sit

In doing so, undeveloped areas and open spaces and the places where there is no wider

road and there is difficulty with movement should be chosen. (KV 2020

be a need to reduce internal vehicular traffic i

• Lack of service roads

difficult.

• Lack of open space

adjustments or realignments difficult to

• Lack of adequate supply of clean safe drinking water

some communities to stagnant water which causes occasional outbreaks of water

diseases.

• Lack of fire fighting

Kathmandu Valley renders them unable to cope with frequent fires especially during the

hot dry months.

8 Source: KV 2020

9 Ibid

10 Ibid



areas (protected forests and agro-forests), and inland waters. The Kathmandu Valley

evelopment Authority, when formed, will need to integrate broader plans on

natural resources (forest, agriculture) with Valley wide urban plans8.

Infrastructure &Transport related

n principle, future constructions should not increase vulnerabilities or risks to already high

However, there is an increasing risk to building stock damage to a very strong

earthquake, not only because of old buildings (non-seismic designed) b

enforcement of local byelaws and national building codes.

Increasing physical vulnerability of Kathmandu Valley: This is a result of several


nsport plan to guide development and poor enforcement of building codes and

construction standards.

Poor site planning of spaces: Buildings and other structures are built in either side of the



Transport and Infrastructure Related

The rise of private vehicles as compared to public transport vehicles


urban area of the Valley and been increasing air and noise pollution. Non

of pedestrian walking, bicycle and rickshaw has also caused congestion of motor

Small internal roads: It is necessary to improve internal roads and improve surface of

important urban roads. This will similarly improve the situation of transport in the future.


road and there is difficulty with movement should be chosen. (KV 2020

be a need to reduce internal vehicular traffic in inner roads to reduce congestion.

Lack of service roads: This absence makes transition from main road to interior areas

Lack of open space: There is currently a lack of open space in urban areas, making

adjustments or realignments difficult to pursue.

Lack of adequate supply of clean safe drinking water or the prolonged exposure of

some communities to stagnant water which causes occasional outbreaks of water

fire fighting equipment: Lack of modern (fire fighting) equipm

renders them unable to cope with frequent fires especially during the



forests), and inland waters. The Kathmandu Valley

, when formed, will need to integrate broader plans on

n principle, future constructions should not increase vulnerabilities or risks to already high-

However, there is an increasing risk to building stock damage to a very strong

seismic designed) but because of poor

This is a result of several


and poor enforcement of building codes and

other structures are built in either side of the



The rise of private vehicles as compared to public transport vehicles


. Non-encouragement

tion of motor

It is necessary to improve internal roads and improve surface of

uation of transport in the future.


road and there is difficulty with movement should be chosen. (KV 2020). There may also

n inner roads to reduce congestion.

This absence makes transition from main road to interior areas

There is currently a lack of open space in urban areas, making

or the prolonged exposure of

some communities to stagnant water which causes occasional outbreaks of water-borne

) equipment in the

renders them unable to cope with frequent fires especially during the


3.2.3 Institutional Aspects

There are laws covering both land use planning and disaster risk management

interlinked by the policy & strategi

Operationalization of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through land use

planning, periodic planning and their implementation has yet to be realized in a Valley wide

scale. There seems to be very limited funding to support

reforms related to DRRM at the Valley and local level

• The lack of the institutional capacity to effectively manage state of urbanization

The policies of the Kathman

control land developments and construction works are not becoming effective to mitigate

the effects of the externalities in the Valley.

• Weak enforcement of public safety and environmental regulations

mentioned in the KV report (and in the current project) as a prime concern related to

disaster proneness of the Kathmandu Valley.

4 THE KATHMANDU VALLEYAND GAPS ANALYSIS

The actual target of this review and an

Plan. The content of the intervention is mainly the preparation of plans

assumed that the KV planning

practice of planning at the KV level. The analysis is geared towards how the KV 2020 can be

made risk sensitive and what can be recommended to implement it.

4.1 The KV Planning System

The Kathmandu Valley level

components, namely; 1) the planning structure

planning mandates (or what particular

process (how the plans will be

be implemented). The KV

Table 7: KATHMANDU VALLEY PLANNING SYSTEM

Local Planning Structure

Who are involved? (A)

General Land Use Planning Process in Kathmandu


Prepared

There are laws covering both land use planning and disaster risk management

by the policy & strategies of NAPA and the NDRM

of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through land use


There seems to be very limited funding to support for institutional and organizational

related to DRRM at the Valley and local level.

The lack of the institutional capacity to effectively manage state of urbanization

The policies of the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee


the effects of the externalities in the Valley.

Weak enforcement of public safety and environmental regulations


proneness of the Kathmandu Valley.

THE KATHMANDU VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN: A REVIAND GAPS ANALYSIS

this review and analysis is the Kathmandu Valley Development Concept

he content of the intervention is mainly the preparation of plans

planning process, described in the KV 2001 report, captures the existing

at the KV level. The analysis is geared towards how the KV 2020 can be

made risk sensitive and what can be recommended to implement it.

The KV Planning System

Kathmandu Valley level planning system may be said to be composed of several

1) the planning structure (those involved in formulation),

planning mandates (or what particular plans are required to be prepare

will be prepared), and 4) the KV implementation tools

KV planning system is summarized in Figure 5.

KATHMANDU VALLEY PLANNING SYSTEM

General Land Use Planning Process in Kathmandu

Valley

What is the process? (B)

Implementing Tools Used in



There are laws covering both land use planning and disaster risk management and are

es of NAPA and the NDRM. However, the

of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation through land use


institutional and organizational

The lack of the institutional capacity to effectively manage state of urbanization: du Valley Town Development Committee (now KVDA) to


Weak enforcement of public safety and environmental regulations: These have been


CONCEPT PLAN: A REVIEW

Kathmandu Valley Development Concept

he content of the intervention is mainly the preparation of plans at KV level. It is

process, described in the KV 2001 report, captures the existing

at the KV level. The analysis is geared towards how the KV 2020 can be

may be said to be composed of several

formulation), 2) the KV

prepared), 3) the planning

KV implementation tools (how plans can

KATHMANDU VALLEY PLANNING SYSTEM

Implementing Tools Used in

KV

How are the plans

implemented? (C)



• Political Decisions-Who

performs these?

• Deliberation – KVDA,

MPPW,

• Policies Formulation –

GoN, MPPW/KVDA

• Decision taking – GoN,

MPPW

• Technical Aspects-Who

are involved in the

following?

• Data generation for

sectoral and land use

planning- (Sectoral

departments)

• Formulation of Goals,

Objectives

• (Sectoral agencies with

participatory

process)(KVDA along

with MPs)

• Identifies programs and

Projects (Sectoral

ministries/ dept./

municipalities KVDA)

• Conducts Public

consultations

• (Sectoral agencies,

• Municipalities, KVDA)

• Monitors Programs,

Project Implementation

• (Sectoral agencies,

KVDA)

• Conducts detailed

researches and analysis-

(outsourced by

DUDBC/KVDA)

Figure 5

11 Adapted from : Serote, 2004, Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Management of Local Territories, C

Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning

9

8

7

6

1

2

3

4

5

**Spatial plan not yet prepared


•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

5. Identified Planning System at KV level11

Adapted from : Serote, 2004, Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Management of Local Territories, C-

Planning in the Philippines; School of Urban and Regional Planning, UP

Detailing & Refinement

OF

Formulating Policies &

Implementation Tools

Plan Adoption &

Legitimization

Implementation, Monitoring

& Feedback

Inter-Agency

Consultation

Data Collection & Inventory

Inter- & Intra-Area Analysis

Goals/Objectives Setting

Generation Of

Alterative Strategies

Evaluation & Selection

Of Preferred strategy

Public

Consultatio

n

Various-

Stages

Inter-

Agency

**Spatial plan not yet prepared

**Development concept

prepared


Are the plans implemented

by the following?

Zoning (building by-laws

by KVDA)

Co-management

(with municipalities)

Development regulation

(Zoning Bye- Laws-

KVDA& Municipalities)

Local investment programs

(KVDA& Municipalities,

sectoral agencies, MPs)

New Taxation – (local Gov.

property tax)

Private Investments –

(FNCCI)

Innovative Approaches –

(Academia)

-9, Property, Patrimony and

Regional Planning, UP-PLANADES


Note: Intra area analysis refers to spatial and sectoral analysis (socio economic, demographic,

environment, and infrastructure) among municipalities within Kathmandu Valley. Inter area

analysis refer to spatial and sectoral relationships of adjacent distr

4.2 On Planning Structure

As shown in Figure 5, the local planning structure consists of the political

and the technical working group

deliberate, formulate the

of KVTDC (currently KVDA)

Government of Nepal. Th

strategies, plan and coordinate KV wide programs, design projects and source funds from

national government budgets, financial institutions, and foreign donors (among others)

towards plan implementation.

decision makers. They are in charge of data generation; analysis;

policy options in order

programs, projects, and activities.

members from sectoral Ministries, MPs

Municipalities, representatives from the

ministry government agencies with field offices in the locality.

4.3 On KV Plan (KV Concept) and

In 2056-57 B.S (1999/2000) a Kathmandu Valley long

prepared by the Kathmandu

instructions by the Board formed under the

development concept provides the policy framework and a road map that will guide Valley

wide activities and physical development, to include land use and physical and infrastructure

development in a sustainable manner. The empha

the Valley provides for a balanced built and un

underwent many consultations in the following years

governmental Organization (NGOs),

local authorities and experts. These interactions took place in four stages and culminated into

a final draft in the same year.

The draft plan was prepared by various

Following Figure 5 in column (B), the sectoral profiles for the Development concept plan was

initially prepared by the

collected by various bodies

order to reduce error. The intra

then KVTDC with consultations among government agencies. From this t

interactions to validate the analysis

B.S. (2000/01) on the draft plan prepared in fiscal year 2056/057 B.S. (1999/2000).

vision and goal setting, identification and validation of sectoral development thrusts, policy

frameworks and strategies were made through

concerned bodies, local authorities and experts

12 Source: KV Concept Plan, 2001


Prepared



analysis refer to spatial and sectoral relationships of adjacent districts of Kathmandu Valley.

On Planning Structure

the local planning structure consists of the political

the technical working group. The political component represents the persons who will

deliberate, formulate the policies and head the decision making and is composed of members

TDC (currently KVDA), minister of MoPPW and other representatives from the

Government of Nepal. These groups are the decision makers who deliberate on the policies,

coordinate KV wide programs, design projects and source funds from


towards plan implementation. The technical working group provides technical support

They are in charge of data generation; analysis; generates and evaluates

policy options in order to aid decision makers towards resource allocation and approval of

programs, projects, and activities. Comprising the technical group may be

sectoral Ministries, MPs representing KVDA, VDC chairperson, Mayor of

Municipalities, representatives from the District Development Committees

ministry government agencies with field offices in the locality.

(KV Concept) and Planning Process

57 B.S (1999/2000) a Kathmandu Valley long-term draft development concept was

prepared by the Kathmandu Valley Town Development Committee (KVTDC), under

instructions by the Board formed under the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works



development in a sustainable manner. The emphasis on incorporating environmental values of

the Valley provides for a balanced built and un-built environment. The draft concept plan

underwent many consultations in the following years 2057/58 (2000/2001) involving Non

governmental Organization (NGOs), People’s Organizations (POs), intellectuals, politicians,


a final draft in the same year.

The draft plan was prepared by various thematic teams appointed by KV

5 in column (B), the sectoral profiles for the Development concept plan was

initially prepared by the Committee's employees who (a) gathered information and data

various bodies (b) did on-site inspection and (c) verified information and data

The intra-analysis and inter analysis were likely prepared initially by

with consultations among government agencies. From this t

to validate the analysis took place at various four stages in fiscal year 2057/058

(2000/01) on the draft plan prepared in fiscal year 2056/057 B.S. (1999/2000).


tegies were made through these interactions and participated in by the

concerned bodies, local authorities and experts concerned12

.





icts of Kathmandu Valley.

the local planning structure consists of the political decision makers

. The political component represents the persons who will

policies and head the decision making and is composed of members

PPW and other representatives from the

ese groups are the decision makers who deliberate on the policies,

coordinate KV wide programs, design projects and source funds from


technical support to the

generates and evaluates

to aid decision makers towards resource allocation and approval of

group may be the following:

, VDC chairperson, Mayor of

District Development Committees and other heads of

term draft development concept was

Town Development Committee (KVTDC), under

al Planning and Works. This



sis on incorporating environmental values of

built environment. The draft concept plan

57/58 (2000/2001) involving Non-

People’s Organizations (POs), intellectuals, politicians,


thematic teams appointed by KV Committee.

5 in column (B), the sectoral profiles for the Development concept plan was

gathered information and data

information and data in

analysis and inter analysis were likely prepared initially by

with consultations among government agencies. From this technical viewpoint,

place at various four stages in fiscal year 2057/058

(2000/01) on the draft plan prepared in fiscal year 2056/057 B.S. (1999/2000). The


participated in by the



4.4 Gaps Analysis

4.4.1 Hazards Information

One important parameter that the KV 2020



of Kathmandu Valley Development Ad

already pointed the following as necessary for updating the

• The disaster prone areas should be shown clearly in KV Plans;

• Physical infrastructure must be able to mitigate the effect of

• Areas for rescue and relief need to be identified and protected;

• Areas for future expansion of infrastructure need to be designated;

• Open spaces must be defined;

• Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identifi

addressed;

• Integration of KV Plan with Local Periodic Plans;


succeeding process for detailing the spatial component of the

updating of the previous Earthquake Impact study made in 2002 and a review of the Flood


• Exposure and condition of settlements

• Exposure of condition production areas

• Exposure and condition of buildings and infrastr

• Exposure and condition of environmentally constrained areas

For the fire-related hazards, an updated inventory will help determine the places of highest

fire hazard risks.

Within the Kathmandu Valley, the risk reduction and emerg

municipalities, Village Development Committees (

area will need to undertake shall depend on th

4.4.2 KV Level Committee to Manage and Communicate Ha




• Hazard risks and climate change

• Interpretation and simplification of the assessments for the deliberative body and

stakeholders;

• Advocacy for awareness and better understanding of the following

change risks and environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

climate proofing of structures, community preparedness


• Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex.

Mines and Geology (DMG)

13 Formerly the Kathmandu Valley Town and Development Committee


One important parameter that the KV 2020 Plan has yet to incorporate is the hazard risk



Kathmandu Valley Development Administration13

(KVDA), NSET, M

already pointed the following as necessary for updating the KV 2020Plan

The disaster prone areas should be shown clearly in KV Plans;

Physical infrastructure must be able to mitigate the effect of disasters;

Areas for rescue and relief need to be identified and protected;

Areas for future expansion of infrastructure need to be designated;

Open spaces must be defined;

Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identifi

Integration of KV Plan with Local Periodic Plans;


succeeding process for detailing the spatial component of the KV 2020P



Exposure and condition of settlements

Exposure of condition production areas

Exposure and condition of buildings and infrastructures, transport network

Exposure and condition of environmentally constrained areas


Within the Kathmandu Valley, the risk reduction and emergency management actions that

Village Development Committees (VDC), sub-metropolitan and metropolitan

area will need to undertake shall depend on the severity of risks that will be

KV Level Committee to Manage and Communicate Hazard Risk Information




Hazard risks and climate change related risk assessments preparation (new or updated);


Advocacy for awareness and better understanding of the following disaster risks, climate

and environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

climate proofing of structures, community preparedness, and implications


Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex.

Mines and Geology (DMG), Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP)

Formerly the Kathmandu Valley Town and Development Committee


lan has yet to incorporate is the hazard risk



, NSET, MoPPW, and MoLD

lan, among others:

disasters;

Conflicts in sensitive areas (ex. encroachment in sensitive areas) must be identified and


KV 2020Plan shall require


uctures, transport network


ency management actions that

metropolitan and metropolitan

that will be identified.

zard Risk Information

The generation of risk information, integration of risk information in plans, and

interpretations may require a group at the KV level to carry them out. These tasks are left un-

related risk assessments preparation (new or updated);


isaster risks, climate

and environmental management, rural and urban land use management,

, and implications to economic

Coordination and engagement of hazard (mandated) related agencies (ex. Department of

Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (DWIDP)


scientific organizations,


• Preparation of simplified guidelines for mains

and climate change a

valley level;

• Explanation to Local and Valley level officials about the hazards and risks and ensuring

that decision makers are aware


• Consolidation and taking responsibility over these hazard risk data

interpreting these into popular language

various channels of communication;

• Engaging KVDA, MoLD, MoPPW,

ensure that valley-wide development and physical framework are risk sensitive and that

common solutions are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and

• Engaging municipalities, VDCs,


framework and development obje

4.4.3 Risk Sensitive Physical Framework and Process


framework and process for this refinement ha

4.4.4 Norms and Standards

A set of performance criteria need to be developed for the risk reduction efforts in the

different development sectors or land use policy areas



• Health

• Education





• Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessment


• Transport planning

• Prevention and Security (Public Safety, Hazard Materials)

• Emergency management program and standards

- Hazard identification, vulnerability and risk assessment;

- Legal, fiscal and regulatory procedures;

- Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, amo

- Incident management

- Communications and Warning

14 Source: Emergency Management Accreditation Program (http://www.emaponline.org)


Prepared

scientific organizations, and academe towards hazard and risk information interpretations,


Preparation of simplified guidelines for mainstreaming disaster risk management (

adaptation (CCA) in KV Plan formulation and implementation at


that decision makers are aware of and understand the essential characteristics of hazards


Consolidation and taking responsibility over these hazard risk data; translating or

interpreting these into popular language; and, disseminating the knowledge through

of communication;

Engaging KVDA, MoLD, MoPPW, district government and disaster management


s are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and

Engaging municipalities, VDCs, districts to prepare risk sensitive periodic plans and


framework and development objectives.



framework and process for this refinement have not been formulated.

criteria need to be developed for the risk reduction efforts in the

different development sectors or land use policy areas for monitoring implementation in the



ture and Physical Planning





Institutional Framework for Planning

Security (Public Safety, Hazard Materials)

Emergency management program and standards14

Hazard identification, vulnerability and risk assessment;

Legal, fiscal and regulatory procedures;

Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, amo

Incident management

Communications and Warning

Source: Emergency Management Accreditation Program (http://www.emaponline.org)



academe towards hazard and risk information interpretations,

disaster risk management (DRM)

mplementation at


and understand the essential characteristics of hazards

translating or

disseminating the knowledge through

isaster management units to


s are found among municipalities, cities and VDCs; and,

to prepare risk sensitive periodic plans and



criteria need to be developed for the risk reduction efforts in the

implementation in the

Prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery plans, among others;



- Support for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)

5 AN ENABLING ENVIRONM

The KV Development Concept of 2001 or KV 2020

management by the KVDA of all lands, waters, and other natural resources within its

territorial jurisdiction. It provides for a comprehensive policy

territory, and can be subdivided into four basic policy areas namely

infrastructure, production, and protection area

5.1 Key Policies

The areas for settlements, infrastructure, and production comprise the built

built form while the protection area constitutes the un

area follows the population growth, but left unchecked, the un

decreased and may result in an unhealthy ecological situation

maintain a healthy balance between the built form and the un

mean, in the context of the KV development plan the following:

• Forests, agricultural lands, freshwater sources, and the like are kept open to create a

healthy and pleasant environment;

• Protection from encroachment by human settlements to preven

• Clear delineation of settlement areas, production areas, protected areas and infrastructural

areas is necessary to reduce conflicts in use;

• Buffers and exclusion zones are provided to protect people and their livelihoods; and

• Safe carrying capacities, zoning and combinations of mix use, building byelaws and

national building codes and standards are risk sensitive and shall be the guide towards

managing urban expansion and vertical development.

A risk sensitive KV Development Concept

incorporates DRR-sensitive policies for each of the four policy areas. In terms of social

dimensions of development

follows17

:

• There is community d

participatory planning or engagement of stakeholders in the planning and implementation;

• Local (community) emergency management programs feed into

land use planning;

• Community decisions and planning regarding built environment take potential natural

hazard risks into account (including potential for increasing risks thru interference with

ecological, hydrological, geological systems) and vulnerabilities of different grou

• Security of land ownership/tenancy rights. There is low level of homelessness and

landlessness;

• Communities in safe locations: community members & facilities (homes, workplaces,

public & social facilities) not exposed to hazards in high

relocated away from unsafe sites;

15 Serote, 2004

16 Ibid

17 Adapted from works by Twigg, 2007


Support for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)

AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR KV 2020

Development Concept of 2001 or KV 2020 provides a long term policy guide for the

gement by the KVDA of all lands, waters, and other natural resources within its

It provides for a comprehensive policy covering every portion of its

can be subdivided into four basic policy areas namely

infrastructure, production, and protection areas15

.

The areas for settlements, infrastructure, and production comprise the built

built form while the protection area constitutes the un-built environment. The expansion of an

a follows the population growth, but left unchecked, the un-built environment is rapidly

decreased and may result in an unhealthy ecological situation16

. It is then important to

maintain a healthy balance between the built form and the un-built environment.

mean, in the context of the KV development plan the following:

Forests, agricultural lands, freshwater sources, and the like are kept open to create a

healthy and pleasant environment;

Protection from encroachment by human settlements to prevent their degradation;

Clear delineation of settlement areas, production areas, protected areas and infrastructural

areas is necessary to reduce conflicts in use;

Buffers and exclusion zones are provided to protect people and their livelihoods; and

carrying capacities, zoning and combinations of mix use, building byelaws and

codes and standards are risk sensitive and shall be the guide towards

managing urban expansion and vertical development.

A risk sensitive KV Development Concept and Physical Framework therefore is one which

sensitive policies for each of the four policy areas. In terms of social

dimensions of development, key characteristics of disaster resilient communities are as

There is community decision making regarding land use and management; this highlights


Local (community) emergency management programs feed into local

mmunity decisions and planning regarding built environment take potential natural


ecological, hydrological, geological systems) and vulnerabilities of different grou

Security of land ownership/tenancy rights. There is low level of homelessness and

Communities in safe locations: community members & facilities (homes, workplaces,

public & social facilities) not exposed to hazards in high-risk areas with

relocated away from unsafe sites;


Support for emergency management (facilities, training, among others)

provides a long term policy guide for the

gement by the KVDA of all lands, waters, and other natural resources within its

covering every portion of its

can be subdivided into four basic policy areas namely: settlements,

The areas for settlements, infrastructure, and production comprise the built-up area or the

built environment. The expansion of an

built environment is rapidly

. It is then important to

built environment. This shall

Forests, agricultural lands, freshwater sources, and the like are kept open to create a

t their degradation;

Clear delineation of settlement areas, production areas, protected areas and infrastructural

Buffers and exclusion zones are provided to protect people and their livelihoods; and

carrying capacities, zoning and combinations of mix use, building byelaws and

codes and standards are risk sensitive and shall be the guide towards

and Physical Framework therefore is one which

sensitive policies for each of the four policy areas. In terms of social

key characteristics of disaster resilient communities are as

ecision making regarding land use and management; this highlights


local development and

mmunity decisions and planning regarding built environment take potential natural


ecological, hydrological, geological systems) and vulnerabilities of different groups;

Security of land ownership/tenancy rights. There is low level of homelessness and

Communities in safe locations: community members & facilities (homes, workplaces,

risk areas within locality and/or


• Meeting more than the basic needs of communities (or resiliency).

The key policies and related strategies incorporated in the KV Plan, namely: Environmental

Protection & Management, Better Urban Plannin

Management, Better Enforcement of Building

Improved Disaster Management and Improved Institutional Capacities for Planning and

Enforcement shall support a

aspects of these policies are

Environmental Protection and Management

improved, water and air quality, sustainable utilization of land and other natural resources,

solid and liquid waste management, among others. Policy formulation is also cored in

regularizing and managing the water supply, protection of wetlands

strongly proposed to be done through national legislation

Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion & Management

focused on the proper use of land and other natural

capacity. It aims to improve the form of the urban areas of the Valley and increase the supply

of cost-effective residential houses; strong enforcement of

laws are also advocated

facilities, land-use and transport, and specification of certain forms and sizes of urbanized and

non-urbanizing areas were proposed to be pursued.

vision, there is a need to

framework plan to reduce the conflicts in land and resource use.

Better Enforcement of Building Bye

application of standard engineering procedures

are enforced on all types of construction ranging from repairs, rehabilitation, existing building

stock; retrofitting to improve the resistance of non

retrofitting heritage & historic structures.

this also entails amendment or adaptation of the national building code through local

ordinances that are responsive to local requirements.

Improved Disaster Management

by providing sufficient information, warning

stakeholders and authorities.

policies proposed to be continuously

Improvement of Institutional Capacities

state of urbanization, enforce public safety and environmental regulations which ha

the prime concerns related to disaster

5.2 Key National Policies

Several key National policies and development action plans that are relevant to disaster risk

reduction and management

Kathmandu Valley18

.

5.2.1 Three-Year National Plan (2009/10

This plan has given the importance to the disaster risk management and set

vision for developing the capacity of the country for coping with any type of natural and

human-induced disasters. It has clearly mentioned in the policy and actions under the section

6.3 (Disaster Risk Management)

18 Source: KMC RSLUP, 2011


Prepared

Meeting more than the basic needs of communities (or resiliency).


Protection & Management, Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion &

Management, Better Enforcement of Building Bye-laws and National


Enforcement shall support a risk sensitive environment in Kathmandu Valley

these policies are discussed below.

Environmental Protection and Management: in the KV plan, it is concerned



regularizing and managing the water supply, protection of wetlands. Poli

strongly proposed to be done through national legislation and implemented in the Valley.

Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion & Management

focused on the proper use of land and other natural resources with concern on safe carrying

It aims to improve the form of the urban areas of the Valley and increase the supply

effective residential houses; strong enforcement of zoning ordinance and building bye

are also advocated. Policy measures related to improvement of linkages of parking

use and transport, and specification of certain forms and sizes of urbanized and

urbanizing areas were proposed to be pursued.Guided by its development concept and

there is a need to harmonize and detail these policy areas,

to reduce the conflicts in land and resource use.

Better Enforcement of Building Bye-Laws and National Building Codes

application of standard engineering procedures that result to disaster resilient structures. They


stock; retrofitting to improve the resistance of non-engineered buildings and special

e & historic structures. Building by laws are enforced at the local level but


that are responsive to local requirements.

Improved Disaster Management: These are aimed at directly protecting lives and property

by providing sufficient information, warning to and appropriate response by threatened

stakeholders and authorities. These should similarly be supported by the

continuously pursued in the Valley.

Improvement of Institutional Capacities: There is a strong need to effectively manage the

state of urbanization, enforce public safety and environmental regulations which ha

related to disaster proneness of the Kathmandu Valley.

Key National Policies

policies and development action plans that are relevant to disaster risk

management reinforce these pro-active policies in Nepal and

Year National Plan (2009/10 - 2012/13)

This plan has given the importance to the disaster risk management and set


induced disasters. It has clearly mentioned in the policy and actions under the section

6.3 (Disaster Risk Management), that the preparation of risk sensitive land use plan and




g and Safer Urban Expansion &

laws and National building Codes,


hmandu Valley. To elaborate,

n the KV plan, it is concerned with



. Policy enforcement is

implemented in the Valley.

Better Urban Planning and Safer Urban Expansion & Management: in the KV plan, it

oncern on safe carrying

It aims to improve the form of the urban areas of the Valley and increase the supply

zoning ordinance and building bye-

lated to improvement of linkages of parking

use and transport, and specification of certain forms and sizes of urbanized and

Guided by its development concept and

through a physical

Codes: It involves the

lient structures. They


engineered buildings and special

enforced at the local level but


e aimed at directly protecting lives and property

to and appropriate response by threatened

other four pro-active

There is a strong need to effectively manage the

state of urbanization, enforce public safety and environmental regulations which have been

of the Kathmandu Valley.

policies and development action plans that are relevant to disaster risk

Nepal and especially at

This plan has given the importance to the disaster risk management and sets the long term


induced disasters. It has clearly mentioned in the policy and actions under the section

isk sensitive land use plan and



following the building code will be made compulsory in urban and urbanizing areas. It has

also mentioned about the minimization of the impacts of climate change by protecting

environment and availing opportunities; increasin

disaster prevention services; developing safe, low cost and environment friendly housings;

developing appropriate settlements and cities from the environmental and social perspective

5.2.2 Kathmandu Valley Development

Section 6 pertains to the development of Kathmandu Valley by improving existing town

development and identifying new areas for urban expansion. It also highlights the

development and implementation of land pooling program and building c

identified areas.

Section 7 explicitly highlights the need to stop land fragmentation in the identified land use

plan area. Land fragmentation is the result of dividing a parcel of land into smaller sizes by

the head of the family and dist

In many cases, the resulting lots become inadequate in size and shape for the construction of a

comfortable house or that the building is built higher in order to accommodate the expanding

family occupants. However, whenever the original lots are pooled or consolidated into bigger

lots or parcels, the resulting area would yield a building structure with adequate amenities and

open spaces for air to flow through.

5.2.3 National Urban Policy 2064 (

The National Urban Policy has been formulated for

development and to clarify the role of implementing institution for addressing those issues.

This includes giving clear information on how to mobilize necessa

private investment for implementation of working policy set in the policy document. The long

term goal of the policy is to contribute in poverty alleviation through sustainable urbanization

of the development regions. It address

activities, reversing the deteriorating urban environment, and providing clearer roles of

central and local bodies in urban development

Hence, the three main objectives set by the policy

clean and developed urban environment

disaster risk reduction19

.

1. Balanced national urban structure

- North-south corridor (ex. Terai region to

equal distribution of facilities to all regional development cent

- Develop trade linkage between mountain

- Develop at least one large

- Develop inter-linkage of other small urban cent

physical facilities;

- Give priority to large industrial activities in regional urban cent

medium industrial activities in medium urban cen

- Encourage government and private investment

special encouragement to private investment.

19 Source: National Urban Policy 2064,

Planning and Works, Department of Urban Development and Bui




environment and availing opportunities; increasing the access of people in water induced


developing appropriate settlements and cities from the environmental and social perspective

Development Authority Act of 1988



development and implementation of land pooling program and building c



the head of the family and distributing the pieces of land to his heir or members of his family.





open spaces for air to flow through.

National Urban Policy 2064 (2007)

The National Urban Policy has been formulated for an integration of all the issues of urban


This includes giving clear information on how to mobilize necessary resources and public and



of the development regions. It addresses this through appropriate planning urbanization


central and local bodies in urban development

Hence, the three main objectives set by the policy: 1) balanced national urban structure, 2)

clean and developed urban environment, and 3) effective urban environment are supportive of

Balanced national urban structure. Working policies proposed were the following:

south corridor (ex. Terai region to Hills and Mountain ) shall be developed for

equal distribution of facilities to all regional development center;

Develop trade linkage between mountain-terai region and boosting tourism;

Develop at least one large urban economic center;

linkage of other small urban center to it and each other through

physical facilities;

Give priority to large industrial activities in regional urban center

medium industrial activities in medium urban center;

government and private investment for fulfillment of these policies and

special encouragement to private investment.

Source: National Urban Policy 2064, Unofficial Translation, Nepal Government Ministry of Physical

Planning and Works, Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Babar Mahal




g the access of people in water induced


developing appropriate settlements and cities from the environmental and social perspective.



development and implementation of land pooling program and building construction in



ributing the pieces of land to his heir or members of his family.





integration of all the issues of urban


ry resources and public and



es this through appropriate planning urbanization


al urban structure, 2)

urban environment are supportive of

. Working policies proposed were the following:

) shall be developed for

terai region and boosting tourism;

to it and each other through

er and small and

for fulfillment of these policies and

, Nepal Government Ministry of Physical

Construction, Babar Mahal


2. Clean and developed urban environment

- Give priority to conservation of cultu

- Give due consideration to urban sanitation and public health;

- Minimize natural disaster

- Encourage and formulate environment friendly vehicles and transportation system

- Promote various economic activities based on local

- Increase access of low income group to urban infrastructure facilities; and

opportunities and management economic activities in unorganized and informal

sectors

3. Effective urban management

Proposed Physical Planning Act shall address the following:

- Identify concerned agencies

development plan preparation, approval and implementation in the legal framework

of law;

- Strengthen capacity of local body accordingly by making urban development

planning compulsory under it;

- Form a separate unit within the central and regional body for physical development

planning, approval and implementation;

- Declare only those municipalities as

required level of physical facilities

urban municipality to be a

5.2.4 Building Act of 1999

The Preamble of this Act provides for di

standards to make buildings safe from natural disasters like earthquak

others. Section 4 calls for the formulation and adoption of a building code and

implementation of the same with t

building. Section 8 mandates the categorization of buildings into different classes and the

issuance of a building permit prior to construction in the municipal areas.

5.2.5 National Adaptation Programme

NAPA is a strategic tool which assesses vulnerability to climate change and variability

provides for the process and framework for developing adaptation measures. When related to

environmental hazards.

themes of disaster mitigation, prevention and preparedness. NAPA is mainly cored on six

basic themes which fall within the national and local development sectors.

• Agriculture and Food Security

sustainable agricultural land use system, agro

conducive governance mechanism.

• Forests and Biodiversity

improved governance and capacity at the local level.

• Water resources and Energy

information and technology, stronger and more adaptable institutions, and natural and

human-made infrastructure to store water,

energy production base, and expand and integrate transmission and distribution networks.

• Climate Change Induced Disasters

strengthening resilience, diversifying l

developing and early warning system, and community based approaches for DRR.


Prepared

Clean and developed urban environment. Working policies proposed were the following:

Give priority to conservation of cultural and natural resources;

Give due consideration to urban sanitation and public health;

Minimize natural disasters;

Encourage and formulate environment friendly vehicles and transportation system

Promote various economic activities based on local resources and opportunities;

Increase access of low income group to urban infrastructure facilities; and


Effective urban management. Working policies proposed were to ensu

Proposed Physical Planning Act shall address the following:

concerned agencies, their responsibilities, to include bringing physical


pacity of local body accordingly by making urban development

planning compulsory under it;

eparate unit within the central and regional body for physical development

planning, approval and implementation;

those municipalities as urban centers when they have

required level of physical facilities and urban character; and to help transform the

urban municipality to be a responsible for urban development activities.

The Preamble of this Act provides for disaster-resistant building design and construction

standards to make buildings safe from natural disasters like earthquake, fire, floods, among

Section 4 calls for the formulation and adoption of a building code and

implementation of the same with the end in view of improving the quality and safety of each



National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)

NAPA is a strategic tool which assesses vulnerability to climate change and variability


. In these adaptation measures may fall within the risk reduction


basic themes which fall within the national and local development sectors.

Agriculture and Food Security–adaptation priorities in agriculture have been set

sustainable agricultural land use system, agro-biodiversity management and favorable and

conducive governance mechanism.

Forests and Biodiversity-adaptation measures set on sustainable forest management,

ce and capacity at the local level.

Water resources and Energy- adaptation priorities set on better and more accessible


made infrastructure to store water, transport and treat water, and to maintain


Climate Change Induced Disasters- relevant to adaptation, the DRR practices include

strengthening resilience, diversifying livelihood, planning, providing insurance and




Working policies proposed were the following:

Encourage and formulate environment friendly vehicles and transportation system;

resources and opportunities;

Increase access of low income group to urban infrastructure facilities; and


were to ensure that the

bringing physical


pacity of local body accordingly by making urban development

eparate unit within the central and regional body for physical development

when they have developed a

to help transform the

responsible for urban development activities.

resistant building design and construction

e, fire, floods, among

Section 4 calls for the formulation and adoption of a building code and

he end in view of improving the quality and safety of each



NAPA is a strategic tool which assesses vulnerability to climate change and variability and


fall within the risk reduction


basic themes which fall within the national and local development sectors. They are:

in agriculture have been set at

biodiversity management and favorable and

adaptation measures set on sustainable forest management,

adaptation priorities set on better and more accessible


transport and treat water, and to maintain


practices include

ivelihood, planning, providing insurance and




• Public Health-adaptation strategies focus largely on awareness raising and public health

initiatives at local level. Carry out researc

IEC on health related issues caused by climate change.

• Urban Settlements and Infrastructure

Settlements:

• improving effective and pro

• reduce the threat through prevention

• improve coping capacity of vulnerable communities

Infrastructures:

• formulate and implement sound climate change adaptation

• providing enabling conditions to ensure resilient infrastructures

CCA measures, especially with regards to hydro

surges, windstorms) are

management field (i.e. prevention, mitigation and preparedness

practices are still being brought forward by

is then critical to view the

development of Kathmandu Valley.

current and long term vulnerabilities

At the local level, implementation of the

the purview of the municipal

financial and technical support from the Ministries and Districts

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, (NSDRM

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management is a National Framework with

commitment of the Government of Nepal for protection, growth, and promotion of national

heritages and physical infrastructures. It provides for a course of action to address the loss of

physical properties and human lives, destructions of basic infrastr

proposing an organizational structure for DRM in Nepal and by mainstreaming disaster

reduction in the development process.

Similar to the NAPA, the NSDRM is an inseparable component of all other sector strategies

contributing to sustainable development of Nepal.

guide towards reducing disasters in the process of formulation and execution of development

programs for national development.

The NSDRM follows a paradigm shift from merely resp

disaster prevention through development. Its main vision is to have disaster resilient

communities in Nepal. To do this, the long term strategies include:

• Development and restructuring of institutional structures;

• Strengthen policy-wide and legal arrangements to ensure stakeholders' participation while

adhering to integrated policy and decentralized implementation process.

20 Source: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change

Environment, 2010


adaptation strategies focus largely on awareness raising and public health

initiatives at local level. Carry out research, formulate appropriate strategies and conduct

IEC on health related issues caused by climate change.

Urban Settlements and Infrastructure- adaptation measures are cored at the following:

improving effective and pro-poor structures of governance

reduce the threat through prevention

improve coping capacity of vulnerable communities

formulate and implement sound climate change adaptation measures

providing enabling conditions to ensure resilient infrastructures20

especially with regards to hydro-meteorological hazards (ex, floods, storm

surges, windstorms) are usually drawn from the best practices and norms of the disaster risk

management field (i.e. prevention, mitigation and preparedness). New experiences and bes

being brought forward by CCA practitioners to address adaptation issues

to view the CCA and DRR agendas together to support the

Kathmandu Valley. The process of planning must identify a

current and long term vulnerabilities and the disasters they may bring about

At the local level, implementation of the disaster reduction and adaptation measures is within

unicipal and city functions and duties. Coordinatio

and technical support from the Ministries and Districts are needed to ensure success.

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, (NSDRM-2009)

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management is a National Framework with



physical properties and human lives, destructions of basic infrastructures. This is done by


reduction in the development process.


ustainable development of Nepal. An Inherent objective of this Strategy is to


programs for national development.

The NSDRM follows a paradigm shift from merely responding to post disaster situations to


communities in Nepal. To do this, the long term strategies include:

Development and restructuring of institutional structures;

wide and legal arrangements to ensure stakeholders' participation while


Source: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change


adaptation strategies focus largely on awareness raising and public health

h, formulate appropriate strategies and conduct

adaptation measures are cored at the following:

meteorological hazards (ex, floods, storm

drawn from the best practices and norms of the disaster risk

w experiences and best

to address adaptation issues. It

to support the sustainable

identify and address

and the disasters they may bring about.

adaptation measures is within

oordination, capacity building,

needed to ensure success.

National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management is a National Framework with the



uctures. This is done by



Inherent objective of this Strategy is to


onding to post disaster situations to


wide and legal arrangements to ensure stakeholders' participation while


Source: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, Ministry of


• Create enabling environment from the central to household level within the State to

prepare and implement disaster risk reduction and preparedness plans.

• Ensure mainstreaming disaster reduction into overall development process along with

sectoral development and poverty reduction plans.

The Government of Nepal (GoN)

development. Hence, the GoN

assessing the nature of potential disaster. This may be seen in Nepal's need

development agenda with

implementation process:

• Put up an institutional framework in place for its implementation by prioritizing DRR at

both the national and local levels.

• Strengthen assessment, identification, monitoring, and early warning sy

disaster;

• Make use of knowledge, new ideas, and education for the development of safety and

disaster resilient culture at all levels;

• Minimize existing risk factors; and

• Make Disaster Preparedness strong enough for effective response.

Mainstreaming of DRR in the various development sectors become imperative to ensure that

preparedness, mitigation or response arrangements are in place and that damages, losses are

reduced, thereby bringing sustainability of development. In the same sense,

identified the following sectors as targets for risk reduction efforts:


• Health

• Education





• Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessmen


21 Source: NSDRM, 2009

22 Source: NSDRM, Government of Nepal, 2009


Prepared

Create enabling environment from the central to household level within the State to

implement disaster risk reduction and preparedness plans.

Ensure mainstreaming disaster reduction into overall development process along with

sectoral development and poverty reduction plans.

he Government of Nepal (GoN) strongly realizes that disasters are tied up with inappropriate

development. Hence, the GoN had set up priorities based on sector

assessing the nature of potential disaster. This may be seen in Nepal's need

development agenda with HFA 2005-201521

. The NSDRM follows five priorities in the

implementation process:

Put up an institutional framework in place for its implementation by prioritizing DRR at

both the national and local levels.

Strengthen assessment, identification, monitoring, and early warning sy

Make use of knowledge, new ideas, and education for the development of safety and

disaster resilient culture at all levels;

Minimize existing risk factors; and

Make Disaster Preparedness strong enough for effective response.



reduced, thereby bringing sustainability of development. In the same sense,

he following sectors as targets for risk reduction efforts:


Shelter, Infrastructure and Physical Planning





Institutional Framework for Planning22

SDRM, Government of Nepal, 2009



Create enabling environment from the central to household level within the State to

implement disaster risk reduction and preparedness plans.

Ensure mainstreaming disaster reduction into overall development process along with

s are tied up with inappropriate

set up priorities based on sector-wide activities by

assessing the nature of potential disaster. This may be seen in Nepal's need-based

follows five priorities in the

Put up an institutional framework in place for its implementation by prioritizing DRR at

Strengthen assessment, identification, monitoring, and early warning system on potential

Make use of knowledge, new ideas, and education for the development of safety and



reduced, thereby bringing sustainability of development. In the same sense, the GoN has



6 ENHANCING THE CAPACITY

In order to support the formulation and implementatio

responsive organizational set up as well as acquire the proper capacity to perform

following:

• Mainstreaming work as described in Figure

• Prepare the Land Use plan

• Facilitate Generation & Management of hazard risk

• Communicate Risks

• Support Trainings

This KV committee (or subcommittee) forming a technical working group, may comprise of

thematic teams of KVDA, dedicated

especially towards formulating a risk

communication (ex. creating basic awareness). The thematic teams may be formed from the

environment sector, land use sector or from the infrastructure sector. For t

aspect, this may comprise of th

MoLD and joined by the Valley or District Level


CAPACITY OF THE VALLEY PLANNING STRUCTURE

support the formulation and implementation of the KV framework,

responsive organizational set up as well as acquire the proper capacity to perform

Mainstreaming work as described in Figure 7

Prepare the Land Use plan

Facilitate Generation & Management of hazard risk information


thematic teams of KVDA, dedicated to look after all technical DRM

especially towards formulating a risk sensitive physical framework plan and its


environment sector, land use sector or from the infrastructure sector. For t

aspect, this may comprise of the existing deliberative group comprised of the MPPW, KVDA,

MoLD and joined by the Valley or District Level Disaster Coordinating Council


NG STRUCTURE

n of the KV framework, it must have a

responsive organizational set up as well as acquire the proper capacity to perform the


DRM-related matters

sensitive physical framework plan and its


environment sector, land use sector or from the infrastructure sector. For the decision-making

e existing deliberative group comprised of the MPPW, KVDA,

Disaster Coordinating Council (DCC).


7 FRAMEWORK FOR CONCEPT PLAN RISK SE

This framework for mainstreamin

processes aims to a) guide the Valley in ensuring disaster risk management is integrated in the

plans and processes; b) ensure that the proactive policies support DRR in the Development

Concept and Physical Framework; and that c) implementation tools adhere to the preferred

strategies. These are presented in this chapter.

7.1 Framework for Mainstreaming

Figure 6 shows the DRR mainstreaming concept developed by EMI to promote the

integration of risk reducti

reduction occurs at the local level

when local authorities, engaged in the normal conduct of their functions, responsibilities, and

practices, integrate DRR measures and objectives in various aspects of local governance such

as urban planning. This framework also suggests that DRR can be mainstreamed in local

governance by harnessing existing mechanisms, processes, and systems that are alrea

place and making use of such resources.

Figure 6. Framework for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (EMI, copyright)

7.2 Framework for Mainstreaming in Plans

Essentially, the risk sensitive

an offshoot of a previous study undertaken by KMC, NSET and EMI and other local and

international partners to develop a disaster risk management master plan (DRMMP) for

Kathmandu City in 2005

assessment and mitigation) into local land use planning by: (a) using available

fire hazard and risk information; (b) including emergency management parameters (e.g.,

evacuation roads), (c) prescribing a series of disaster risk re

23 EMI, 2006


Prepared

FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING KATHMANDU VALLEY DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT PLAN RISK SENSITIVE

This framework for mainstreaming DRM in Kathmandu Valley Concept Plan and Planning



al Framework; and that c) implementation tools adhere to the preferred

These are presented in this chapter.

Mainstreaming DRR

shows the DRR mainstreaming concept developed by EMI to promote the

integration of risk reduction measures in local governance, in a way that significant risk

reduction occurs at the local level23

. The mainstreaming framework can be highly effective


ces, integrate DRR measures and objectives in various aspects of local governance such


governance by harnessing existing mechanisms, processes, and systems that are alrea

place and making use of such resources.

for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (EMI, copyright)

Mainstreaming in Plans

Essentially, the risk sensitive physical framework planning shown in Figure



2005-2006. The KMC RSLUP integrated elements (i.e. disa

assessment and mitigation) into local land use planning by: (a) using available

hazard and risk information; (b) including emergency management parameters (e.g.,

evacuation roads), (c) prescribing a series of disaster risk reduction strategies and actions in



ELOPMENT

g DRM in Kathmandu Valley Concept Plan and Planning



al Framework; and that c) implementation tools adhere to the preferred

shows the DRR mainstreaming concept developed by EMI to promote the

on measures in local governance, in a way that significant risk

. The mainstreaming framework can be highly effective


ces, integrate DRR measures and objectives in various aspects of local governance such


governance by harnessing existing mechanisms, processes, and systems that are already in

for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (EMI, copyright)

Figure 7, came about as



2006. The KMC RSLUP integrated elements (i.e. disaster risk

assessment and mitigation) into local land use planning by: (a) using available seismic, flood,

hazard and risk information; (b) including emergency management parameters (e.g.,

duction strategies and actions in



the land use planning practice; and (d) delivering a rational risk

guide the future development of Kathmandu.

Prior to the initial crafting of the KMC RSLUP in 2010, a

to ensure full ownership of the project by KMC and other local partners and build the capacity

within local professionals. The engagement of the partners in the project and their integration

in a single team was instrumental to the success of th

In 2011, and under this same project with UNDP

of consultation meetings among KMC stakeholders, leading to the endorsement of the KMC

RSLUP. Later, in early 2012, the KMC Legislative Council approved of i

implementation. It is then, a useful framework to follow and use

which includes the DRR

The KV 2020 development concept already demonstrated that land use planning could be an

effective tool to lessen the physical, social and economic vulnerabilities of cities to natural

hazards. It aims to combine

framework (plan) of Kathmandu Valley

municipalities, cities, VDC and higher

projects shall be chosen with the participation of affected local residents and in consideration

of the inherent natural hazards of the place.

Figure 7. Framework for Maincopyright) Note: Also presented in Figure 3


the land use planning practice; and (d) delivering a rational risk-sensitive land use plan to

guide the future development of Kathmandu.

Prior to the initial crafting of the KMC RSLUP in 2010, a participatory approach wa



in a single team was instrumental to the success of the project.

, and under this same project with UNDP-Nepal, KMC, NSET and EMI held a round


RSLUP. Later, in early 2012, the KMC Legislative Council approved of i

implementation. It is then, a useful framework to follow and use for the Valley wide

which includes the DRR mainstreaming work.

development concept already demonstrated that land use planning could be an

to lessen the physical, social and economic vulnerabilities of cities to natural

combine several development plan components that will

framework (plan) of Kathmandu Valley, and by which land use plans prepared by

unicipalities, cities, VDC and higher-level plans are guided. Regional plans or Valley


of the inherent natural hazards of the place.

Framework for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Land Use Planningcopyright) Note: Also presented in Figure 3


sensitive land use plan to

approach was applied



KMC, NSET and EMI held a round


RSLUP. Later, in early 2012, the KMC Legislative Council approved of its adoption and

Valley wide planning

development concept already demonstrated that land use planning could be an

to lessen the physical, social and economic vulnerabilities of cities to natural

that will form the physical

land use plans prepared by the

Regional plans or Valley-wide


streaming Disaster Risk Reduction in Land Use Planning (EMI,


7.3 Mainstreaming Activities

With continued efforts by KVDA and local stakeholders, and with strong support by the

Nepal Ministry (i.e. MoPPW,

by scientific organizations such as NSET and EMI, a blueprint towards sustainable urban

development within the Kathmandu Valley can be pursued.

The KV Development Concept Plan had already initiated a participatory a

the initial document undergo a series of reviews among its stakeholders in latter stages in

2001. The approved KV Plan consolidated the reviews and comments with the original

proposal and formed the basis for future land use planning acti

needs updating, the following enhancements are proposed:

• A program that includes a wider set of stakeholders to be involved in:

- identifying, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

- preparation of the Devel

- validating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and


• Inclusion of natural hazard risks and their management to the different component plans

and their development policy, strategy decision

- Hazard, vulnerability and risk information and maps;

- Inclusion of past disaster information;

- Inclusion of climate change impact assessments to the region (or Valley);

- Implications of hazard, vulnerability and risk information to the component plans in


- Inclusion and review of current progr


- Inclusion of risk management options and climate change adapt


- Identifying the programs, projects and activities which may be integrated in the



• Combining the component plans into a preferred physical framework:

- Utilizing hazard maps and disaster risk information as constraints to urban expansion

areas (ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions and control);

- Having appropriat


- Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities in the components

spatial plans for Valley wide arrangements

- Inclusion of spatial components of risk management options and climate change


- A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and

risk assessment in KV physical framework.

7.4 Capacity building



governance. This capacity building

objectives by carrying out the policies and strategies set forth in the KV 2020 Development

Concept, and further refined towards a physical framework plan. These shall be in accordance


Prepared

Activities


MoPPW, MoHA, MoLD and DUDBC) and departments


the Kathmandu Valley can be pursued.

The KV Development Concept Plan had already initiated a participatory a



proposal and formed the basis for future land use planning activities. However, as the plan

needs updating, the following enhancements are proposed:

A program that includes a wider set of stakeholders to be involved in:

identifying, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

preparation of the Development Vision;

validating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and



and their development policy, strategy decisions:

Hazard, vulnerability and risk information and maps;

Inclusion of past disaster information;

Inclusion of climate change impact assessments to the region (or Valley);


erms of land use management, particularly on enforcement issues;

Inclusion and review of current programs, projects and activities in


Inclusion of risk management options and climate change adaptation strategies







(ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions and control);




spatial plans for Valley wide arrangements

of spatial components of risk management options and climate change


A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and

risk assessment in KV physical framework.



governance. This capacity building should aim for the attainment of th


and further refined towards a physical framework plan. These shall be in accordance




and departments, by UNDP and


The KV Development Concept Plan had already initiated a participatory approach by having



vities. However, as the plan

A program that includes a wider set of stakeholders to be involved in:

identifying, describing, validating the issues and problems of the Valley;

validating the component plans (settlement, infrastructure, environment and


Inclusion of climate change impact assessments to the region (or Valley);


erms of land use management, particularly on enforcement issues;

ams, projects and activities in the component

ation strategies





(ex. exclusion areas, or development areas with use restrictions and control);

ely scaled hazard maps and disaster risk information to provide a


of spatial components of risk management options and climate change

A simplified guide to aid in the process of mainstreaming hazard, vulnerability and



the attainment of the KV development


and further refined towards a physical framework plan. These shall be in accordance



with existing national laws especially with the NSDRM

NAPA for Climate Change

continue on the efforts undertaken by this project, where several public officials from various

government institutions and KMC were t

separate report for this particular element of the project).

7.5 Enhanced Planning Steps

This section will focus attention on the

7.5.1 Data Collection & Inventory/Analysis

Data from five development sectors

and institutions contribute

same data shall form the bases for planning the different land use policy areas

production, infrastructure and protection land use. Significant data has already been collected

for Kathmandu City in relation to the earlier

project on KMC Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan

where a sectoral profile was developed. The

proposed data collection should be extended to

the Valley. Figure 8 provides an example of the

Sectoral Profile developed for KMC.

To be of more effective use for planning

following tasks should be accomplished:

• a common data set prepared for both sectoral

development and physical framework

planning analysis;

• indicators of development drawn from the

data are used to provide the existing

development scenario and to establish

trends;

• a lead agency shall be assigned towards

harmonization or streamlining the

information requirements for planning

Figure 8. The Kathmandu Metropolitan City Sectoral Profile as a sample

At later stages, these tasks must similarly be done by the municipalities in preparing their

periodic plans and component physical development plans. Eventu

prepare the individual municipal land use plans:

Thematic Mapping. The t

of the Valley. The list of thematic maps

regards to risk reduction, these shall include

from project reports and maps

hazard mapping exercises

related and geologic disasters.

Disaster Risk Mapping.

outputs. The Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) process entails several steps

prepared ahead of the planning stage

(b) the vulnerabilities and risks of different elements (e.g. people, buildings, facilities,

activities, etc.) in the Valley or component areas, (c) risk parameters represented by estimates


with existing national laws especially with the NSDRM for disaster risk management

for Climate Change policies and strategies. The capacity building effort should


government institutions and KMC were trained on risk sensitive land use planning (refer to

separate report for this particular element of the project).

Enhanced Planning Steps

This section will focus attention on the following KV planning steps:

Data Collection & Inventory/Analysis

five development sectors, namely social, economy, infrastructures, environment,

contribute towards developing the socio-economic and physical profile. These

same data shall form the bases for planning the different land use policy areas


for Kathmandu City in relation to the earlier

project on KMC Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan

where a sectoral profile was developed. The

collection should be extended to

the Valley. Figure 8 provides an example of the

Sectoral Profile developed for KMC.

To be of more effective use for planning, the

following tasks should be accomplished:

a common data set prepared for both sectoral

ment and physical framework

of development drawn from the

data are used to provide the existing

development scenario and to establish

a lead agency shall be assigned towards

harmonization or streamlining the

information requirements for planning

The Kathmandu Metropolitan City Sectoral Profile as a sample


periodic plans and component physical development plans. Eventually, they shall be used to

prepare the individual municipal land use plans:

. The thematic maps are necessary to build the physical framework plan

The list of thematic maps shall cover the different land use policy areas

regards to risk reduction, these shall include geo-hazard maps. These maps may

and maps on earthquakes and floods, existing databases or from new

hazard mapping exercises. These shall be used to determine areas vulnerabl

related and geologic disasters.

apping. The risk maps may be drawn from the disaster risk assessment

The Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) process entails several steps

prepared ahead of the planning stage. It involves an assessment of the following: (a) hazard,


Valley or component areas, (c) risk parameters represented by estimates


for disaster risk management and the

The capacity building effort should


rained on risk sensitive land use planning (refer to

, namely social, economy, infrastructures, environment,

economic and physical profile. These

same data shall form the bases for planning the different land use policy areas-settlements,


The Kathmandu Metropolitan City Sectoral Profile as a sample


ally, they shall be used to

are necessary to build the physical framework plan

shall cover the different land use policy areas. With

hazard maps. These maps may be obtained

on earthquakes and floods, existing databases or from new

determine areas vulnerable to climate-

may be drawn from the disaster risk assessment

The Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) process entails several steps and may be

involves an assessment of the following: (a) hazard,


Valley or component areas, (c) risk parameters represented by estimates


of damage or loss, and the (

open access, access routes, etc.)

Vulnerability analysis refers

socio-economic vulnerability

related to determining severity of

expressed as monetary loss, loss of function of specific sectors

Understanding the implications of the risk assessme

experiences and expertise of the planners, scientific experts and stakeholders in different

sectors to address these threats. To treat them as significant or not, or whether they are

impediments to development and

(KMC RSLUP, 2010)

• Emergency management

information on possible escape routes of an area, temporary sites for evacuation, and

locations of critical infrastructures (e.g. hospitals, water sources) may be mapped and

evaluated. The basic informat

make use of the aerial images. The information shall be validated on the ground as to

suitability in ground conditions.

• Decision zones. Overlays comprising

or compatible areas or finding those conflict

are called decision zones. For hazard and exposure mapping, a specific hazard map is

overlaid with the existing land use map, or with other component plan

infrastructures, productive assets, and social infrastructures

different levels of vulnerability

7.5.2 DRR-Sensitive Physical Planning Goals

If efforts had been made to ensure that the vision statement is

goals, particularly the goals of physical development, are expected to be equally risk

sensitive. Some examples drawn from the KV 2001

• Rational population distribution

concentration of development in the metropolitan cities. At the local scale, rational

population distribution may mean promoting the development of human settlements in

hazard-free and well

• Environmental integrity m

areas are not degraded further and areas under protection remain

7.5.3 DRR-Sensitive Spatial Strategies

In drawing up a KV physical framework, a preferred spatial strategy (or spatia

support the objectives of the KV development concept and

their community is needed.

The physical framework

the organizing concept to gui

its implementing tools such as the

• Demand-supply balancing of land for urban development

demand of land for urban development,

available areas for urban expansion

24 Serote, 2004


Prepared

and the (d) requirements for emergency management (e.g. open spaces,

open access, access routes, etc.).

refers to the following: physical vulnerability of the built environment,

economic vulnerability, climate change and variability vulnerability. R

determining severity of consequence (e.g. direct and indirect damages and losses

loss, loss of function of specific sectors.

Understanding the implications of the risk assessment to development requires the collective



impediments to development and progress, will require further evaluation

Emergency management. In view of the spatial requirements for emergencies,



evaluated. The basic information on critical infrastructures, routes, temporary sites can


suitability in ground conditions.

Overlays comprising various thematic maps provide for find

or compatible areas or finding those conflicts among land use areas. These common areas


overlaid with the existing land use map, or with other component plan

infrastructures, productive assets, and social infrastructures and facilities)to reveal

of vulnerability or risks to the hazard

Sensitive Physical Planning Goals

If efforts had been made to ensure that the vision statement is risk sensitive, other sectoral


sensitive. Some examples drawn from the KV 2001 include the following:

Rational population distribution. For the KV 2001 it means dispers



free and well-serviced locations.

Environmental integrity maintained. This means that environmentally constrained

are not degraded further and areas under protection remain protected at all times.

Sensitive Spatial Strategies

In drawing up a KV physical framework, a preferred spatial strategy (or spatia

support the objectives of the KV development concept and in general the

is needed.

physical framework of the KV development concept would be this form and will serve as

the organizing concept to guide the detailed elaboration of the Valley wide

s such as the zoning ordinances.

supply balancing of land for urban development. In projecting the future

demand of land for urban development, the following exclusion areas help identify

available areas for urban expansion24

:



) requirements for emergency management (e.g. open spaces,

to the following: physical vulnerability of the built environment,

variability vulnerability. Risk analysis is

indirect damages and losses),

nt to development requires the collective



progress, will require further evaluation by the stakeholders.

In view of the spatial requirements for emergencies,



ion on critical infrastructures, routes, temporary sites can


provide for finding suitable

These common areas


overlaid with the existing land use map, or with other component plan maps (ex.

and facilities)to reveal

risk sensitive, other sectoral


include the following:

. For the KV 2001 it means dispersion to prevent over-



environmentally constrained

protected at all times.

In drawing up a KV physical framework, a preferred spatial strategy (or spatial form) that will

general the people’s vision for

of the KV development concept would be this form and will serve as

Valley wide land use plan and

. In projecting the future

sion areas help identify



- the land areas of

demand.

- land areas for future

hazards are excluded from consideration

- Protected areas and environmentally constrained areas

for urban expansion purposes.

The result of the demand

need to augment supply to satisfy the demand.

agricultural land conversions are among other ways of meeting demand.

• Designing alternative spatial strategies or urban forms

spatial strategies is a major activity in the crafting of

framework. The spatial strategy is

Valley (and components)

- The evaluation of the alternative spatial strategies

advantages and disadvantages of each strategy

- Sectoral development issues and concerns

hazard risks and other data outp

and concerns.

and concerns that

reviewed, validated, prioritized

the updated KV Development Concept

development

- Sectoral development objectives and targets

vision statement. The development goals and targets are framed from these

development issues and concerns.

- Sectoral policies

of proposed sectoral programs and projects. As with the KV plan, they

the spatial trends of settlement expansion, ii) economic concentration and

specialization and iii) environmental concerns, iv)

risk reduction and adaptation.

- Spatial content.

then included in the KV physical framework plan and into the zoning policies,

ordinance and other proposed local legislation.

- Sectoral Programs and Projects

development

identified in the development

integrated later

- public consultation.

consultation. It is expected that the public consultation will result in a consensus

on the final vision statement and the preferred spatial strategy.

7.5.4 Evaluation and selection of the preferred strategy

The preferred spatial strategy

draft RSLUP. The main activities include identifying and mapping the land use policy areas

and their sub- components

The preferred urban form


areas of existing settlements in hazard prone areas are added to the total

land areas for future urban development which are highly prone to different types of

excluded from consideration if mitigation is not cost effective.

rotected areas and environmentally constrained areas are considered

for urban expansion purposes.

The result of the demand-supply balancing process will indicate whether or n

need to augment supply to satisfy the demand. In-filling, densification, urban renewal

agricultural land conversions are among other ways of meeting demand.

Designing alternative spatial strategies or urban forms. Generation of alternat

spatial strategies is a major activity in the crafting of risk sensitive KV physical

. The spatial strategy is a form or pattern of physical development of the

Valley (and components) that will contribute to the realization of the long

valuation of the alternative spatial strategies aims to analyze and

advantages and disadvantages of each strategy:

Sectoral development issues and concerns. The sectoral profile, thematic maps,

hazard risks and other data outputs are used to describe the development issues

and concerns. In the context of the KV plan, the previously identified

and concerns that still resurface are documented in the updating. These are then

reviewed, validated, prioritized among the various sectoral issues and concerns in

updated KV Development Concept. Their implications

development and their possible solutions are discussed in workshops.

Sectoral development objectives and targets. These are derived from the

n statement. The development goals and targets are framed from these

development issues and concerns.

policies and strategies. These guide the formulation and implementation

of proposed sectoral programs and projects. As with the KV plan, they


specialization and iii) environmental concerns, iv) capacity development and v)

risk reduction and adaptation.

Spatial content. Spatial content or implications of the different sectoral plans are


ordinance and other proposed local legislation.

Sectoral Programs and Projects. Programs and projects necessary to realize the

development objectives and achieve the targets of the sectors and subsectors are

in the development and physical framework plan

later in the periodic plans.

public consultation. The outputs of this stage are then

n. It is expected that the public consultation will result in a consensus


Evaluation and selection of the preferred strategy

The preferred spatial strategy for Kathmandu Valley serves the basis for the preparation of the


components, namely: settlements, protection, production and infrastructure.

The preferred urban forms are also reflected in the land use plan.


added to the total

which are highly prone to different types of

if mitigation is not cost effective.

are considered not available

supply balancing process will indicate whether or not there will be a

filling, densification, urban renewal,

Generation of alternative

risk sensitive KV physical

form or pattern of physical development of the

that will contribute to the realization of the long-term vision.

aims to analyze and determine the

. The sectoral profile, thematic maps,

used to describe the development issues

In the context of the KV plan, the previously identified problems

the updating. These are then

ious sectoral issues and concerns in

. Their implications to sectoral

workshops.

. These are derived from the KV

n statement. The development goals and targets are framed from these

the formulation and implementation

of proposed sectoral programs and projects. As with the KV plan, they cover: i)


capacity development and v)

different sectoral plans are


. Programs and projects necessary to realize the

and achieve the targets of the sectors and subsectors are

plan. These may be

are then subject to public

n. It is expected that the public consultation will result in a consensus


the preparation of the


, namely: settlements, protection, production and infrastructure.


7.5.5 Detailing the land use plan

The chosen spatial strategy or urban form will now become the organizing concept for

detailing the Valley wide

tools.


Prepared

Detailing the land use plan


Valley wide land use plan, the zoning ordinances and other




and other plan implementation



8 DRR RELATED IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 Zoning

The Zoning Ordinance, which basically translates the

implementing tool, is

frameworks. It is necessary for the KV

impose penalties and fines on violators of its provision

Fines and Penalties

Fines and penalties can also have a regulatory effect.

penalized:

• Settlement encroachments into “no buil

among areas to be included in protected zones. As “no

and buffers are in place to protect communities or resources

• Violations in development plan and building plan permitting

• Non-conformance of allowed occupancy use

• Non-conformance of construction work with approved plans or building bye

codes

• Non-provision of Open space

requirements must be

• In a watershed approach

areas are considered in evaluating proposed land uses

• Non-conformance of owners, developers to approved

ordinances. Necessarily,

guided by the Valley wide physical framework (spatial) plan.

• Degradation of the environment by unlawful activities and poor practices in waste

management shall be penalized in the Valley.

• Adopt the “polluter pays” principle. Project proponents whose projects are determined to

cause risks to the local population should pay the intended or unintended effects.

• Penalties and fines should be used to compensate victims of man

proofing of buildings, building collapses).

8.2 Safe Building By-Laws

Safe building construction

should be integrated in the local building bye

equipment needed to enf

municipalities, VDCs and cities.

• The building by-laws

peculiarities, but guided by National Building Code.

25 The implementation tools discussed in this section

and from works by Serote, 2004, Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Management of Local Territories, Property, Patrimony and

Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines; School of Urban and Regional Planning, UP


IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS25

Zoning Ordinance, which basically translates the KV risk-sensitive land use plan into a

is based on the preferred land use plan and the

It is necessary for the KVDA to strongly enforce the derived

impose penalties and fines on violators of its provision.

Fines and penalties can also have a regulatory effect. Acts such as the following should be

Settlement encroachments into “no build” zones. High risk- areas shall be included

among areas to be included in protected zones. As “no-build” zones, necessary easements

and buffers are in place to protect communities or resources

Violations in development plan and building plan permitting

conformance of allowed occupancy use

conformance of construction work with approved plans or building bye

Open spaces. Remaining open spaces must be maintained and that

requirements must be determined and met.

tershed approach, interrelationships and impacts of upland activities on lowland

are considered in evaluating proposed land uses.

conformance of owners, developers to approved building bye-laws and zoning

Necessarily, municipal and city land use plans and periodic plans

guided by the Valley wide physical framework (spatial) plan.

Degradation of the environment by unlawful activities and poor practices in waste

management shall be penalized in the Valley.

pays” principle. Project proponents whose projects are determined to


Penalties and fines should be used to compensate victims of man-made risks (ex. poor fire

buildings, building collapses).

Laws

Safe building construction should be guided by the Nepal (National) Building Code

should be integrated in the local building bye-laws. The structure, functions, resources and

equipment needed to enforce this must be determined by the KVDA and the component

municipalities, VDCs and cities.

laws (Valley wide) should be more responsive to local needs and

peculiarities, but guided by National Building Code.

discussed in this section were obtained from the KV 2001 report, E-learning discussion forums and adaptations

Serote, 2004, Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Management of Local Territories, Property, Patrimony and

Land Use Planning in the Philippines; School of Urban and Regional Planning, UP


sensitive land use plan into an

the land use policy

y enforce the derived zoning and to

the following should be

areas shall be included

build” zones, necessary easements

conformance of construction work with approved plans or building bye-laws and

s. Remaining open spaces must be maintained and that

upland activities on lowland

laws and zoning

and periodic plans must be

Degradation of the environment by unlawful activities and poor practices in waste

pays” principle. Project proponents whose projects are determined to


made risks (ex. poor fire

the Nepal (National) Building Code and

laws. The structure, functions, resources and

orce this must be determined by the KVDA and the component

should be more responsive to local needs and

learning discussion forums and adaptations

Serote, 2004, Comprehensive Land Use Plan and Management of Local Territories, Property, Patrimony and

Land Use Planning in the Philippines; School of Urban and Regional Planning, UP-PLANADES) pp.371-386.


• Strict enforcement of

design and construction of building structures and their foundations.

• Monitoring, assessment and evaluation programs for existing structures must be in place

• Regular monitoring of

must be in place. Appropriate treatment measures ranging from conservation to

rehabilitation to redevelopment

shall be formulated to create a

example, preserving open spaces, non

to more compact and efficient forms; monitoring, assessment and evaluation programs

must be in place.

8.3 Co-management

Ministries (through KVDA)

undertake joint responsibility for managing the different land use

territorial jurisdiction. Th

enforcement of Valley wide building bye

environment and natural resource areas (forest land areas)

8.4 Public Investment Programming

The annual investment program should be

plan. For example, the municipalities and urbanizing VDCs use a portion of their individual

annual budgets for its risk sensitive programs, projects and activities

8.5 Private Investments Incentives

Incentives are given to private

of Government may consider:

• Giving fiscal and monetary rewards

significant risk reduction measures in their day to day operations or to those

that an Environmental

Program for Environmental Management

allowed to operate in an area


Prepared

ment of safe engineering standards should be encouraged

design and construction of building structures and their foundations.

Monitoring, assessment and evaluation programs for existing structures must be in place

ing of the structural and environmental quality of residential districts

ppropriate treatment measures ranging from conservation to

rehabilitation to redevelopment should be considered. Urban expansion

shall be formulated to create a balanced built and un-built environment, that is, for

preserving open spaces, non-conversion or remaining lands, adjusting systems


DA) and local governments (e.g. the municipalities, cities and VDCs

nsibility for managing the different land use areas that lie within the

. The activities may include enforcement of national buil

Valley wide building bye-laws and zoning ordinances, co

environment and natural resource areas (forest land areas).

Public Investment Programming

The annual investment program should be the principal instrument for implementing the

For example, the municipalities and urbanizing VDCs use a portion of their individual

risk sensitive programs, projects and activities.

Private Investments Incentives

private investors for implementing DRM activities;

may consider:

Giving fiscal and monetary rewards (tax –subsidies) to private firms that

significant risk reduction measures in their day to day operations or to those

nvironmental Impact Assessments are prepared and a Monitoring, Evaluation

Program for Environmental Management are designed and funded before any project is

allowed to operate in an area



should be encouraged especially in the

Monitoring, assessment and evaluation programs for existing structures must be in place.

d environmental quality of residential districts

ppropriate treatment measures ranging from conservation to

rban expansion and management

environment, that is, for

conversion or remaining lands, adjusting systems


the municipalities, cities and VDCs)

areas that lie within their

may include enforcement of national building codes,

laws and zoning ordinances, co-managing the

mplementing the KV

For example, the municipalities and urbanizing VDCs use a portion of their individual

DRM activities; the different levels

to private firms that put into practice

significant risk reduction measures in their day to day operations or to those who ensure

Impact Assessments are prepared and a Monitoring, Evaluation

are designed and funded before any project is



9 WAY FORWARD: COMPLETINGVALLEY PHYSICAL FRAM

It is proposed that to complete the KV Development Concept into a KV Physical framework

plan, a 3-year plan be programmed in four stages

Tasks

STAGE 1:

Task 1. Organizing and tasking activities for Risk

Sensitive physical framework planning for

Kathmandu Valley

Task 1.1 KVDA planning committee &structure defined

Task 1.2 KV Data inventory and Thematic Map

inventory

Task 1.3 Work Plan and Approval, Funding source

STAGE 2:

Task 2.Updating of KV Concept Plan,

Task 2.1 Updating of Ecological profile,

Task 2.2 RSLUP Guideline preparation

STAGE 3:

Task 3 Valley Wide Multi Hazards Analysis

Task 4. Valley wide Transport Planning

Task 5. Valley wide Physical Framework Planning

STAGE 4:

Task 6. Selected Sub-Met.Cities,Municipalities

RSLUP

Task 7. Special Studies (Selected Heritage/Historical

Sites)

Task 8. Capacity building, monitoring tools

development

Figure 9. Proposed Activities and Timeline for the Completion of the Risk Sensitive Land Use

Stage 1 will focus on

composition of KVDA committee for planning, data inventorying, work planning, approval

process and budgeting. This stage shall help r

agencies and development partners in Nepal on the development strategies, methodology and

institutional arrangements for the development of the Kathmandu Valley RSLUP

The activities of Stage 2

updating the information about the planning environment (social, economic, physical and

environmental aspects) and the development of a simplified guide towards risk sensitive

physical framework (land use) planning.

Stage 3 shall include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, the transport planning and

physical framework planning. Because of po

acquired by primary data gathering (surveys and interviews), model development and

processing, the period is given two (2) years to complete an integrated transport and land use

planning for the Kathmandu Valley.

MoLD, KVDA, KMC and other Municipalities and VDC’s within Kathmandu Valley.


COMPLETING THE RISK SENSITIVE KATHMANDU VALLEY PHYSICAL FRAMEWORK PLAN


be programmed in four stages as indicated in Figure 9.

Year 1 Year 2

Task 1. Organizing and tasking activities for Risk

Sensitive physical framework planning for

Task 1.1 KVDA planning committee &structure defined

Task 1.2 KV Data inventory and Thematic Map

and Approval, Funding source

Task 2.Updating of KV Concept Plan,

Task 2.1 Updating of Ecological profile,

Task 2.2 RSLUP Guideline preparation

Task 3 Valley Wide Multi Hazards Analysis

Valley wide Transport Planning

Task 5. Valley wide Physical Framework Planning

Met.Cities,Municipalities

Task 7. Special Studies (Selected Heritage/Historical

building, monitoring tools

Proposed Activities and Timeline for the Completion of the Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan for the Kathmandu Valley

will focus on organization and preparation for KV risk sensitive planning:

KVDA committee for planning, data inventorying, work planning, approval

process and budgeting. This stage shall help reach consensus among the Nepalese government


stitutional arrangements for the development of the Kathmandu Valley RSLUP

Stage 2will include updating of the KV concept plan. This shall include


vironmental aspects) and the development of a simplified guide towards risk sensitive

physical framework (land use) planning.

shall include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, the transport planning and

physical framework planning. Because of possible data requirements which can only be



for the Kathmandu Valley. The government partners for the project will be MoPPW,

, KMC and other Municipalities and VDC’s within Kathmandu Valley.


KATHMANDU


Figure 9.

Year 2 Year 3

Proposed Activities and Timeline for the Completion of the Risk Sensitive Land Use

organization and preparation for KV risk sensitive planning:

KVDA committee for planning, data inventorying, work planning, approval

each consensus among the Nepalese government


stitutional arrangements for the development of the Kathmandu Valley RSLUP.

will include updating of the KV concept plan. This shall include


vironmental aspects) and the development of a simplified guide towards risk sensitive

shall include the Valley wide multi hazard analysis, the transport planning and

ssible data requirements which can only be



The government partners for the project will be MoPPW,

, KMC and other Municipalities and VDC’s within Kathmandu Valley.


Stage 4 will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of selected sub

metropolitan cities, municipalities an



concurrent with the land use plan preparation.

Capacity building activities are proposed to be spread over the entire project period and be

made parallel to the different tasks. Capacity building of Nepalese planners in

land use planning shall be coursed throu

workshop and lectures, field trips and site visits among others. These activities are hoped to

support the future implementation of the CDRM and the Flagship Programmes


Prepared

will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of selected sub

metropolitan cities, municipalities and urbanizing VDCs. This stage shall also include the



land use plan preparation.


made parallel to the different tasks. Capacity building of Nepalese planners in

shall be coursed through active participation in the various activities,


support the future implementation of the CDRM and the Flagship Programmes



will focus on municipal land use planning or periodic planning of selected sub-

d urbanizing VDCs. This stage shall also include the




made parallel to the different tasks. Capacity building of Nepalese planners in risk sensitive

gh active participation in the various activities,


support the future implementation of the CDRM and the Flagship Programmes.



10 REFERENCES

1. Earthquakes and Megac

Metropolitan City, Nepal;

Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu 2010; Submitted to The German Federal

Foreign Affairs Office t

2. Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI),

Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal;

megacities: A Pilot-Application in Metro Manila and Ka

Deutches Komitee Katasrophenvorsorge

3. Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI),

City, Nepal; A Pilot-

German Federal Forei

Katasrophenvorsorge

4. Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, 2007, Urban and Megacities Disaster Risk

Reduction – Manual of Sound Practices. Quezon City, Philippines.

5. Japan International Cooperation Agency and t

2002. The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom

of Nepal, Volume III.

6. Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook, ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated

Mountain Development, Kathmand

7. Municipality Profile of Nepal, a socio

Intensive Study and Research Center (Kathmandu). 2008.

8. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, Ministry of

Environment, 2010

9. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, Government of Nepal, 2009

10. National Urban Policy 2064 (200

Government

11. Nepal DesInventar Database, NSET 2011

12. Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

Building Construction

13. Pradhan and Perera. 2005. Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of

Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

14. Serote, E. 2004. Property, Patrimony & Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in

the Philippines. School of Urban and Regional Planning. University of the Philippines.

9, pp.347-387

15. Serote, E. (2005): Rationalized Local Planning System

Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, unpublished

16. Sharma P., 2003. Population Monograph of Nepal Volume 1: Urbanization and

development. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu.

17. The Preparation of Flood Risk and Vulnerability Map of the Kathmandu Valley,

Government of Nepal

Disaster Prevention, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nep

18. Urban Indicators for Managing Cities: Cities Data Book, 2001


Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI) Risk-sensitive Land Use Plan of Kathmandu

Metropolitan City, Nepal; Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in megacities: A Pilot


Foreign Affairs Office through the Deutches Komitee Katasrophenvorsorge

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI), Risk-sensitive Land Use Plan of

Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal; Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in

Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu 2011 through the

Deutches Komitee Katasrophenvorsorge

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (EMI), Sectoral Profile of Kathmandu Metropolitan

-Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu 2010; Submitted to the

German Federal Foreign Affairs Office through the Deutches Komitee

Katasrophenvorsorge

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, 2007, Urban and Megacities Disaster Risk

Manual of Sound Practices. Quezon City, Philippines.

Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Ministry of Home Affairs of Nepal.

The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom

, Volume III.

Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook, ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated

Mountain Development, Kathmandu. 2007

Municipality Profile of Nepal, a socio-economic development data base of Nepal.

Intensive Study and Research Center (Kathmandu). 2008.

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, Ministry of

y for Disaster Risk Management, Government of Nepal, 2009

National Urban Policy 2064 (2007), Government of Nepal Unofficial Translation, Nepal

Nepal DesInventar Database, NSET 2011

Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of Urban Development and

Building Construction, Babar Mahal

Pradhan and Perera. 2005. Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of

Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.

Serote, E. 2004. Property, Patrimony & Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in

chool of Urban and Regional Planning. University of the Philippines.

Serote, E. (2005): Rationalized Local Planning System in the Philippines, School of


2003. Population Monograph of Nepal Volume 1: Urbanization and

development. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu.

The Preparation of Flood Risk and Vulnerability Map of the Kathmandu Valley,

Government of Nepal 2009, Ministry of Water Resources, Department of Water Induced

Disaster Prevention, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal.

Urban Indicators for Managing Cities: Cities Data Book, 2001


sensitive Land Use Plan of Kathmandu

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in megacities: A Pilot-


hrough the Deutches Komitee Katasrophenvorsorge

sensitive Land Use Plan of

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in

thmandu 2011 through the

Sectoral Profile of Kathmandu Metropolitan

Application in Metro Manila and Kathmandu 2010; Submitted to the

gn Affairs Office through the Deutches Komitee

Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative, 2007, Urban and Megacities Disaster Risk

he Ministry of Home Affairs of Nepal.

The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, Kingdom

Kathmandu Valley Environment Outlook, ICIMOD, International Centre for Integrated

economic development data base of Nepal.

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, Ministry of

y for Disaster Risk Management, Government of Nepal, 2009

), Government of Nepal Unofficial Translation, Nepal

Development and

Pradhan and Perera. 2005. Urban Growth and Its Impact on the Livelihoods of

Serote, E. 2004. Property, Patrimony & Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in

chool of Urban and Regional Planning. University of the Philippines. C-

in the Philippines, School of


2003. Population Monograph of Nepal Volume 1: Urbanization and

The Preparation of Flood Risk and Vulnerability Map of the Kathmandu Valley,

ent of Water Induced


According to the Kathmandu Valley DRM Profile (EMI, 2005), the most frequent natural

disasters in Nepal are flood, la

property. The middle hills are mainly prone to landslides while the flat Tarai region is

susceptible to flood and fire. While earthquakes are not frequent, historically, Nepal has

experienced several destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four

major earthquakes just in the past century.

The more devastating natural hazards for Kathmandu Valley are related to earthquakes, floods

and fires.

Annex 1. Earthquake

The historical earthquak

the Himalaya.

Historically, Nepal has experienced several destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000

people killed in four major earthquakes just in the past century. Based on the earthquak

catalog, Nepal faces one earthquake of Magnitude 7 or greater every 75 years, on average.

Such magnitude earthquake could be extremely damaging to urban metropolises as

demonstrated by the M7.0 January 2010 Haiti earthquake. Even more alarming is that

1800 five (5) events of M>= 7 have affected Kathmandu; the most recent severe earthquake

was the 1934 M8.3 earthquake. On average earthquake intensities equal to or greater than

VIII MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) take place every 36 years while

intensities of IX MMI or greater take place every 75 years. The last significant earthquake

M6.6 causing a loss of 721 lives occurred in east Nepal in 1988. It caused a total direct

economic loss of about 5 billion Nepalese Rupees. Further a re

and central Nepal as well as north east India causing damage to 30,684 buildings and

inflicting a total direct economic loss of 5.65billion Nepalese Rupees. The consolidated

earthquake catalogue of Nepal (1255 to 1992 A.D) and

Seismological centre (NSC) of Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) shows high

frequency of large earthquakes in Nepal. Based on these observations, it is reasonable to

conclude that there is a high likelihood of an eart

greater in Kathmandu. Such intensities will create catastrophic damages in the city.

Table A.1: Magnitude-Frequency Data on Earthquakes in Nepal and the Surrounding Region

No. of Events

Approximate Recurrence Interval, yr.

Table A.2: Frequency and Various levels of earthquake intensities in Kathmandu since 1800

KATHMANDU

5 Events

event of M=8.3 (1934)


Prepared

ANNEXES


disasters in Nepal are flood, landslide, and fire causing loss of life and severe damage to



eral destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four

major earthquakes just in the past century.


The historical earthquake catalogue of UNDP/UNCHS (1994) showed high seismicity along


people killed in four major earthquakes just in the past century. Based on the earthquak



demonstrated by the M7.0 January 2010 Haiti earthquake. Even more alarming is that



VIII MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) take place every 36 years while



economic loss of about 5 billion Nepalese Rupees. Further a recent M6.9 event shook eastern



earthquake catalogue of Nepal (1255 to 1992 A.D) and subsequent reporting by National



conclude that there is a high likelihood of an earthquake which will cause intensities of 8 or


Frequency Data on Earthquakes in Nepal and the Surrounding Region (1911-1991)

Earthquakes of Magnitudes in Richter

5 to 6 6 to 7 7 to 7.5

41 17 10

Approximate Recurrence Interval, yr. 2 5 8

Source: Earthquake Catalogue in BCDP, 1994

Frequency and Various levels of earthquake intensities in Kathmandu since 1800 A.D

(Source: EMI from historical earthquake catalogue)

KATHMANDU

5 Events of M>=7 since 1800 with one

event of M=8.3 (1934)




ndslide, and fire causing loss of life and severe damage to



eral destructive earthquakes with more than 11,000 people killed in four


e catalogue of UNDP/UNCHS (1994) showed high seismicity along


people killed in four major earthquakes just in the past century. Based on the earthquake



demonstrated by the M7.0 January 2010 Haiti earthquake. Even more alarming is that since



VIII MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) take place every 36 years while earthquake



cent M6.9 event shook eastern



subsequent reporting by National



hquake which will cause intensities of 8 or


Frequency Data on Earthquakes in Nepal and the Surrounding Region

Earthquakes of Magnitudes in Richter Scale

7.5 to 8 >8

2 1

40 81

Source: Earthquake Catalogue in BCDP, 1994

Frequency and Various levels of earthquake intensities in Kathmandu since 1800

(Source: EMI from historical earthquake catalogue)



For example, it was reported that in 1833, a strong earthquake resulted in the destruction of

643 houses, and death of 414 people. The 1934 Bihar

shaking in Kathmandu Valle

destroyed 20 percent and damaged 40 percent of the valley’s building stock. In Kathmandu

itself, one quarter of all homes was destroyed along with many historic buildings. In

Kathmandu valley 19,000 buildings were heavily damaged, 3800 people were killed and 1000

people were seriously wounded by 1934 earthquake (from a study by JICA and MOHA in

2002).

Figure 3 presents the historical epicentral distributions in and around Nepal. The epicentral

distribution map indicates the following characteristics:

• There are three main tectonic lines running across Nepal, namely, the Main Central

Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), and many

of the past earthquakes occurred in

• Seismicity is active in the west of Nepal.

• The central part of Nepal has suffered relatively few earthquakes.

A study by JICA and MOHA in 2002 covered seismic risk assessment for the whole

Kathmandu Valley. It was, however, c

resources. At that time, there was no official building inventory of the area so the total

number of buildings was estimated from population and household distribution as reported in

the 1991 census. Information on building vulnerability was based on an inventory survey of

only 1,000 buildings and from onsite observation of the main sites.

Figure A.1: Epicentral Distribution around Nepal, 1255 to 2001

There are several faults in the Kathmandu Valley. If one of

in the Valley will be severely damaged, even if the damaged area is not so large. The nature

of damage from the earthquake in the valley will be different from that of a huge earthquake

that occurs outside the Valley.

According to the same earthquake study, the main source of seismic activity in Nepal is the

subduction of the Indian plate under the Tibetan plate or Himalayas. Another earthquake

26 Source: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, March 2002



643 houses, and death of 414 people. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake produced strong

shaking in Kathmandu Valley, the country’s political, economic and cultural capital, and



9,000 buildings were heavily damaged, 3800 people were killed and 1000



istribution map indicates the following characteristics:

There are three main tectonic lines running across Nepal, namely, the Main Central


of the past earthquakes occurred in the area between MCT and MBT.

Seismicity is active in the west of Nepal.

The central part of Nepal has suffered relatively few earthquakes.


Kathmandu Valley. It was, however, conducted within a short duration of time under limited



nformation on building vulnerability was based on an inventory survey of

only 1,000 buildings and from onsite observation of the main sites.

Epicentral Distribution around Nepal, 1255 to 2001

There are several faults in the Kathmandu Valley. If one of them moves, part of this lineament



that occurs outside the Valley.

ording to the same earthquake study, the main source of seismic activity in Nepal is the


Source: Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in the Kathmandu Valley, March 2002.



Nepal Earthquake produced strong

y, the country’s political, economic and cultural capital, and



9,000 buildings were heavily damaged, 3800 people were killed and 1000



There are three main tectonic lines running across Nepal, namely, the Main Central


the area between MCT and MBT.


onducted within a short duration of time under limited



nformation on building vulnerability was based on an inventory survey of

Epicentral Distribution around Nepal, 1255 to 200126

them moves, part of this lineament



ording to the same earthquake study, the main source of seismic activity in Nepal is the



generator in the Valley is the identified seismic gap zone in the middle of Nep

seismic records dating back to 1255, destructive earthquakes (estimated to have reached M7

or greater) have occurred in 1255, 1408, 1681, 1767, 1803, 1810, 1833, and 1866, 1913,

1916, 1934 and 1936 with the M8.3 1934 earthquake being the large

earthquake.

Annex 2. The Kathmandu Valley Development Concept of 2001:

The main objective of the KV plan was to maintain coordination between the land use and

transportation system for the well

objectives, outlined in the KV report were as follows

a. Pursue the carrying capacity as the basic ground in order to manage the population

growth in the Valley.

b. Maintain the balance between the urban growth and the scarce natural resources, by

conserving the social, economic and environmental values.

c. Improve the quality of life of the Valley people.

d. Select possible places for areas with transport facility and its development in order to

encourage urban development only in the designated areas.

e. Constantly monitor the land

development.

f. Identify the land available for urban development, and analyze its constraints and

opportunities.

g. Guide the land-use by arranging for efficient transportation.

h. Involve all the concerned stakeholders in the planning process.

In essence, the following principles had been advocated by the KV draft concept plan in order

that KV will succeed in conserving its finite natural resources and make the life of the future

generation enjoyable, by guiding the future urbanization through land use fixation, transport

management and infrastructure services

risk sensitive:

Principle 1: Participatory planning and a strong engagement of

Committees (DDCs), Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) in plan

formulation, plan implementation and enforcement of local and national laws.

1.1 Central and local bodies have a prime responsibility to initiate developmen

construction works in the Valley. This means that the five municipalities have to

prepare and enforce land

1.2 Properly plan urban development and to provide essential services and facilities to

their constituents;

1.3 Village Development committees have to give emphasis on protection of agricultural

land, natural resources and building physical infrastructures in their respective areas.

Principle 2: A Valley wide structure plan or physical framework shall be ba

watershed development concept.

• The District Development Committees have to consolidate interrelationship of rural and

urban areas in the Valley and establish a useful and dynamic synergy among them;


Prepared

generator in the Valley is the identified seismic gap zone in the middle of Nep



1916, 1934 and 1936 with the M8.3 1934 earthquake being the largest magnitude recorded

The Kathmandu Valley Development Concept of 2001:


transportation system for the well-planned urban development of the Valley.

objectives, outlined in the KV report were as follows:

ursue the carrying capacity as the basic ground in order to manage the population

growth in the Valley.

Maintain the balance between the urban growth and the scarce natural resources, by

ving the social, economic and environmental values.

ity of life of the Valley people.

Select possible places for areas with transport facility and its development in order to

encourage urban development only in the designated areas.

tly monitor the land-use situation in order to manage population and urban

Identify the land available for urban development, and analyze its constraints and

use by arranging for efficient transportation.

all the concerned stakeholders in the planning process.



on enjoyable, by guiding the future urbanization through land use fixation, transport

management and infrastructure services. These principles stated in the KV 2020 are deemed

Participatory planning and a strong engagement of D

Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) in plan


Central and local bodies have a prime responsibility to initiate developmen


prepare and enforce land –use plans in their respective municipal areas;

Properly plan urban development and to provide essential services and facilities to

ituents;

Village Development committees have to give emphasis on protection of agricultural


A Valley wide structure plan or physical framework shall be ba

watershed development concept.

The District Development Committees have to consolidate interrelationship of rural and




generator in the Valley is the identified seismic gap zone in the middle of Nepal. Based on



st magnitude recorded

The Kathmandu Valley Development Concept of 2001:


planned urban development of the Valley. Its other

ursue the carrying capacity as the basic ground in order to manage the population

Maintain the balance between the urban growth and the scarce natural resources, by

Select possible places for areas with transport facility and its development in order to

use situation in order to manage population and urban

Identify the land available for urban development, and analyze its constraints and



on enjoyable, by guiding the future urbanization through land use fixation, transport

These principles stated in the KV 2020 are deemed

District Development

Municipalities and Village Development Committees (VDCs) in plan


Central and local bodies have a prime responsibility to initiate development and


use plans in their respective municipal areas;

Properly plan urban development and to provide essential services and facilities to

Village Development committees have to give emphasis on protection of agricultural


A Valley wide structure plan or physical framework shall be based on a

The District Development Committees have to consolidate interrelationship of rural and




• Governmental and semi

wide programs in accordance with the structure plan (or guided by the development

concept);

Principle 3: The Valley must be planned taking into consideration its natural, historical,

cultural (built) resources and its primary

• The land must be utilized considering its opportunities for best and highest use and

takes into account its inherent constraints (ex. ecological fragility, hazards) and derived

constraints (ex. pollution, poverty)

In order to carry out these principles, two main strategies are pursued in the

development concept,

Strategy 1: Deconcentration of economic and capital investment in the Valley in other

regions.

The implementation of this strategy involves pursuing economic diver

a) Developing and expanding the tourism sector and hinges on the cultural and religious

heritage of the Valley; thereby, creating employment opportunities and business;

b) Shifting of incompatible and highly

cement and brick factories) away from settlement areas and environmentally sensitive

areas.

c) Promoting state of the art but environment friendly technologies;

d) Transferring police and military premises covering much land located in inner urb

into the periphery of the Valley;

e) Develop traditional agricultural system commercially and protect cottage and handicraft

industries.

Strategy 2: Pursue studies that will clarify as to where and how urban development of the

Valley shall be channelled

a. Ensure well-planned development and expansion of the Valley;

congestion and organize built and un

b. The boundaries of urban and rural areas of the Valley will be delineated using legal,

policy and financial measures

patterns for each area and reduce the fragmentation of agricultural land. Currently, the

legal provision of minimum

c. Urban development works shall be

expansion areas;

- A minimum of 300pph may bring a change in la

it encourages higher FAR, resulting to multi

individual low rise

d. Harmonization of the physical, transport development and land use policies;

e. An extensive improvement and adjustment in the existing institutional structures and

separate laws will be made to implement the plan


Governmental and semi-governmental bodies shall formulate and implement valley


The Valley must be planned taking into consideration its natural, historical,

resources and its primary role in Nation building.

The land must be utilized considering its opportunities for best and highest use and


constraints (ex. pollution, poverty)

ry out these principles, two main strategies are pursued in the

Deconcentration of economic and capital investment in the Valley in other

The implementation of this strategy involves pursuing economic diversity:

Developing and expanding the tourism sector and hinges on the cultural and religious


Shifting of incompatible and highly pollute industries (e.g. carpet, ready


Promoting state of the art but environment friendly technologies;

Transferring police and military premises covering much land located in inner urb

into the periphery of the Valley;

Develop traditional agricultural system commercially and protect cottage and handicraft

Pursue studies that will clarify as to where and how urban development of the

nnelled.

planned development and expansion of the Valley;(i.e. Reduce sprawl,

congestion and organize built and un-built spaces)

The boundaries of urban and rural areas of the Valley will be delineated using legal,

policy and financial measures. This is to facilitate the differentiation of development


legal provision of minimum plot size is enforceable for the entire Valley

Urban development works shall be guided in existing urban areas and in proposed urban

A minimum of 300pph may bring a change in land use patterns and densities

it encourages higher FAR, resulting to multi-storied apartment buildings in place of

individual low rise structures.

Harmonization of the physical, transport development and land use policies;

An extensive improvement and adjustment in the existing institutional structures and

separate laws will be made to implement the plan.


formulate and implement valley-


The Valley must be planned taking into consideration its natural, historical,

The land must be utilized considering its opportunities for best and highest use and


ry out these principles, two main strategies are pursued in the KV 2020

Deconcentration of economic and capital investment in the Valley in other

sity:

Developing and expanding the tourism sector and hinges on the cultural and religious


industries (e.g. carpet, ready-made-garment,


Transferring police and military premises covering much land located in inner urban areas

Develop traditional agricultural system commercially and protect cottage and handicraft

Pursue studies that will clarify as to where and how urban development of the

Reduce sprawl,

The boundaries of urban and rural areas of the Valley will be delineated using legal,

. This is to facilitate the differentiation of development


size is enforceable for the entire Valley;

guided in existing urban areas and in proposed urban

nd use patterns and densities because

storied apartment buildings in place of

Harmonization of the physical, transport development and land use policies;

An extensive improvement and adjustment in the existing institutional structures and


i. The Valley-wise regional

the role of adviser and regulator;

ii. Local authorities and sectoral agencies will be implementers and operators

iii. An act will contain provisions that these bodi

projects subject to the regional plan of the Valley;

iv. KVDA to provide the regulatory guidelines, coordinate, and facilitate preparation and

approval of plans, programs and projects made by the various bodies

with the Plan;

v. Provisions of KVDA

and semi-governmental agencies which operates programs contrary

of the Plan; and

vi. Provisions of their executive powers woul

- To withhold fully or partly grants and loans provi

and;

- Regulatory powers such as cancellation of approval certificates for

designs.

Annex 3. Kathmandu Valley Development Guiding Policies

The following guiding policies (or goals) describe the conditions and characteristics of

sustainable development in the various land use policy areas: settlements (ex. related to urban

development and housing), economy (ex. diversification), physical infrastructu

environment (ex. open spaces, environmental management).

A risk sensitive KV Plan therefore is one which incorporates DRR

of the above mentioned land use policy areas. Necessarily, hazard, vulnerability and risk

information and emergency management concerns should inform these land use policy areas.

Annex 4. General Settlements Policy

a. Regional basis

The Valley is considered as a single unit based on its geographically limited size, natural

resources and its social setting. F

development of the Valley should make joint efforts in tune with the specified goals of the

proposed Plan.

b. Hierarchy of development nodes

It is imperative that the hierarchical set up of development no

Valley be geared towards balanced development.

c. Interrelationship between land use and transportation

For planned urban development, the proposed Plan maintains an interrelationship between the

land-use and transportation. Prop

air and noise pollution, and traffic volume on the roads.

d. Land use efficiency

A land-use system should be practical and sustainably developed and managed. The land in

the outer areas will be utiliz

27 Source: KV 2020


Prepared

wise regional planning body to be established under Nepali law will play

the role of adviser and regulator; (i.e. currently taken as KVDA)

Local authorities and sectoral agencies will be implementers and operators

An act will contain provisions that these bodies will prepare their plans, programs and

projects subject to the regional plan of the Valley;

to provide the regulatory guidelines, coordinate, and facilitate preparation and

approval of plans, programs and projects made by the various bodies

KVDA legislative powers to curtail annual budget of the governmental

governmental agencies which operates programs contrary

Provisions of their executive powers would include the following:

To withhold fully or partly grants and loans provided by His Majesty’s Government

Regulatory powers such as cancellation of approval certificates for

Kathmandu Valley Development Guiding Policies

lowing guiding policies (or goals) describe the conditions and characteristics of


development and housing), economy (ex. diversification), physical infrastructu

environment (ex. open spaces, environmental management).

A risk sensitive KV Plan therefore is one which incorporates DRR-sensitive policies for each


rmation and emergency management concerns should inform these land use policy areas.

General Settlements Policy27


resources and its social setting. For this, all the stakeholders having concerns with the


Hierarchy of development nodes

It is imperative that the hierarchical set up of development nodes in various places of the

Valley be geared towards balanced development.

Interrelationship between land use and transportation


use and transportation. Proper balance between the land-use and transportation reduces

air and noise pollution, and traffic volume on the roads.

Land use efficiency

use system should be practical and sustainably developed and managed. The land in

the outer areas will be utilized for (future) urban expansion, properly utilizing the unoccupied



planning body to be established under Nepali law will play

Local authorities and sectoral agencies will be implementers and operators;

es will prepare their plans, programs and

to provide the regulatory guidelines, coordinate, and facilitate preparation and

approval of plans, programs and projects made by the various bodies in consonance

legislative powers to curtail annual budget of the governmental

governmental agencies which operates programs contrary to the objectives

d include the following:

ded by His Majesty’s Government

Regulatory powers such as cancellation of approval certificates for non-complying

lowing guiding policies (or goals) describe the conditions and characteristics of


development and housing), economy (ex. diversification), physical infrastructure, natural

sensitive policies for each


rmation and emergency management concerns should inform these land use policy areas.


or this, all the stakeholders having concerns with the


des in various places of the


use and transportation reduces

use system should be practical and sustainably developed and managed. The land in

urban expansion, properly utilizing the unoccupied



land in the urban area. It also encompasses the matters of discouraging uncontrolled urban

expansion and conserving agriculture land.

e. Formulation of plan based on easy transport linkage

It was proposed to develop dense settlements in various places of the Valley through linkage,

easy and accessibility between urban settlements.

f. Accessibility to public open space

Provision of public open space in the neighbourhood and community is important

viewpoint of plan formulation. Public open spaces are necessary in rescue works in times of

emergency and in public functions, etc.

Places which are not suitable for the construction, such as riverbanks and unstable slopes,

shall be protected through

environmental balance. Hence, a policy should be pursued to identify and protect such lands.

g. Settlement area with physical facility

Creation of physical environment liveable for the communities is necessary from the

viewpoint of urban development.

Provision of basic infrastructures such as road, drinking water, drainage and sanitation,

proximity to community facilities such as school,

and public transport, with proper protection and promotion of the natural environment.

h. Carrying capacity

The proposed urban expansion strategy will, to some extent, increase the carrying capacity of

the Valley. The carrying capacity of the Valley

accommodate maximum population without destroying its natural resources or disrupting

environmental balance must be followed

Annex 5. Urban expansion policy

a. To have equitable urban ex

The projection of the Valley's future urban population reveals that most population will

concentrate in the Kathmandu metropolitan city. This will consequently exert excessive

pressure on the services and facilities. To avert this,

facilities and creation of employment opportunities in other towns adjoining the Valley and

increase population should be promoted

b. To have urban expansion conforming to infrastructure capacity

In carrying out development works in an

should be taken into account so that such works do not cause adverse impacts on the

environment.

c. To carry out development works in the designated areas

Planned growth can be ensured with the provisio

designated by the plan. The haphazard urban growth can, to a

concentrating economic investment in certain

d. To control urban exp

28 Source: KV 2020



expansion and conserving agriculture land.

Formulation of plan based on easy transport linkage

proposed to develop dense settlements in various places of the Valley through linkage,

easy and accessibility between urban settlements.

Accessibility to public open space

Provision of public open space in the neighbourhood and community is important


emergency and in public functions, etc.


shall be protected through plantation or farming in such places; it will help maintain


Settlement area with physical facility


viewpoint of urban development.


proximity to community facilities such as school, play-ground, hospital, police post, market



he carrying capacity of the Valley must be respected. It


must be followed.

Urban expansion policy 28

urban expansion



pressure on the services and facilities. To avert this, an equitable provision of services and


should be promoted.

To have urban expansion conforming to infrastructure capacity

In carrying out development works in any location of the Valley, the infrastructures available


To carry out development works in the designated areas

Planned growth can be ensured with the provision of facilities and services

designated by the plan. The haphazard urban growth can, to a larger extent, be streamlined by

concentrating economic investment in certain areas and in areas with transportation facility.

To control urban expansion in risky and environmentally sensitive areas



proposed to develop dense settlements in various places of the Valley through linkage,

Provision of public open space in the neighbourhood and community is important from



plantation or farming in such places; it will help maintain




ground, hospital, police post, market



. It means its ability to




vision of services and


y location of the Valley, the infrastructures available


n of facilities and services only in the areas

larger extent, be streamlined by

areas and in areas with transportation facility.

ansion in risky and environmentally sensitive areas


Naturally risk prone areas such as seismically active areas, liquefaction zones, steep slopes,

areas with risk of flood will be identified and construction works will be prohibited in such

areas.

Construction works in the environmentally sensitive areas such as ponds, forests and wetlands

are not appropriate areas because such areas are very necessary to maintain ecological and

environmental balance.

Annex 6. Urban Expansion Management Policies

a. Orderly transition

It is highly essential to manage urbanization process in the rural area in order to manage urban

expansion. It is also necessary to proceed with urban development in a certain pattern by

controlling the urban expansion t

The planned urbanization can be ensured through measures such as provision of land for the

future, classification of urban and rural land and preservation of agricultural land. Moreover,

infrastructure development, housing

strongly.

b. Delineation of urban and rural areas

The Kathmandu Valley is suffering from problems such as gradual loss of agriculture land,

lack of employment, environmental degradation, lack of infrastructu

control urban expansion by having clear delineation of urban and rural areas.

c. Preservation of agriculture land

There is need to preserve the agriculture land in the Valley, which are as follows:

• To maintain the reservoir of un

• To recycle/ filter the polluted air and gas emanating from the urban area,

• To meet the requirement of open space around the town.

d. Land reserved for urban development

The future urban expansion will be encouraged only in the

development. A mixed land

of land-uses shall be pursued.

Annex 7. Housing Policy

An appropriate housing policy will be pursued in order to improve the form of the urban

of the Valley and increase the supply of residential houses. Such housing schemes will be

encouraged so as to maintain certain population density in the urban area and have efficient

utilization of the limited land through development of cost

Annex 8. Infrastructures Policy

Regional level infrastructures such as highway, arterial road, drinking water supply system,

sewerage, electricity and telecommunications, and unplanned urbanization will be controlled.

29 Ibid


Prepared



ction works in the environmentally sensitive areas such as ponds, forests and wetlands


Urban Expansion Management Policies29

from rural setting to urbanization



controlling the urban expansion that is taking place haphazardly.



infrastructure development, housing policies etc. are necessary to move ahead this act

Delineation of urban and rural areas


lack of employment, environmental degradation, lack of infrastructures. So, it is imperative to


Preservation of agriculture land


To maintain the reservoir of underground water resources,

To recycle/ filter the polluted air and gas emanating from the urban area,

To meet the requirement of open space around the town.

for urban development

The future urban expansion will be encouraged only in the designated areas for urban

development. A mixed land-use rather than specification of separate places for different types

uses shall be pursued.

Housing Policy

An appropriate housing policy will be pursued in order to improve the form of the urban



utilization of the limited land through development of cost-effective infrastructures.

Infrastructures Policy







ction works in the environmentally sensitive areas such as ponds, forests and wetlands






policies etc. are necessary to move ahead this act


res. So, it is imperative to



To recycle/ filter the polluted air and gas emanating from the urban area,

designated areas for urban

use rather than specification of separate places for different types

An appropriate housing policy will be pursued in order to improve the form of the urban area



e infrastructures.





The land pooling and guided

should be guided by appropriate principles.

In order to reduce the demand of motor vehicles, measures such as discouraging the use of

private vehicles and attracting the people towards public transp

walking in inner city will be adopted.

Provision of high capacity trolley buses on the ring road and Kathmandu

Kathmandu-Bhaktapur routes will reduce the number of motor vehicles; mitigate air pollution

and fuel consumption.

Policy measures such as improvement in the linkage of parking facility, land

transport and specification of certain form and area of the cities are pursued.

Annex 9. Protection of Cultural Heritage and Landscapes

A policy to protect and promote

age-old religion, culture and parts of the Valley. This will help develop tourism business and

consolidate the economy of the Valley.

Annex 10. Environmental Policy

Air quality

The air quality of the urban area in the Valley shall be improved to protect health of the

Valley inhabitants, foster tourism, attract external investment and enhance the vitality and

aesthetics of the city.

Annex 11. Natural resources

Forests

It is necessary to formulate a program that w

improve the living standard of the i

• To protect the forests around the Valley as the green belt, by not allowing the increase in

settlement there and if possible to shi

appropriate places;

• To enhance entertainment and tourism attraction in certain areas and make provision that

the inhabitants in those areas will be the beneficiaries of the plan;

• To prepare a work plan t

users' committee

Rivers and rivulets

The rivers and rivulets in the Valley are playing an important role in the preservation of

underground water resources, exit of rainwater, irrigation of agr

drinking water and preservation of religious and cultural activities shall be protected.

• Demarcation of river boundary has become because of changes in river flow each year;

• After such demarcation, not to allow encroachment on such

• Extraction of sand near these water bodies will be prohibited;

• To discourage the disposal of solid wastes and liquid wastes in the river;

• Public gardens and parks will be built in the riverbanks on either side of the bridges;

Wetland


The land pooling and guided land development programs, which are being practiced now,

should be guided by appropriate principles.


private vehicles and attracting the people towards public transport and encouraging pedestrian

walking in inner city will be adopted.

Provision of high capacity trolley buses on the ring road and Kathmandu

Bhaktapur routes will reduce the number of motor vehicles; mitigate air pollution

Policy measures such as improvement in the linkage of parking facility, land


Protection of Cultural Heritage and Landscapes

A policy to protect and promote cultural and religious sites will go on in order to preserve the

old religion, culture and parts of the Valley. This will help develop tourism business and

consolidate the economy of the Valley.

Environmental Policy

urban area in the Valley shall be improved to protect health of the


Natural resources

It is necessary to formulate a program that will sustainably utilize natural resources to

improve the living standard of the inhabitants around the areas, particularly:

To protect the forests around the Valley as the green belt, by not allowing the increase in

settlement there and if possible to shift the currently existing settlements there to other

To enhance entertainment and tourism attraction in certain areas and make provision that

the inhabitants in those areas will be the beneficiaries of the plan;

To prepare a work plan to develop leasehold forests and community forests, through the


underground water resources, exit of rainwater, irrigation of agriculture land, supply of


Demarcation of river boundary has become because of changes in river flow each year;

After such demarcation, not to allow encroachment on such areas;

Extraction of sand near these water bodies will be prohibited;

To discourage the disposal of solid wastes and liquid wastes in the river;

Public gardens and parks will be built in the riverbanks on either side of the bridges;


land development programs, which are being practiced now,


ort and encouraging pedestrian

Provision of high capacity trolley buses on the ring road and Kathmandu-Lalitpur and

Bhaktapur routes will reduce the number of motor vehicles; mitigate air pollution

Policy measures such as improvement in the linkage of parking facility, land-use and


cultural and religious sites will go on in order to preserve the

old religion, culture and parts of the Valley. This will help develop tourism business and

urban area in the Valley shall be improved to protect health of the


ill sustainably utilize natural resources to

nhabitants around the areas, particularly:

To protect the forests around the Valley as the green belt, by not allowing the increase in

ft the currently existing settlements there to other

To enhance entertainment and tourism attraction in certain areas and make provision that

o develop leasehold forests and community forests, through the


iculture land, supply of


Demarcation of river boundary has become because of changes in river flow each year;

To discourage the disposal of solid wastes and liquid wastes in the river;

Public gardens and parks will be built in the riverbanks on either side of the bridges;


• It is necessary to demarcate the

construction works in those areas;

• Local Authorities should strictly apply the rule that prohibits construction works up to 20

meters from the riverbank and allows const

consonance with certain standards;

Natural Calamity mitigation

• It is essential that on the one hand urban expansion and construction works here should be

controlled and on the other hand public awareness should be en

• The concerned bodies and general public will be informed in time about the risky areas

that are vulnerable to land

Policy on Solid Waste Management

• Solid waste management shall not only focus on

focus on lesser waste generation, recycling and reuse; involvement of stakeholders in the

proper waste management;

Policy on Water Supply

• A need to regularize and manage the water supply in the Valley. It is necess

increase the quantity of drinking water and it is highly imperative to develop well

distribution system;

• A number of the water sources and quantity of water therefrom can be increased by

protecting the forests in the hilly areas around the V

• Rain water harvesting and storage shall be promoted;

Rural Development

Demarcation of the rural and urban area proposed in this Plan will make it easy to formulate

separate policy and regulation for the rural area. On the one hand provision of minim

physical infrastructures in the rural area;


Prepared

It is necessary to demarcate the river and wetland areas in the survey map and control

construction works in those areas;

Local Authorities should strictly apply the rule that prohibits construction works up to 20

meters from the riverbank and allows construction works in other wetlands only in

consonance with certain standards;

Natural Calamity mitigation

It is essential that on the one hand urban expansion and construction works here should be

controlled and on the other hand public awareness should be enhanced;

The concerned bodies and general public will be informed in time about the risky areas

that are vulnerable to land-erosion, collapse and the geographically risky areas;

Policy on Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management shall not only focus on collection and proper disposal, but also


proper waste management;

Policy on Water Supply

A need to regularize and manage the water supply in the Valley. It is necess

increase the quantity of drinking water and it is highly imperative to develop well

A number of the water sources and quantity of water therefrom can be increased by

protecting the forests in the hilly areas around the Valley;

Rain water harvesting and storage shall be promoted;


separate policy and regulation for the rural area. On the one hand provision of minim

physical infrastructures in the rural area;



wetland areas in the survey map and control

Local Authorities should strictly apply the rule that prohibits construction works up to 20

ruction works in other wetlands only in

It is essential that on the one hand urban expansion and construction works here should be

hanced;

The concerned bodies and general public will be informed in time about the risky areas

erosion, collapse and the geographically risky areas;

collection and proper disposal, but also


A need to regularize and manage the water supply in the Valley. It is necessary to

increase the quantity of drinking water and it is highly imperative to develop well-planned

A number of the water sources and quantity of water therefrom can be increased by


separate policy and regulation for the rural area. On the one hand provision of minimum

road map for making kathmandu valley development...

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